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Burns are a major health problem worldwide. Burn injury resulting from making contact with hot objects, direct or indirect contact with flame, and exposure to chemical agents or electric current is usually preventable. In this study, epidemiological data of the patients who had been hospitalised in the burn unit was assessed. The records of 1453 patients who were admitted to the burn unit of Diyarbakir Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital between July 2008 and April 2018 were retrospectively examined. Out of 1453 cases, 81.7% (1187) were children and 18.3% (266) were adults, 58.3% of the cases were male (847) and 41.7% (606) were females. Patients had a mean age of 11 ± 5 years (1-81 years). The most common cause of burns was contact with hot liquids (82.86%) while other causes were flame burns (12.04%), electrical contact burn (3.02%) contact with chemical substances (2.06%). Most of the cases were found to have burned 10% to 20% of the body surface. Localization was most frequently seen in the lower extremity and less frequently in the upper limb, trunk, head and neck, and perineal regions. The majority of burn injuries are preventable. Therefore, epidemiological studies in the field of burns will provide vital preventive information to develop strategies to reduce injury frequency and spend on health. Because burns are a social problem, prevention efforts require social co-operation. Promotional meetings in schools are important to increase family-school cooperation to inform children of school age, to give lectures and first aid measures to rural areas.

Burn injuries are distressful and shocking events, which can lead to noteworthy sequelae on metabolic markers and organs. Such traumatic accidents do occur every so often in both adult and pediatric populations, requiring prompt and adequate treatments. Notably, scald injuries occur due to direct contact with hot liquids and these are the most common cause of burns in early childhood. Herein, we report on an 18-month-old boy admitted to our pediatric surgery unit for an extensive scald injury, who has experienced an unusual esophageal stricture following the traumatic event.

Burns are defined as injuries produced in living tissues, due to the action of various physical agents (flames, hot liquids and objects, radiation, electric current, cold), chemical (caustic) and biological, which cause alterations ranging from a simple erythema until the total destruction of the structures...

Burn is an injury to the skin or other tissue. Mostly, it caused by contacting with hot liquids, solids, and flames. The important thing that should be consider in burn incident is the severity of burn and it based on the depth and area of the burn injury. The severity of burns will cause differences of pathophysiological responses. This was a literature review study. Various articles were collected from online database including reports, journals, and published in the last 10 years. The articles were from the scholar journals. The systemic inflammatory response in severe level of burns was not given good response to disappear of lesion burn and initiating tissue repair. Moreover, it was given an organ failure to the patient. The body responded to this incident by releasing antiinflammatory mediators. This response is very strong and prolonged, so it caused immunosuppression and increase the risk of secondary infection to the patients. Burns affects the patient’s immune system. The ratio between pro and antiinflammatory mediators are determining the patient’s subsequent status.

Death due to burns is an important cause of unnatural death commonly encountered in Medico-legal Practice.This prospective study was conducted on 100 cases of burn deaths caused by flames, hot liquids and flashof electricity. This study was conducted to know the demographic profiles, common risk factors, causes andmanners of death in fatal cases of burns. Most of the cases were in the age group of 21 to 50 years with apeak incidence in 21-30 years age group, with female predominance. In the study, maximum cases were dueto kerosene stove blast leading to accidental burns, followed by pouring of kerosene as a source of burn..

The treatment of burns is one of the earliest medical activities on record, probably because of the powerful impact of their physical consequences among other sequelae. The aim of the present paper is to perform an epidemiological study of burn patients. The data were obtained by reviewing the medical histories of all those patients admitted or treated in the Outpatients Department of the Burn Unit of our hospital between 2013 and 2017. A sample was gathered of 1401 patients, made up of 716 males (51.11%) and 685 females (48.89%), in a ratio of males to females of 1.05, with a mean age of 40.74 years old. The burns were mainly suffered in a domestic setting (60.96%), mostly as a result of contact with hot liquids. Most of the burns were second degree superficial burns (60.03%), and affected a mean total body surface area (TBSA) of 4.61%. They were most often produced on the hands. It was found that the frequency of burns increased during the summer and during the main mealtimes of the day. These data may be used to make specific plans of prevention, and as a basis for new studies and databases to be made.

