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Quite often, conception of a child occurs after consuming small doses of alcohol. However, effect of this factor on offspring has not been studied at all. The aim of this study was to examine the level of motor activity, anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior, sensitivity to analgesic effect of ethanol, as well as activity of the enzymes DPP-IV, PEP, and ADG in the blood of rats whose fathers received ethanol immediately before mating. As a result of the conducted experiments, it was found that the males conceived by the intoxicated fathers have significant differences in behavior compared to control animals. Thus, motor activity in the rats conceived by males under the influence of alcohol was 2-2.5 times less intense; they exhibited decreased severity of the anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior. In such animals, activity of DPP-IV and ADG was increased and activity of PEP in the blood was reduced. In the rats conceived by the fathers under the influence of alcohol, analgesic effect of ethanol was decreased, and there was also reduction in response of the activities of ADG, DPP-IV, and PEP enzymes to ethanol administration. It is assumed that a single use of ethanol by male rats immediately before mating leads to the decrease in methylation of the paternal inherited genes in offspring. As a result, activity of a number of enzymes could change, which leads to the change in the balance of neuropeptides involved in mediation of animal behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Pain is the most common symptom compelling an individual to seek medical attention. The use of Vitamin D3 for nociceptive and inflammatory pain is highly debated. Therefore, this study was undertaken to compare three daily doses (15/30/60 μg/kg) and a single high dose of Vitamin D3 (260 μg/kg) to standard drugs, namely tramadol and diclofenac in two most resorted pain-models in mice. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six Swiss-albino mice were divided into six groups of six mice each. The experiment was conducted using hot plate and writhing test. Same groups of mice were reused after suitable wash-out period. Groups were dosed with 0.25% carboxymethyl-cellulose (negative-control), a positive-control (tramadol for hot-plate and diclofenac for writhing-test). Injection Vitamin D3 was given in three daily doses of 15/30/60 μg/kg. Single dose of 260 μg/kg of Vitamin D3 was also tested. Latency period (LP), percent of maximal-possible-antinociceptive-effect (%MPE), mean number and percentage inhibition of writhes were the parameters evaluated to compare analgesic effect. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA)/Kruskal–Wallis/Friedman’s-ANOVA, and repeated-measures ANOVA with post hoc Dunnett’s tests. Results: In hot-plate method, 60 and 260 μg/kg of Vitamin D3 raised mean LP when compared to baseline and negative control and all groups recorded higher percentage MPE values when compared to negative control. In writhing test, 15-, 30-, and 60 μg/kg/day showed analgesic effect in comparison to negative control. However, 15 and 30 μ/kg/day of Vitamin D3 contradicted its responses when assessed through different parameter. Interpretation and Conclusion: In hot-plate test, 60 and 260 μg/kg of Vitamin D3 showed significant analgesic effect; however, effects were not superior to tramadol. In writhing test, 15-, 30-, and 60 μg/kg/day showed significant analgesic effect which were not superior to diclofenac. Surprisingly, 15 and 30 μ/kg, on instances exhibited irritant effects.

Combining analgesic medications with distinct pharmacodynamics may result in effective analgesia and reduced adverse effects by lowering dosages of one or both medications. The objective was to investigate the nature of interactions of metoclopramide and metamizole by measuring the antinociceptive and neurobehavioral effects in mice. The drugs were administered intraperitoneally (ip) in mice. The antinociceptive effect was determined by the up-and-down method. Isobolographic analysis was performed by simultaneous injection of the two drugs at ED50 ratios of 1:1 and 0.5:0.5. The treated mice were also subjected to an open-field behavioral test as well as dorsal immobility and negative geotaxis behavioral paradigms. The ED50 of metoclopramide and metamizole were 33.71 and 43 mg/kg ip, respectively. Lower ED50 was established for metoclopramide and metamizole by 48.44% and 47.49%, respectively when given at a ratio of 0.5:0.5, and by 35.81% and 29.88%, respectively at a ratio of 1:1. The combined dose of metoclopramide and metamizole (8 and 10 mg/kg, ip, respectively) significantly decreased the open field-activity test in mice. This was observed by lower number of squares crossing compared to the control. Additionally, the drug combination resulted in a substantial increase in the duration of dorsal immobility response and delayed the negative geotaxis task when compared with the control group. The results indicated that the interaction between metoclopramide and metamizole in lower dose ratio with ED50 50:50, was synergistic in producing analgesia in mice with reduced risk for adverse reaction but with decreased behavioral and motor neuronal activity.

