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With the development and application of advanced technologies such as Cyber Physical System, Internet of Things, Industrial Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Cloud Computing, Blockchain, etc., more manufacturing enterprises are transforming to intelligent enterprises. Smart manufacturing systems (SMSs) have become the focus of attention of some countries and manufacturing enterprises. At present, there are some applications of SMSs in different industrial fields. However, there is still a lack of a unified definition of SMSs and a unified analysis of requirements. In order to have a comprehensive understanding of SMSs, this paper summarized the evolution, definition, objectives, functional requirements, business requirements, technical requirements, and components of SMSs. At the same time, it points out the current development status and level. Based on above, an autonomous SMSs model driven by dynamic demand and key performance indicators is proposed. Through the review of this paper, the reference can be provided for the transformation of more manufacturing enterprises from the traditional to the intellectualized ones.

Smart manufacturing systems (SMSs), are proposed in the era of Industry 4.0 and Industry Internet of Things, supported by the Cyber Physical Systems (CPS), Artificial Intelligent (AI), and smart sensing and cognitive technologies, as an autonomous system to better solve the problems such as personalized customization, quick response, and sustainable value added. However, existing analysis and design approaches use a narrower concept, which focuses on either knowledge, business or service aspects, neglecting to consider the stakeholders' value. In this paper, the framework of smart manufacturing systems based on the sustainable added value of stakeholders is presented. It has been suggested that reflecting upon stakeholders’ value may bring a better understanding of analyzing the SMSs paradigms.

In this study, lower limb parameters of adults from Guangdong province of China were measured. 60 male subjects(ages:23 ±5yrs) and 54 female subjects (ages: 24±5yrs), who were born and brought up in Guangdong province, were recruited. The features of the youth including max value, min value and ratio relationship of different segments were analyzed. And a dimension and constraint figure was made, through which digital model of lower limb can be built more naturally. Finally, a pair of mean digital model was built and used to check the muscles' force feature by the software of Anybody. The result was similar to natural body model. The dimension and constraint figure and the mean digital model are valuable.

Gait analysis is widely used in the field of entertainment, sport, public welfare, and medical services. In this paper, three generation foot pressure analysis systems are developed to analyze gait patterns. The whole system is wireless connected with Zigbee. Three pressure sensors for each foot are used to detect the foot pressure of different area.

In this review paper, the state-of-the-art knowledge on core–shell particles for controllable release of drug(s) is presented. Two categories of core–shell particles, including core–shell mesoporous silica nanoparticles and core–shell polymeric particles, have been investigated. The fabrication methods and specific drug release mechanisms for different core–shell particles are thoroughly reviewed with detailed examples.

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is regarded as one of the most potential candidates of biomaterials in spinal implant applications. However, as a bioinert material, PEEK plays a limited role in osteoconduction and osseointegration. In this study, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) was immobilized onto the surface of collagen-coated PEEK in order to prepare a multi-functional material. After adsorbed onto the PEEK surface by hydrophobic interaction, collagen was cross-linked with N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). EDC/NHS system also contributed to the immobilization of rhBMP-2. Water contact angle tests, XPS and SEM clearly demonstrated the surface changes. ELISA tests quantified the amount of rhBMP-2 immobilized and the release over a period of 30 d. In vitro evaluation proved that the osteogenesis differentiation rate was higher when cells were cultured on modified PEEK discs than on regular ones. In vivo tests were conducted and positive changes of major parameters were presented. This report demonstrates that the rhBMP-2 immobilized method for PEEK modification increase bioactivity in vitro and in vivo, suggesting its practicability in orthopedic and spinal clinical applications.

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is regarded as one of the most potential candidates for replacing current implant applications. To obtain good bone-implant interfaces, many modification methods have been developed to enable PEEK and PEEK-based composites from bio-inert to bioactive. Among them, physical methods have aroused significant attention and been widely used to modify PEEK for orthopedic implants. This review summarizes current physical modification techniques of PEEK for orthopedic applications, which include composite strategies, surface coating methods and irradiation treatments. The positive consequences of those modification methods will encourage continuing investigations and stimulate the wide range of applications of PEEK-based implants in orthopedics.

This review investigates the current application limitations of Mg and Mg alloys. The key issues hindering the application of biodegradable Mg alloys as implants are their fast degradation rate and biological consideration. We have discussed the effect of some selected alloying element additions on the properties of the Mg-based alloy, especially the nutrient elements in human (Zn, Mn, Ca, Sr). Different grain sizes, phase constituents and distributions consequently influence the mechanical properties of the Mg alloys. Solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening are enhanced by the addition of alloying elements, generally improving the mechanical properties. Besides, the hot working process can also improve the mechanical properties. Combination of different processing steps is suggested to be adopted in the fabrication of Mg-based alloys. Corrosion properties of these Mg-based alloys have been measured in vitro and in vivo. The degradation mechanism is also discussed in terms of corrosion types, rates, byproducts and response of the surrounding tissues. Moreover, the clinical response and requirements of degradable implants are presented, especially for the nutrient elements (Ca, Mn, Zn, Sr). This review provides information related to different Mg alloying elements and presents the promising candidates for an ideal implant.

This paper constructs the bioprosthetic valve leaflets’ parametric model using computer aided design.A series of accurate parameters of the bioproshtetic heart valve, such as radius of the sutural ring, height of the supporting stent and inclination of the supporting stent are determined. Numerical simulation is used to determine the effect of different shape designs and suture density on the mechanical performance of the bioprosthetic valve leaflet. The dynamic behavior of the valve during diastolic phase is analyzed. The finite element analysis results show that the stress distribution of the ellipsoidal leaflet valve is good. The ellipsoidal leaflet valve has the following advantages over the cylindrical leaflet valve: lower peak von Mises-stress, smaller stress concentration area and relatively uniform stress distribution. The suture density also has a significant effect on the dynamic behavior of the valve as it can act to reduce the pressure and improve the stress distribution. It was found that the influence of suture density in the stress of the leaflet differs on the basis of different geometries considered in the model. The degree of influence of the suture density in the bioprosthetic heart valve may also be dependent on the geometries of the valves. This indicates the need to account for the attachment edge, when manufacturing such bioproshetic heart valves for long term durability. Further research is required to assess the effect of suture density on the bioprosthetic heart valve models.

The object of this study is to utilize FE-SPH method to simulate the dynamic behavior of the air chamber of shoes pad for diabetes during footing process. The shoes pad’ numerical models are discrete as FE mesh, and the air inside is modeled as SPH particles. The fluid structure interaction analysis between air and the shoes pad is carried out with contact algorithms. This explicit dynamic analysis is run on ANSYS software. Results show that: when the shoes pad is loaded, the velocity field concentrated on the central region of air chamber, and the particles in the fringe maintain a zero speed, which means the air flow out in the central region instead of the fringe. Thus, the shoes pad is effective in supplying air for the foot of diabetes.