BACKGROUND: Burn injuries account for approximately 180 000 deaths per annum, mostly in low- and middle-income countries. AIM: This study sought to determine the causes of burn wounds among adults admitted to the Burn Wound Unit at Pelonomi Tertiary Hospital in Bloemfontein for treatment. METHODS: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study. The target population consisted of adult patients, hospitalised for burn wounds at Pelonomi Tertiary Hospital in Bloemfontein, between July 2016 and early January 2017. Relevant data was collected by means of a structured interview using a questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 49 patients were interviewed during the study period. Almost two-thirds of the patients were male (65.3%, n=32). The median age was 33 years (range 18 to 64 years). In most cases, the injury occurred at home (77.6%, n=38). Three quarters of the reported incidents (77.6%, n=38) were considered accidental of which 68.4% (n=26) were related to domestic activities. At the time of the accidental incident, 39.5% (n=15) patients had consumed alcohol. Eleven (22.4%) of the incidents were intentional with 63.6% (n=7) attributed to assault. The two main causes of burn injuries were flames including flaming liquids (59.2%, n=29) and hot liquids (22.5%, n=11). The most frequent area of injury was the left front thigh. CONCLUSION: The predominant cause of burn wounds was flames including flaming liquids, and injuries were mostly accidental in nature. Alcohol consumption and domestic activities were common in accidental burns.

Al-Ukhaidir Fortressis one of the existed landmarks in Iraq. It is situated in Karbala governorate, 135km south of Baghdad, 50 Km south of Karbala. It is one of the distinctive defensive forts due to its unique manifestation in Arab Islamic architecture, mainly in the middle east architecture. Dated back to the Abbasid era, many studies focused on this complex, some of which suggest that it was erected during the early Abbasid era (132-656AH), during the reign of Abu Ja'far Abdallah (136-158AH). The most significant manifestation is the thick walls and towers distributed along the walls and the longitudinal openings above the main entrance, which are used to pour hot liquids on the attacker in the event of the attack. The study of the Fortress is of great importance due to its defensive nature in addition to the fact that it represents an integral architectural unit where in many elements are represented. Those are considered as physical evidence on the date of these elements in the Arab Islamic architecture in Iraq, including the pointed arch, the dome, the buttresses, the value in addition to other decorative elements that emerged in many parts of the fortress. All combined constituted key materials to follow up on emergence of the architectural elements during the Abbasid era in Iraq. The fortress maintain all of its parts, including the main hall, houses, mosque and other unites annexed to. This study focuses on many facts and the importance of the fortress . those have positively contributed to adding additional attention to the fortress in addition to its location which constitute great importance from historical and geographical prospective as a center for the passing caravans. Set of pictures and blueprints will be included in this study تعد المباني الدفاعية عن العمائر التي ساهمت في الحفاظ على امن المدن العربية الاسلامية خلال العصور المنصرمة، فضلا عن حفاظها على الطرق التجارية والحيوية. وحصن الاخيضر من اقدم المباني الماثلة في العراق، ويحتفظ بعناصره الدفاعية کالابراج والمزاغل والمداخل المحصنة فضلا عن العناصر العمارية کالعقود والاکتاف والعتبة وعناصر اخرى. ان موقع الحصن في البادية الغربية من العراق اکسبه الصفة الدفاعية ومن خلال الدراسات المستفيضة حول الحصن حدد الباحثون تاريخ بناء الحصن الى النصف الثاني من العصر العباسي

Chefs and other food preparation workers are at a high risk of scald injuries from hot liquids. Chefs’ clothing has the potential to act as a protective barrier between the skin and the thermal hazard. Although, impermeable barriers coupled with an insulating layer of fabric tend to offer the greatest protection against hot liquid penetration, the potential for heat strain and discomfort to workers may make them impractical in the kitchen environment. This study examined the effects of common finishing treatments used in chef jacket fabrics and the impact of layers on the protection offered against hot water burn injuries. The Teflon® treated fabrics offering combined stain and water repellency, provided the greatest protection with the lowest absorbed energy and longest times to second degree burn injury compared with the other finishes (i.e., regular, water repellent and soil release). Findings also showed that in most cases, increasing the number of layers improved protection provided by the fabric systems, with the Teflon® finished fabrics providing the highest protection against scald injuries as fabric layers increased.