Combining analgesic medications with distinct pharmacodynamics may result in effective analgesia and reduced adverse effects by lowering dosages of one or both medications. The objective was to investigate the nature of interactions of metoclopramide and metamizole by measuring the antinociceptive and neurobehavioral effects in mice. The drugs were administered intraperitoneally (ip) in mice. The antinociceptive effect was determined by the up-and-down method. Isobolographic analysis was performed by simultaneous injection of the two drugs at ED50 ratios of 1:1 and 0.5:0.5. The treated mice were also subjected to an open-field behavioral test as well as dorsal immobility and negative geotaxis behavioral paradigms. The ED50 of metoclopramide and metamizole were 33.71 and 43 mg/kg ip, respectively. Lower ED50 was established for metoclopramide and metamizole by 48.44% and 47.49%, respectively when given at a ratio of 0.5:0.5, and by 35.81% and 29.88%, respectively at a ratio of 1:1. The combined dose of metoclopramide and metamizole (8 and 10 mg/kg, ip, respectively) significantly decreased the open field-activity test in mice. This was observed by lower number of squares crossing compared to the control. Additionally, the drug combination resulted in a substantial increase in the duration of dorsal immobility response and delayed the negative geotaxis task when compared with the control group. The results indicated that the interaction between metoclopramide and metamizole in lower dose ratio with ED50 50:50, was synergistic in producing analgesia in mice with reduced risk for adverse reaction but with decreased behavioral and motor neuronal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate nefopam's analgesic properties, explore caffeine's potential adjuvant effects, and examine its impact on renal and hepatic function. The study involved 56 female albino mice, divided into seven groups: Group A, as the control group, received distilled water; Group B received 0.75 mg per body weight of nefopam orally; Group C received 0.71 mg/B.W. of nefopam and 0.125 mg/B.W. of caffeine; Group D received 0.67 mg/B.W. of nefopam and 0.25 mg/B.W. of caffeine; and Group E received 0.63 mg/B.W. of nefopam and 0.37 mg/B.W. of caffeine. Group F received 0.6 mg/B.W. nefopam and 0.5 mg/B.W. caffeine orally; Group G received 0.56 mg/B.W. of nefopam and 0.62 mg/B.W. of caffeine. Several experimental models have been utilised to investigate the analgesic advantages. The hot plate test is a method used to assess the response time to thermal stimuli. Group D produced the most prolonged response duration to thermal stimuli, namely thermal pain, while the writhing test involves the injection of acetic acid, resulting in a significant decrease in the frequency of writhing observed in Group D. Inconclusion, Nefopam demonstrated analgesic properties in all experimental groups, even when augmented with caffeine, without any observed changes in renal or liver function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed at investigating the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the solvent fractions of the roots of Echinops kebericho Mesfin in rodent models of pain and inflammation. Successive maceration was used as a method of extraction using solvents of increasing polarity: methanol and water. Ethyl acetate, chloroform and distilled water were used as solvents of the fraction process. Swiss albino mice models were used in acetic acid induced writhing, hot plate, carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma to assess the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The test groups received different doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) of the three fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous). The positive control groups received ASA (150 mg/kg) for the writing test, morphine (10 mg/kg) for the hot plate method, diclofenac Na for carrageenan-induced paw edema, and dexamethasone (10 mg/kg) for granuloma, while the negative control group received distilled water. EA fraction at all test doses employed (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg) showed statistically significant (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001 respectively) analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in a dose-dependent manner. The AQ fraction on the other hand produced statistically significant (p<0.05, p<0.012) analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities at the doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, while the CH fraction exhibited statistically significant (p<0.05) analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity at the dose of 400 mg/kg. In general, the data obtained from the present study elucidated that the solvent fractions of the study plant possessed significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities and were recommended for further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Pain is the most common symptom compelling an individual to seek medical attention. The use of Vitamin D3 for nociceptive and inflammatory pain is highly debated. Therefore, this study was undertaken to compare three daily doses (15/30/60 μg/kg) and a single high dose of Vitamin D3 (260 μg/kg) to standard drugs, namely tramadol and diclofenac in two most resorted pain-models in mice. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six Swiss-albino mice were divided into six groups of six mice each. The experiment was conducted using hot plate and writhing test. Same groups of mice were reused after suitable wash-out period. Groups were dosed with 0.25% carboxymethyl-cellulose (negative-control), a positive-control (tramadol for hot-plate and diclofenac for writhing-test). Injection Vitamin D3 was given in three daily doses of 15/30/60 μg/kg. Single dose of 260 μg/kg of Vitamin D3 was also tested. Latency period (LP), percent of maximal-possible-antinociceptive-effect (%MPE), mean number and percentage inhibition of writhes were the parameters evaluated to compare analgesic effect. Data were analyzed using paired t -test, analysis of variance (ANOVA)/Kruskal–Wallis/Friedman's-ANOVA, and repeated-measures ANOVA with post hoc Dunnett's tests. Results: In hot-plate method, 60 and 260 μg/kg of Vitamin D3 raised mean LP when compared to baseline and negative control and all groups recorded higher percentage MPE values when compared to negative control. In writhing test, 15-, 30-, and 60 μg/kg/day showed analgesic effect in comparison to negative control. However, 15 and 30 μ/kg/day of Vitamin D3 contradicted its responses when assessed through different parameter. Interpretation and Conclusion: In hot-plate test, 60 and 260 μg/kg of Vitamin D3 showed significant analgesic effect; however, effects were not superior to tramadol. In writhing test, 15-, 30-, and 60 μg/kg/day showed significant analgesic effect which were not superior to diclofenac. Surprisingly, 15 and 30 μ/kg, on instances exhibited irritant effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hot water treatment (HWT) is a versatile technique for synthesizing metal oxide nanostructures (MONSTRs) by immersing metal substrates in hot water, typically in glass beakers. The proximity of substrates to the heat source during HWT can influence the temperature of the substrate and subsequently impact MONSTR growth. In our study, zinc (Zn) substrates underwent HWT at the base of a glass beaker in contact with a hot plate and at four different vertical distances from the base. While the set temperature of deionized (DI) water was 75.0 °C, the substrate locations exhibited variations, notably with the base reaching 95.0 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy showed stoichiometric and crystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods. ZnO rods on the base, exposed to higher temperatures, displayed greater growth in length and diameter, and higher crystallinity. Nanorods with increasing vertical distances from the base exhibited a logarithmic decrease in length despite identical temperatures, whereas their diameters remained constant. We attribute these findings to crucial HWT growth mechanisms like surface diffusion and "plugging", influenced by temperature and water flow within the beaker. Our results provide insights for optimizing synthesis parameters to effectively control MONSTR growth through HWT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narcotics (e.g., opioids) or non-narcotics (e.g., salicylates and corticosteroids) are used in the management of pain and inflammation, both of which have side effects, thereby emphasizing the search for natural substances. Piperine found naturally in plants of the Piperaceae family has shown inhibitory activity against 5-lipoxygenase and cycloxygenase-1 in in vitro studies. The present study was aimed to evaluate and compare the analgesic activity of pure compound, piperine along with hexane and ethanol extracts of Piper nigrum L. fruit in mice. The analgesic activity was determined by hot plate, tail immersion method and acetic acid induced writhing test in mice. The piperine showed great pain-relieving impact at a portion of 5 and 10 mg/kg when contrasted with control and standard. Greatest pain-relieving impact was noted at a portion of 10 mg/kg after 120 min. The hexane and ethanol remove demonstrated helpless pain-relieving impact at all dosages (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) by hot plate method. However, with tail immersion method, piperine at a dose of 5mg/kg and ethanol extract at a dose of 20mg/kg after 120 min and hexane extract at a dose of 10mg/kg after 60min exhibited significant analgesic activity. In writhing test ethanol extract significantly stopped the number of writhes at dose of 20mg/kg while piperine at dose of 20mg/kg completely terminated the writhes in mice. It is concluded from the present study that Piper nigrum L. possesses potent analgesic activity in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habenaira plantaginea belong to orchid family which is native to Asia. Members of this family are commonly famous for the cure of pain and inflammation. To date, no research was found on isolation of compounds from this plant for the treatment of inflammation and analgesia nor has been published to our knowledge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of the isolated compound from the most potent chloroform sub-fraction and the isolated compounds form the habenaria plantaginea. Anti-inflammatory analgesic and antioxidant potential of the various chloroform sub-fractions and isolated compounds from the most potent sub-fraction (HP-1 & HP-1) were screened for their in vitro enzymatic assays. Furthermore, prior to in-vivo investigation, the isolated compounds were subjected for their toxicity study. The potent compound was then examined for acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate test, carrageenan-induced inflammation assays. Further various phlogistic agents were used for the evaluation of mechanism. In the COX-2 inhibitory assay the chloroform sub fraction Cf-4 demonstrated excellent activity as compared to the other sub-fraction with 92.15% inhibition. The COX-2 enzyme make prostaglandins which are directly involved in inflammation. Likewise against 5-LOX the Cf-4 was the most potent sub-fraction with IC50 3.77 µg/mL. The 5-LOX catalyzes the biosynthesis of leukotrienes which is a group of lipid mediators of inflammation derived from arachidonic acid. Free radicals can induce inflammation through cellular damage while chronic inflammation generates a large number of free radicals, whose eventually lead to inflammation. In antioxidant assays the Cf-4 fraction was displayed excellent results against ABTS, DPPH and H2O2 free radical with 88.88, 77.44, and 65.52% inhibition at highest concentration. Likewise, the compound HP-1 demonstrated 88.81, 89.34 and 80.43% inhibition while compound HP-2 displayed 84.34, 91.52 and 82.34% inhibition against ABTS, DPPH and H2O2 free radical which were comparable to the standard drug ascorbic acid respectively. This study's findings validate the use of this species as traditional use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of accurately determining the thermal transmittance factor for the outer walls of timber‐framed buildings is the driving force behind this research. This calculation is necessary for heating and cooling load determination, as well as energy consumption assessment. This research aims to conduct an analytical comparison, through both experimental and calculated means, of thermal conductivity coefficients of materials employed in the construction of buildings and structures. The methodological approach adopted in this research is grounded on an experimental analysis of the thermal transmittance of the outer wall materials in timber‐framed buildings. Thermal conductivity measurements with a Hot Plate apparatus by ISO 8302 and thermal conductivity calculations using mathematical software were the primary experimental methods deployed during the research. The results of this study demonstrate differences between experimental and calculated thermal transmittance values for timber‐framed outer walls. Moisture inconsistent distribution throughout the material is the reason behind these discrepancies, calling for particular humidity corrections in the calculations, varying across different materials. While working with simplified calculations of timber‐framed outer wall structures, monitoring the uneven heat flow in I‐beam joints is paramount and should be coupled with humidity‐related material changes. This study's practical implications are that the results can be implemented when calculating the energy consumption of building structures and the heating‐cooling load they entail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The possible benefits of employing combination treatment include the ability to increase antinociceptive effects while minimizing the occurrence of unfavorable side effects. As a result, they are combining drugs that provide analgesic synergism allowing for a reduction in needed dosage as well as lowering the occurrence of unwanted side effects. In the current study, we evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively the type of drug interaction between tramadol (a typical opioid analgesic) and chlorpheniramine (an H1-antagonist) at the level of thermal (hot plate) and visceral (writhing reflex) nociceptive stimuli in mice model. The 50% antinociceptive effective dose (ED50) of intraperitoneal administration for tramadol and chlorpheniramine was 12 and 18.4 mg/kg respectively, using the up and down approach and hot plate apparatus. The treated animals showed signs of sedation and immobility. At 0.5:0.5 and 1:1 ED50 ratios of each, the kind of pharmacological interaction between the two medications was synergism at the level of acute antinociceptive impact, using hot plate apparatus and isobolographic analysis. The reduction in ED50 value was significant for tramadol and chlorpheniramine by 58.8 and 58.8 % at 0.5:0.5 ratio while 53.5 and 53.5 % at 1:1 ratio respectively. The synergistic interaction between the two drugs was also confirmed using the double ED50 dose of each drug as simultaneously i.p. injected of these doses producing a synergism antinociceptive effect at visceral (writhing reflex) test. Which represented as prevent 100% writhing induced by i.p. injection of acetic acid compared to the control group and that with each drug alone at the same double doses. The present results concluded that simultaneous injection of tramadol and chlorpheniramine produced synergism, a potent and safe antinociceptive effect even at low doses which may be clinically useful in treating pain in the veterinary clinic.