Airlift pumps are very simple devices consisting of a vertical riser tube which is partially immersed in the liquid to be pumped and into which air is injected at the base to produce an upward flow. These devices are characterized by higher reliability and low maintenance. They are used, especially, for pumping dangerous and polluted liquids. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the performance of a pump when hot liquids are handled and air humidification is not neglected. For this purpose, an air-lift pump was designed and tested. Experiments were performed for many operating conditions A theoretical model is proposed in this study taking into account the air humidification and liquid temperature. The proposed model has been compared with experimental data and some recognized models of literature. The proposed model is in good agreement with experimental results.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the demographic status of children with burn injuries who were referred to the emergency department of the Sina hospital in Tabriz, Iran, in 2014. Methods: Total of 220 pediatric patients with burn injuries, who referred to the emergency department of Sina hospital, were enrolled in this prospective descriptive study. Data such as age, gender, type of injury, location of injury, and severity of burns was collected, and analyzed using SPSS statistical software. Results: Most patients were the first children of their families (61.8%). Two-year-old children had a higher incidence of burn injuries (33.2%). Most of the burns (94.5%) occurred at home. The most common cause of injury was hot liquids (74.5%). The position of the burn injuries in most patients was the upper extremities (47.3%) and second-degree burn severity was more frequent (70.5%). There were no significant statistical differences between the two genders regarding cause, severity, percentage, and anatomical area of the burn.Conclusion: It is necessary to design effective strategies to reduce the incidence of burn injuries in pediatric patients, so that steps can be taken to reduce burn injuries and their complications.

Burns are the injuries that occur as a result of the action of thermal, chemical, or electrical agents. They are called one of the most devastating type of trauma. Approximately 1% of all children sustain a burn injury each year. Several publications have appeared documenting that children under 5 years old are at the highest risk of burns, especially scalds—burns caused by hot liquids. Burns have impact on mortality of children and the quality of survivors’ life. Due to limited therapeutic options, prevention is crucial. We can distinguish four levels of prevention of burns in children: primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary. The most important aim is to establish and maintain conditions that minimize hazards to health and introducing new methods to reduce the incidence of the disease. Several practical questions arise when dealing with aspect of prevention of burns in children and beverages. This paper is a modest contribution to the ongoing discussions. Particular attention is paid to the strategies with proven or promising evidence of effectiveness described in available literature. The analysis of the studies and trends in burn epidemiology worldwide indicates that it is possible to effectively reduce the number of burns in children.