Getachew Ashagrie,1,2 Fentaw Girmaw,1 Abebe Tarekegn,1 Tenaw Baye,1 Abebe Dagne3 1Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Science, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; 2Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 3Department of Pharmacy, College of Health science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Getachew Ashagrie, Email getachewashagrie16@gmail.comBackground: The roots of Impatiens rothii has been used as a traditional remedy for painful conditions, rheumatism, isthmus and crural aches. However, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of this plant have yet to be scientifically confirmed. The purpose of this study was to explore possible analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities 80% methanolic root extract of Impatiens rothii.Methods: To obtain the crude extract, the roots of Impatiens rothii that had been dried and ground up were macerated in 80% methanol. The analgesic activity was determined using acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests in mice, whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was analyzed using carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats. The extract was orally administered at a dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg.Results: All tested doses of Impatiens rothii extract showed significant analgesic activity (p< 0.05) at observations of 30 to 120 minutes compared to the negative control in the hot plate test. In acetic acid-induced writhing test all tested doses of the 80% methanol extract of Impatiens rothii significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the number of writhing. In comparison to the control group, all tested doses displayed a significant decrease in paw edema, which appeared 2– 5 hours after induction (p< 0.05).Conclusion: From the results of this study, it can be stated that 80% methanolic extract of Impatiens rothii possessed substantial analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, hence providing scientific basis for the use of this plant in the treatment of pain and inflammatory diseases.Keywords: Impatiens rothii, analgesic, hot plate, anti-inflammatory, carrageenan- induced paw edema

Getachew Ashagrie,1 Abiy Abebe,2 Shemsu Umer3 1Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia; 2Biomedical Research Team, Traditional and Modern Medicine Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 3Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Getachew Ashagrie, Tel +251927368467, Email Getachewashagrie16@gmail.comBackground: Ethnobotanical studies in various districts of Ethiopia reported that Ehretia cymosa (E. cymosa) is used for the management of headache, abdominal pain, arthritis and rheumatism. However, there is no scientific investigation done so far to confirm these traditional claims. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the 80% methanol extract and fractions of E. cymosa leaves.Methods: The dried and pulverized leaves of E. cymosa were soaked with 80% methanol to obtain a crude extract. Fractionation was done using chloroform, ethyl acetate and water by a soxhlet apparatus. The analgesic effects of the crude extract and solvent fractions were assessed using acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests whereas anti-inflammatory activities were investigated using carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton-pellet-induced granuloma models.Results: In all the tested doses, the 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions revealed substantial (p < 0.001) analgesic activities in acetic acid induced writhing test. In the hot plate method, all the tested doses of E. cymosa crude extract and the solvent fractions produced significant analgesic activities (p < 0.05). In the carrageenan-induced acute inflammation model, all tested doses of the crude extract and solvent fractions resulted in a significant decline in paw edema. The 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions of E. cymosa at all the tested doses significantly reduced inflammatory exudates and granuloma mass formations (p < 0.001).Conclusion: From the results of this investigation, it can be stated that 80% methanol extract, aqueous, ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions of E. cymosa exhibited considerable analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, supporting the plant’s traditional use as a remedy for a variety of painful and inflammatory conditions.Keywords: analgesic, hot plate, anti-inflammatory, Ehretia cymosa, carrageenan-induced paw edema, cotton pellet granuloma

Minda Asefa, Nathnael Teshome, Abel Degu Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Abel Degu, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Email abel.degu@aau.edu.etIntroduction: Pain in its various forms is undoubtedly the most common ailment known to human beings. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioid analgesics are widely used to treat pain. However, long-term use of NSAIDs and opioids causes serious adverse effects on various organs. As a result, looking for drugs with better efficacy and lesser adverse effects appears crucial. For this purpose the obvious search begins from traditional medicines, particularly herbs. Therefore, this study investigated analgesic and anti- inflammatory activity of 80% methanol root extract of Verbasicum sinaiticum Benth (VS) in vivo.Methods: The dried and crushed plant material was macerated with 80% methanol sequentially and dried with lyophilizer. As per the acute toxicity study conducted elsewhere, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg doses of extract were used in the acetic acid induced writhing, hot plate test, as well as carrageenan and formalin induced anti-inflammatory models. As a positive control, aspirin 150 mg/kg was used for anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory model and morphine 10 mg/kg was used for central analgesic models.Results: VS200 and VS400 doses of the extract significantly (p< 0.05) reduced acetic acid induced writhing as compared with the control group. Similarly in hot plate test also, both VS200 and VS400 groups demonstrated significant (p< 0.05 at 30 min and p< 0.001 at 60 and 120 min) analgesic effect in comparison with the control and VS100 groups. Furthermore, in carrageenan and formalin induced anti-inflammatory test both VS200 and VS400 were shown to produce significant (p< 0.05) anti-inflammatory effect at the later hours and days.Conclusion: The findings from this study suggest that 80% methanol root extract of V. sinaiticum possesses peripheral and central analgesic as well as anti-inflammatory activity, possibly emanating from the phytochemicals present in the hydroalcoholic crude extract.Keywords: analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory, acetic acid induced writhing, hot plate, Verbascum sinaiticum

This paper describes methods for evaluating the thermal properties of textile materials, clothing composites, and clothing using an integrated measurement system that includes a hot plate, a multi-purpose differential conductometer, a thermal manikin, a temperature gradient measurement device, and a device for measuring the physiological parameters of the human body during the exact evaluation of garment thermal comfort. In practice, measurements were taken on four types of materials widely used in the production of conventional and protective clothing. The measurements were carried out using a hot plate and a multi-purpose differential conductometer, determining the thermal resistance of the material both in its uncompressed form and when a force was applied that was ten times greater than that needed to determine its thickness. Using a hot plate and a multi-purpose differential conductometer, thermal resistances of textile materials were assessed at different levels of material compression. On hot plates, both conduction and convection had an impact on thermal resistance, but in the multi-purpose differential conductometer, only conduction did. Moreover, a reduction in thermal resistance was observed as a result of compressing textile materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current research work, an amide based metal carboxylate chemical ([((5-((5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazol-3-ium-3-yl)methyl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)bis((4-((4-methoxy-2-nitrophenyl)amino)-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy)zinc]) was identified as anti-diabetic analgesic and anti-inflammatory. The identified chemical(MT-1) was tested for acute toxicity (the MT-1 was fund safe), antidiabetic analgesic, and anti-inflammatory potentials. The in-vitro study was conducted for antidiabetic enzyme inhibition (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and the in-vivo studies included analgesic (acetic acid-induced writing and hot plate model) and anti-inflammatory (carrageenan etc induced edema) effects. The tested compound showed 88.63% (IC50 = 3.23 μg/ml) and 89.10%(IC50 = 5.10 μg/ml) againstα-amylase and α-glucosidase respectively. A significant (p

Increased wildfire frequency and size has led to a surge in flammability research, most of which investigates landscape-level patterns and wildfire dynamics. There has been a recent shift towards organism-scale mechanisms that may drive these patterns, as more studies focus on flammability of plants themselves. Here, we examine methods developed to study tissue-level flammability, comparing a novel hot-plate-based method to existing methods identified in a literature review. Based on a survey of the literature, we find that the hot plate method has advantages over alternatives when looking at the specific niche of small-to-intermediate live fuel samples—a size range not addressed in most studies. In addition, we directly compare the hot plate method to the commonly used epiradiator design by simultaneously conducting flammability tests along a moisture gradient, established with a laboratory benchtop drydown. Our design comparison addresses two basic issues: (1) the relationship between hydration and flammability and (2) relationships between flammability metrics. We conclude that the hot plate method compares well to the epiradiator method, while allowing for testing of bigger samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkia filicoidea, family: Fabaceae is commonly known as the African Locust bean tree and is held to have numerous ethnoeconomic uses including medicinal uses like easing of rheumatism and toothache in traditional medicine. The stem bark of the plant is prepared via decoction and taken orally by individuals routinely as an analgesic agent. The aim of this study is thus to screen the aqueous stem bark extract of the plant for analgesic activities using different animal models to validate the plant's folkloric use. The methods used in the study include: Acetic acid-induced writhing test in mouse, Hot plate test, Tail flick test and formalin-induced pain test. In each of these models, albino rats or mice were divided into five groups of five animals each. The plant extract was administered orally at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg doses, the negative control received distilled water, while the positive controls received aspirin (100 mg/kg) orally and pentazocine (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, depending on the model. The results of this study showed a significant (p=0.05) decrease in the number of the writhes for the acetic acid-induced test when compared with the control (distilled water) as well as a significant increase (p<0.05) in the response latencies or reaction time in the hot plate, tail flick and formalin-induced pain test. The effect of the extract compares well with the standard drugs used. The extract can thus be said to possess analgesic activity comparable to the reference drugs; aspirin and pentazocine, and due to the mechanism of action of these reference drugs, the extract's effect is therefore believed to be both centrally and peripherally-mediated. The study suggests that the aqueous extract of the stem bark of Parkia filicoidea has an analgesic activity that can be employed for therapeutic advantage as an alternative treatment for pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The blending of large-sized shavings particles significantly increased the voidage of the dust layer. • Two different smoldering paths emerged as the voidage increased. • The effect of shavings addition on MITL exhibited a dichotomous character. • High voidage benefits oxygen transport and heat transfer processes during smoldering. In the wood processing industry, wood dust commonly mixes with other processing by-products to form piles, which generally have large voidage due to differences in component sizes. It is essential to understand the effect of voidage on the true ignition and smoldering behavior of wood dust layer on hot plates. In this study, wood dust and shavings were selected as experimental materials. The effects of voidage on the minimum ignition temperature of the dust layer (MITL), ignition delay time, and smoldering behaviors were investigated by means of a hot plate test. The results showed that the addition of large-sized shaving particles significantly enhanced the overall voidage of the dust layer. With the increased deposit voidage, the ignition delay time decreased, and smoldering propagation accelerated. When the shavings content was less than 50%, the MITL decreased; however, further addition of shavings significantly increased the MITL. The analysis shows that voidage affects the ignition and smoldering behavior of the dust layer mainly by influencing oxygen transport and heat transfer processes. These findings offer a new insight for the prevention and control of dust fires under real working conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Khista Rahman,1 Gowhar Ali,1,2 Rasool Khan,3 Imad Khan,3 Izaz Ali,1 Osama F Mosa,4,5 Alshebli Ahmed,4,6 Muhammad Ayaz,7 Asif Nawaz,7 HC Ananda Murthy8 1Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan; 2The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurosciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; 3Institute of Chemistry Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan; 4Public Health Department,Health Sciences College at Lieth, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 5Biochemistry Department Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino, Bukhara, Uzbekistan; 6University of Khartoum, Faculty of Public and environmental Health, Khartoum, Sudan; 7Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18000, Dir (L), KP, Pakistan; 8Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Gowhar Ali; HC Ananda Murthy, Email gowhar_ali@uop.edu.pk; anandkps350@gmail.comPurpose: Gastric ulcer induced by NSAIDs is the major medical concern and researchers are utilizing several approaches to combat this medical issue. In the current study, we investigated the efficacy of thiadiazinethione derivative (2,2’(2-thioxo-1,3,5-thiadiazinane-3,5-diyl) diacetic acid, as new less ulcerogenic compound.Methods: 2,2’(2-thioxo-1,3,5-thiadiazinane-3,5-diyl) diacetic acid was evaluated using standard animal models including hot plate, writhing test and formalin induced nociceptive models. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed via carrageenan-induced paw oedema model. Involvement of opioidergic nociceptive mechanism was confirmed via naloxone administration in hot plat assay. The gastro-ulcerogenic potential of test and standard compounds were evaluated via NSAID-induced pyloric ligation model followed by standard histopathological and biochemical analysis.Results: In acetic acid-induced writhing test, our compound significantly reduced abdominal constrictions at the tested doses of 15 (p < 0.05), 30 (p < 0.01) and 45 mg kg− 1 (p < 0.001) as compared to control (p < 0.001). In hot plate test, after 30 min of administration, our test compound showed significant anti-nociceptive potential (p < 0.05 at 15 and 30 mg kg− 1 and p < 0.01 at 45 mg kg− 1) and tramadol (p ˂ 0.001) at 30 mg kg− 1 dose. After 60 min tramadol (30 kg− 1) and test sample (30, 45 mg kg− 1) exhibited significant anti-nociceptive activity p < 0.001. In Formalin-induced nociceptive response, a significant decline (p ˂ 0.001) was observed for aspirin and test compound during acute and chronic phases. Decline in the anti-nociceptive potential of tramadol and test sample via administration of naloxone indicate the involvement of opioidergic mechanism. Our compound exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in second phase of carrageenan induced paw oedema model. Histological and biochemical parameters exhibited less ulcerogenic potential as compared to aspirin.Conclusion: Our findings suggests that our test compound has desirable anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory potentials with less propensity to cause gastric ulcer.Keywords: NSAIDs, nociception, inflammation, gastric ulcer, hot plate

Introduction: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most widely used drugs in the treatment of pain and inflammation. Although, their side effects i.e.; gastrointestinal and renal adverse effects, limit the use of these drugs. Therefore, investigating new compounds with higher efficacy and fewer side effects is considerable issue. In this study, the analgesic activity of rosmarinic acid at different doses was compared with piroxicam (known standard NSAID).Methods: To evaluate the analgesic effects of rosmarinic acid, two well-known methods, Hot plate, and Tail-flick, were used. The experiments were performed in 10 groups (6 male mice per group) including the experimental groups (rosmarinic acid), the positive control group (piroxicam), and the negative control group (normal saline). All administrations were through intraperitoneal injection. The obtained data were analyzed separately by SPSS software and an independent student t test.Results: Rosmarinic acid at doses of 10 mg/kg and higher had significant analgesic effects compared with the control group, 30 minutes after injection in both hot plate and tail flick tests (P < 0.05). Concomitant injection of 50 mg/kg of rosmarinic acid with 15 mg/kg of piroxicam produced significant painkiller effects when compared with the dose of 15 mg/kg piroxicam injection alone.Conclusion: Rosmarinic acid was able to exert analgesic effects in pharmacological tests in a dose-dependent manner. Concomitant use of rosmarinic acid and piroxicam may lead to synergic pain relief, especially in acute and severe pain in patients, reducing the therapeutic dose of piroxicam and subsequently, its side effects.

Aim: Experimental investigation of the vortioxetine effects on somatic and visceral nociception in mice. Material and method: We used healthy, non-genetically modified white Swiss mice (20-25 g), randomly assigned in 3 groups of 6 animals each, treated orally 14 consecutive days, as follows: Group I (DW): distilled water 0,1 ml/10 g body weight, Group 2 (VRT): 20 mg/kbw vortioxetine. In the 14th day of the experiment the Group 3 (KET) received the positive control drug ketoprofen (15 mg/kbw), 15 minutes before the performing the tests. The somatic pain testing was performed using hot plate assay. The writhing test based on chemical peritoneal irritation induced by diluted acetic acid (0,6%) was used as standardized visceral pain model. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS variant 17.0 for Windows and ANOVA one-way method. The research protocol was approved by the Grigore T. Popa University's Committee for Research and Ethical Issues. Results: Ketoprofen showed a substantial and progressive prolongation in reaction time in hot plate test, respectively a decrease in the behavioral manifestations in writhing test. The administration of vortioxetine resulted in a considerable increase in the time response to thermal noxious paws stimulation in hot plate test, and a diminution in the number of writhes in writhing test. Conclusion: Using the mouse models of acute pain hot plate analgesia meter and acid acetic writhing test, we revealed that the oral administration of vortioxetine during 14 days resulted in significant somatic and visceral analgesic effects, but less intense than of ketoprofen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Pain is a human societies problems that has always had a lot of attention to control. However, some patients became resistance to analgesic effect of common analgesics. A main goal of the researches on the field of pain is to find effective medications with less side effects. In this regards, natural derivatives of medicinal plants are under considering of researchers. It has been determined that oxidative stress involved in the pathophysiology of pain. The aim of this study is to investigate the analgesic effect of quinic acid considering its possible antioxidative effects in male mice.Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male mice were divided into 4 groups (N=10) received normal saline (1 ml/kg), dexamethasone (5 mg/ kg), quinic acid (QA) (10 mg/kg) and QA (50 mg/kg) for 7 constant days via intraperitoneal route. Then, the pain response was assessed using hot plate test. Finally, mice were euthanized and hippocampi dissected out. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite as well as antioxidant capacity were measure in the hippocampus.Results: The results showed that QA significantly increased the duration of delay in pain response to heat. Furthermore, QA significantly increased the antioxidant capacity as well as decreased the levels of MDA and nitrite in the hippocampus.Conclusion: we concluded that QA, partially at least, through mitigation of oxidative stress (increased the antioxidant capacity as well as decreased the levels of MDA and nitrite) exerts analgesic effect in the hot plate test in male mice.

Abstract Objective The naked mole rat (NMR) (Heterocephalus glaber) is increasingly considered an important biomedical research model for various conditions like hypoxic brain injury, cancer and nociception. This study was designed to investigate the effects of clonidine and yohimbine, an alpha-2 (α 2) adrenoceptor agonist and antagonist respectively in the tail flick and hot plate tests. Results A significant difference in tail flick latency was noted between saline control and 30 µg/kg clonidine, which was reduced after administration of 30 µg/kg yohimbine. A significant difference in hot plate latency was also noted between saline control and 30 µg/kg clodinine during the periods 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 min after administration, and between saline control and 10 µg/kg clonidine during 30 min after administration. The hot plate latency by 30 µg/kg clonidine was also reduced by 30 µg/kg yohimbine during 30 min after administration. Since the tail-flick and hot plate tests mediate the effects at spinal and supraspinal levels respectively, the present study indicates the presence and involvement of noradrenergic receptors in thermal antinociception at spinal and supraspinal levels of the NMR, similar to what has been found in other mammals.

Objectives: Drugs that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine are widely used for treating depressive disorders and have emerged as effective drugs for neuropathic pain. They have no substantial anti-nociceptive effects but are considered, with gabapentin/ pregabalin, first-line drugs for neuropathic pain. Materials and Methods: In this study, three different antidepressant agents were used in different doses to investigate their anti-hyperalgesic effects in rat models of neuropathic pain using hot plate and tail flick methods. They have different mechanisms of action; vilazodone hydrochloride is a selective serotonin inhibitor and a 5-HT1A partial agonist; talsupram hydrochloride is a selective noradrenaline inhibitor, and it has a high affinity for noradrenaline transporter (NET), whereas indatraline hydrochloride is a triple reuptake inhibitor that inhibits transporters for 5-HT (SERT), dopamine (DAT), and NET. Results: All the drugs used in the experiment were found to have an anti-hyperalgesic effect in both tests compared to the sham group. When antihyperalgesic effects of the three agents were compared to each other, it was found that talsupram hydrochloride was significantly more effective than the two other drugs in hot plate test. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the tail flick test. Indatraline hydrochloride was more effective than vilazodone hydrochloride at the same doses in the tail flick test. Conclusion: Our data suggest that three drugs are effective analgesics in rat models of neuropathic pain and inhibition of noradrenaline reuptake represents the cornerstone of analgesic mechanisms of effective antidepressants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper presents results of analgesic, antipyretic activity and anti-inflammatory potential of extract obtained from Acacia cyanophylla when tested at different doses. Analgesic potential of the crude methanolic extract tested by acetic acid assay was dose dependent and maximum activity of 61.60% was measured at 400 mg/kg. Analgesic activity by hot plate method revealed that maximum activity of 36.98% was noted when the mice were exposed to 90 minutes at higher dose of 400 mg/kg. Similar pattern for antipyretic activity was observed as noted for analgesic activity. Anti-inflammatory activity was dose and time dependent when evaluated by Carrageenan-induced paw edema and Xylene-induced ear edema model. Maximum anti-inflammatory activity (43.32%) was shown by crude methanolic extract of Acacia cyanophylla at 400mg/kg-1 after 5 hours on Carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Similarly, maximum (68.80%) anti-inflammatory activity was noted when accessed by Xylene-induced ear edema model at the dose of 200mg/kg after 60 minutes. No in vivo toxicity of the extracts up to the dose of 2000mg/kg was observed using albino mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Acetaminophen (APAP) induced hepatotoxicity is a clinically important problem. Up to now, interventive therapy with n-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been considered as a gold-standard treatment for APAP overdose. However, no study has focused on the efficacy of these drugs’ concurrent administration on probable enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Thus, this study was aimed to investigate the analgesic effect of co-administration of NAC and acetaminophen in male rats. The NAC-APAP drug formulation may demonstrate the stranger antinociceptive effect. Methods Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats (12–14 weeks) randomly divided into six equal groups; control, APAP (received 300 mg/kg APAP), NAC (received 600 mg/kg NAC) and APAP+ NAC groups that received simultaneously 300 mg/kg APAP with 200–600 mg/kg NAC (AN200, AN400, AN600). All administrations were done orally for once. The antinociceptive effect was recorded by measurement of latency period on a hot plate in 30, 60, and 90 min after administrations. Results The results showed that NAC’s concurrent administration with APAP, dose-dependently increased APAP analgesic effects (p

Lophira alata is used in ethnomedicine as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. This study examined the analgesic activity of the ethanol stem bark extract of L. alata in rodents using the acetic acid-induced mouse writhing assay, hot plate and tail flick tests at 200-800 mg/kg dose levels. L. alata significantly (p<0.05) reduced the number of writhes in the mouse writhing assay, increased latency time in the hot plate and tail flick tests at the highest dose used in this study. L. alata ameliorates chemical and thermally induced pain [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genus Astragalus belongs to the family Fabaceae and is one among the largest genera consisting of around 3000 species. The plants have been used traditionally in treatment of various ailments in folklore. The study was planned to assess the analgesic and inflammatory activity of Astragulus spinosus (Forssk.) Muschl extract of the stem. Course powder of stems of Astragulus spinosus was extracted using chloroform and methanol as solvents. Folin ciocalteu method was employed for determination of the phenolic acid content. Aluminum chloride colorimetric procedure was followed for estimating the flavonoid content. Both chloroform and methanolic extracts at 250 and 500 mg/kg, were tested for the analgesic activity, however, only methanolic extract was selected for anti-inflammatory property based on the results of analgesic activity. The analgesic effect was executed on male rats by the hot plate model. The anti-inflammatory effect was studied in the carrageenan rat paw edema model. The experimental information was interpreted statistically using one-way ANOVA and p < 0.05 was used to express importance of the results. The total phenolics of the methanol extract was 420 µg and that of chloroform extract was 265 µgwhile total flavonoid content in terms of quercetin was found to be 68 µg and 17.5 µg for methanol and chloroform extract respectively. Only methanolic extract exhibited significant (p < 0.001) analgesic activity by elevating the pain threshold starting from 15 min. The methanolic extract inhibited (p < 0.001) the edema in carrageenan induced model. The performance of higher dose (500 mg/kg) was better with reference to lower dose (250 mg/kg). Outcome of the results show that the methanolic stem extracts exhibited significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory-like activity with reference to chloroform extract. Credit of which is given to flavonoids and phenolic content present in the methanolic extract. However, more research is suggested to establish the safety and effectiveness of the herbal drug to manage diseased states including pain and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal nociception involves the transmission of temperature-related noxious information from the periphery to the CNS and is a heritable trait that could predict transition to persistent pain. Rodent forward genetics complement human studies by controlling genetic complexity and environmental factors, analysis of end point tissue, and validation of variants on appropriate genetic backgrounds. Reduced complexity crosses between nearly identical inbred substrains with robust trait differences can greatly facilitate unbiased discovery of novel genes and variants. We found BALB/cByJ mice showed enhanced sensitivity on the 53.5°C hot plate and mechanical stimulation in the von Frey test compared to BALB/cJ mice and replicated decreased gross brain weight in BALB/cByJ versus BALB/cJ. We then identified a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 13 for hot plate sensitivity (LOD = 10.7; p < 0.001; peak = 56 Mb) and a QTL for brain weight on chromosome 5 (LOD = 8.7; p < 0.001). Expression QTL mapping of brain tissues identified H2afy (56.07 Mb) as the top transcript with the strongest association at the hot plate locus (FDR = 0.0002) and spliceome analysis identified differential exon usage within H2afy associated with the same locus. Whole brain proteomics further supported decreased H2AFY expression could underlie enhanced hot plate sensitivity, and identified ACADS as a candidate for reduced brain weight. To summarize, a BALB/c reduced complexity cross combined with multiple-omics approaches facilitated identification of candidate genes underlying thermal nociception and brain weight. These substrains provide a powerful, reciprocal platform for future validation of candidate variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rediet Tesfaye,1 Abel Degu,1 Besufekad Abebe,2 Hiwot Ayalew2 1Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Abel DeguDepartment of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaEmail abel.degu@aau.edu.etIntroduction: Pain and inflammatory disorders are the most prevalent syndromes. Different herbs were used for treatment of pain and inflammation including members of the genus Otostegia. As a result, this research investigated the in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of 80% methanol leaf extract of Otostegia integrifolia in mice.Methods: The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the plant was evaluated using hot plate method, acetic-acid induced writhing test, and carrageenan and formalin induced paw edema. Three experimental groups (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) received the extract while morphine 10 mg/kg and aspirin 150 mg/kg were used as a positive control for analgesic and anti-inflammatory tests accordingly. Distilled water (10 mL/kg) was used as negative control.Results: From the experimental groups, OI400 displayed significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities (P< 0.001). In acetic acid induced writhing tests, the number of writhes decreased significantly (P< 0.001) in all experimental groups. Similarly, OI400 reduced the mean paw edema significantly in carrageenan and formalin induced paw edema (P< 0.05 and P< 0.001, respectively).Conclusion: In general, the results obtained in this study demonstrated that the extract exhibited significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential in mice.Keywords: analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory, hot plate, Otostegia integrifolia, carrageenan

Introduction: Broad neural circuits originate from the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and project to many parts of the brain which are related to pain perception. Insulin receptors are found in the arcuate nucleus. Since nociception may be affected in type 1 diabetes, the present study aimed to investigate the intra-arcuate nucleus insulin role in pain perception in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic and healthy rats. Methods: Regular insulin was microinjected within the arcuate nucleus and the pain tolerance was measured using the hot plate and the tail-flick apparatus in diabetic rats. Results: The results showed that the arcuate nucleus suppression with lidocaine could increase thermal nociception in non-diabetic animals. Also, insulin within the arcuate nucleus decreased the acute thermal pain perception in these animals. STZ-induced diabetes produced hypoalgesia which the latency of these tests, progressively increased over time after induction of diabetes. Also, in the same animal group, intra-arcuate injection of insulin reduced the latency of nociception. Conclusion: Intra-arcuate insulin has paradoxical and controversial effects in healthy and diabetic rats’ nociception. These effects seem to be due to the insulin effect on releasing pro-opiomelanocortin and its deriv

The study was designed to qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the antinociceptive effect of metoclopramide and xylazine each alone or as a concomitant administration in mice. Adult albino Swiss mice weighing 20-30 mg used in all experiments. By using the hot plate test, the individual analgesic dose (ED50) of metoclopramide and xylazine detected depending on the up and down method. Isobolographic analysis used to evaluate the type of interaction between two drugs at the ratio 0.5:0.5 of individual ED50 for each drug at the level of antinociception effect. Simultaneously administration of the double dose of individual ED50 and low doses (sedative, non-analgesic doses) of both drugs, also evaluated at the level of central and visceral analgesia using a hot plate and writhing response test respectively. The individual ED50 of xylazine and metoclopramide was 10.8 and 25.6mg/kg IP respectively. A synergistic interaction at the level of analgesia explored between two drugs at ratio 0.5:0.5 which represented as decreased in ED50 of metoclopramide and xylazine by 58.75 and 58.15% respectively. The animal suffered from only slight sedation and docile. Simultaneously IP administration of xylazine and metoclopramide at double dose of ED50 for each drug-induced significant increase in latency time of thermal response, as well as a significant decrease in writhes number, which induced by acetic acid in comparison with control groups. The percentage of analgesia at sub analgesic doses of a concomitant administration of both drugs was 100% in comparison with each drug alone. These results suggested safe and good use of both drugs in veterinary medicine.

Medicinal plants continue to attract attention as an alternative form of therapy. Phytochemical screening, analgesic properties and probable mechanism/s of action of the methanol leaf extract of Manniophyton fulvum were carried out following claimed folkloric usefulness in this regard. Standard methods were used to screen for classes of phytochemicals. Acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests in albino mice were used to evaluate the peripheral and central analgesic effects using acetylsalicylic acid and morphine respectively as positive controls, while 50% DMSO served as negative control. Elucidation of the possible mechanism/s of action of the extract was carried using phenoxybenzamine, naloxen, ondansetron, atropine and haloperidol. Alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates, terpenoids, steroids tannins, and flavonoids were detected in the extract. At 100 mg/kg dose, significant (P<0.01) reduction in pain stimuli, compared to the negative control group in both models was observed. Higher doses of extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) did not produce any significant effect. Observed results suggest that the leaf extract of M. fulvum may have an analgesic effect that is centrally and peripherally mediated at a lower dose compared to the high dose. The findings provide possible scientific basis for the ethnomedicinal use of the plant in several pain conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Triazole 1.1 is a novel kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist reported to produce antinociception without KOR-typical adverse effects. When combined with the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist, oxycodone, triazole 1.1 blocks oxycodone-induced pruritis without producing sedation-like effects in nonhuman primates. However, it is unknown if triazole 1.1 can reduce the abuse-related effects or enhance the antinociceptive effects of oxycodone similarly to other KOR agonists. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to quantitatively compare the behavioral effects of triazole 1.1 to the KOR agonists, U50,488h and nalfurafine, on oxycodone self-administration and oxycodone-induced thermal antinociception when administered as mixtures with oxycodone. Methods: In the self-administration study, male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats (n = 6) self-administered intravenous (i.v.) oxycodone alone (0.056 mg/kg/inj) or combined with U50,488 h (0.032-0.32 mg/kg/inj), nalfurafine (0.00032–0.0032 mg/kg/inj), or triazole 1.1 (0.32–1.8 mg/kg/inj) under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement. In a hot plate assay, male SD rats (n = 6) received i.v. injections of oxycodone (1.0-5.6 mg/kg), U50,488h (1.0-18.0 mg/kg), nalfurafine (0.01-1.0 mg/kg), or triazole 1.1 (3.2-32.0 mg/kg) alone or in combinations of fixed proportion with oxycodone based on the relative potencies of the single drugs. Each study concluded with administration of the KOR antagonist nor-BNI and some degree of retesting of the previous conditions to verify that the behavioral effects were mediated by KOR activation. Results: All KOR agonists reduced oxycodone self-administration in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, all single drugs and drug combinations produced dose-dependent, fully efficacious thermal antinociception. All KOR agonist:oxycodone combinations produced either additive or super-additive thermal antinociception. Finally, each KOR agonist was blocked in effect by nor-BNI in both behavioral measures. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that triazole 1.1 reduces oxycodone's reinforcing effects and enhances oxycodone-induced antinociception to degrees that are comparable to typical KOR agonists. Given triazole 1.1's mild adverse-effect profile, developing MOR-KOR agonist combinations from the triazole 1.1 series may render new pain therapeutics with reduced abuse liability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurement methods based on the hot plate did not consider the exchange coefficients around the device. These measurements were based on analytical solutions of the unidirectional (1D) heat conduction equation. This paper describes an experimental method to simultaneously estimate the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of materials, taking into account the exchange coefficient around the device. This method is based on the measurement of the temperature at the center of a heating element inserted between two samples, with the unheated surface of the samples being kept constant. As a first step, a two-dimensional (2D) heat transfer model was solved using the finite volume method (FVM) and implemented in MATLAB ^® . To validate the computational code developed with the 2D model, a comparative study was performed with the full 3D model simulated in COMSOL Multiphysics. This 2D model was then used to perform a sensitivity analysis on the different thermophysical parameters and the convection coefficient. The Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm was used to calculate the estimates. An experimental study was performed on several material samples, leading to an estimation of their thermal properties. In addition, a comparative study based on the asymmetric hot plate (AHP) method was performed, and the results obtained showed a relative error of less than 4%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed model is validated to provide reliable thermophysical properties of materials.

This study was conducted to determine the analgesic activity of aqueous extract of Terminalia paniculata (Tp) bark. Analgesic activity was determined using hot plate and tail flick method. Thirty adult Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups of 6 rats each. Group I (control) received 2 mL water, Group II -codeine 5 mg kg-1, Group III, IV and V 100, 200 and 400 mg kg-1 of Tp, respectively. Latency time to pain sensation was noted. In hot plate model, group 5 showed significant increase in reaction time compared to groups 3 and 4 at all-time points and was comparable to standard codeine at 120th and 180th min. In tail flick method, standard codeine showed significant increased latency time compared to all three doses of Tp at 90th, 120th and 180th min. Group 5 showed significant increased reaction time compared to groups 3 and 4 from 60th min to 180th min. Group 4 showed increased analgesic activity compared to group 3 at 90th, 120th and 180th min but group 3 was significantly better at 30th min. Thus T. paniculata possesses analgesic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pain is a major global health issue, where its pharmacotherapy prompts unwanted side effects; hence, the development of effective alternative compounds from natural derivatives with lesser side effects is clinically needed. Chalcone; the precursors of flavonoid, and its derivatives have been widely investigated due to its pharmacological properties. Objective: This study addressed the therapeutic effect of 3-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(5-methyl furan-2-yl) prop-2-en-1-one (DMPF-1); synthetic chalcone derivative, on antinociceptive activity in vivoMaterials and Methods: The antinociceptive profile was evaluated using acetic-acid-induced abdominal writhing, hot plate, and formalin-induced paw licking test. Capsaicin, phorbol 12-myristate 12 acetate (PMA), and glutamate-induced paw licking test were carried out to evaluate their potential effects toward different targets. Results: It was shown that the doses of 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 mg/kg of DMPF-1 given via intraperitoneal injection showed significant reduction in writhing responses and increased the latency time in hot-plate test where reduced time spent on licking the injected paw in formalin and dose contingency inhibition was observed. The similar results were observed in capsaicin, PMA, and glutamate-induced paw licking test. In addition, the challenge with nonselective opioid receptor antagonist (naloxone) aimed to evaluate the involvement of the opioidergic system, which showed no reversion in analgesic profile in formalin and hot-plate test. Conclusion: Collectively, this study showed that DMPF-1 markedly inhibits both peripheral and central nociception through the mechanism involving an interaction with vanilloid and glutamatergic system regardless of the activation of the opioidergic system.

Diabetes mellitus is a complicated and serious health problem involving peripheral neuropathy. This situation causes to loss of senses, tingle and pain. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) affects 236 million people around the World. Hence there is a need to investigate alternative ways of cure focusing on DPN. Flavonoids have potential on pain due to their permeability characteristic in the capillary microcirculation system and in lowering blood pressure. Flavonoids are common in grape seed. The main flavonoids of grape seed involve proanthocyanidins which might be an effective agent in cure of pain in DPN. The purpose of this study is to investigate effects of grape seed extract on neuropathic pain in the Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. In the study, 50 eight-week old BALB-C strain mice in five different groups (Control, Diabetic Control, Control+25 mg/kg, Diabetes+25 mg/kg and Diabetes+50 mg/kg) were used. To induce diabetes in thirty of these animals, single dose Streptozotocin (180 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally. After diabetes was observed, grape seed extract (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg body weight) was administered by oral gavage in three groups (Cont­rol+25 mg/kg, Diabetes+25 mg/kg and Diabetes+50 mg/kg) during six weeks. At the end of the second and sixth weeks, pain threshold measurements in hot plate test were performed in line with a predetermined thermal pain model. Also the tissues of the sciatic nerve and abdominal aorta from the animals were histologically investigated. As a result hot plate measurements, pain threshold values of the animals in Diabetes+50mg/kg group significantly differed from the measurements of the animals in control group in the first measurements and from the animals in Diabetes+25 mg/kg group in the second measurements (p

Trees and shrubs of the genus Cordia are widely distributed in the warmer regions, including Indonesia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the ethanolic extract of plant leaves in Wistar albino rats. The analgesic activity was evaluated using the hot plate method and acetic acid-induced writhing, and the anti-inflammatory activity was determined using carrageenan-induced paw oedema. The results showed that the Cordia sebestena ethanol extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) exhibited significant analgesic effects in a dose-dependent manner in the two pain models tested. The extract also exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects in the carrageenan-induced inflammation test. The data obtained support the traditional folklore therapeutic claim about its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Nonetheless, further scientific investigation is required to establish its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties in other experimental models and clinical settings.

Introduction: Methamphetamine (Meth) and Buprenorphine (BUP) modulate pain perception. However, the antinociceptive effects of their interactions, which affect through different systems, are unclear in rats. This study aimed to compare the analgesic effects of Meth, BUP, and their coadministration, as well as the effect of withdrawal from these substances on nociception in male rats. Methods: In this experiment, 40 male Wistar rats (weight: 250-300 g) were categorized into four groups: control, Meth, BUP, or BUP+Meth. After seven days of treatments, the antinociceptive effects were assessed using the hot plate and the tail flick tests. The differences among the groups were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc tests. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Meth and BUP increased the reaction times during the hot plate and tail flick tests. The combination of Meth and BUP increased reaction time more than Meth or BUP alone. Conclusion: The significantly high reaction times in rats treated with Meth and BUP indicate that these substances have antinociceptive effects. In addition, Meth enhanced the antinociceptive effects of BUP. These synergistic effects might occur through the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and or adrenergic systems.