Baby walkers, traditionally marketed to parents as products that can help babies learn how to walk, are devices composed of a suspended seat surrounded by a rigid frame that is connected to wheels. This design positions infants to sit in a balanced standing position with their toes touching the floor, thereby allowing them to move independently without parental support. For many parents, baby walkers are viewed as an ideal way to encourage their children to begin walking, while keeping them entertained, quiet, and safe.1,2 Research has suggested that, despite their name, baby walkers can potentially hinder a child’s ability to walk. Studies have reported lower locomotive development test scores for babies who used baby walkers than those who did not.1,3,4 In addition, baby walkers may detrimentally affect the development of normal gait patterns and posture in early childhood and may even lead to idiopathic toe walking gait pattern development.5,6 In addition to gait concerns, baby walkers are associated with a high risk of injury. Alarmingly, statistics reveal that approximately 12% to 50% of children who use baby walkers become injured.7 Between 2004 and 2008, there were approximately 3000 children aged 15 months and younger who required treatment in US emergency rooms due to injuries from baby walker usage.8 However, this report did not include cases treated in urgent care centers or pediatric clinics/offices, and therefore, incidence may be higher. Baby walker injuries may be caused by falling down stairs, burns from electrical outlets, or drowning from walking into a pool or accessing the toilet.1 Since babies can independently move in baby walkers, they may be able to reach items on higher surfaces and are therefore at higher risks for reaching hazards, such as pulling hot liquids from counters.8 While the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) clearly states that baby walkers do not promote independent walking and stress that baby walkers can delay normal development and motor control, this warning does not appear until the published 8- to 12-month anticipatory guidance period.1,9 With baby walker usage remaining high in the United States, the question arises as to whether this guidance is coming too late. This study examines the age, gait patterns, and risks for injury of babies using baby walkers in video clips posted publicly on YouTube in order to evaluate whether additional anticipatory guidance is needed at earlier well-child visits.

Background: Burns are not uncommon in Egypt, for successful prevention of such accidents it is essential to analyze the medicolegal aspects of these cases. The present study was conducted in Assiut university hospitals. Burn cases that were admitted to the emergency units during years of 2015 and 2016 were retrospectively analyzed from the available records.Purpose: to investigate medicolegal aspects and demography of burn cases presented in emergency units at Assiut University Hospitals during years 2015 and 2016 to identify vulnerable personnel, and to evaluate their outcomes.Methods: A retrospectives study analyzing data from the records between 01/01/2015 to 31/12/2016. Data regarding age, gender, type of burn, percentage of body surface area involved in burn, hospital stay of victims, fate of cases, and survival period of deceased victims was collected and analyzed using SPSS. Results: The study revealed male predominance, 258 (75.26%) male victims out of total 380 victims. The mean age for victims was 15.57 years with most of the victims (52.89%) of burn were between the ages of 0 to 10 years, the minim age was 2 months while the maximum age was 73 years. Hot liquids and flame were the commonest causes of burn. 77.11% of burns in children ageless than 11 years were due to hot liquids. The highest percentage of cases of burn was found in winter (29.2%). 32.89% of victims were students. The mean of hospital stay was 8.29 days. 17.63 % of burn victims admitted during these two years died. Conclusions: Male victims represent most burn patients with children being more vulnerable.Preventive measures against burns should be taken in order to prevent burns particularly in children.

Localized thermal injuries in animals may be caused by exposure to fire and radiant heat, contact with hot items including hot liquids or steam, inhalation of hot air, and exposure to cold temperatures. In addition, animal fire victims may have intoxications caused by smoke gas. This article reviews the causes, pathogenetic aspects, morphological findings, additional investigations, differential diagnoses, and causes of death in various forms of thermal injuries. Since these cases do not occur frequently in diagnostic pathology, they represent a challenging task in general but also with respect to forensic or criminal aspects, such as whether a lesion represents an accidental or nonaccidental effect. Besides detailed information about the circumstances at the location, thermal injuries in animals require a thorough morphological evaluation, including additional investigations in conjunction with a profound knowledge about the possible lesion spectrum and suitable additional investigations.

Burn is the tissue damage on body caused due to various reasons. Although all burns caused by hot liquids are investigated as scalding burns, dense liquid burns (DLB) caused by such as milk and oil are different from other burns. The aim of this study was to report the properties of DLB.Patients admitted to the Emergency Service of Atatürk University Hospital, with DLB from June 2003 to December 2008, were examined retrospectively.During the study, 28 DLB patients were admitted to the emergency service. The most common admission were found in autumn 28.6% (n=8), and in May and June, 17.9% (n=5). The frequency of burns on the right upper extremity was seen in 50% (n=14) of the patients. The burn degree of all patients was determined as 2(nd) degree. Seventy-five percent (n=21) of the patients were discharged, 14.3% (n=4) were hospitalized. None of the patients died.Dense liquid burns is a burn type that is commonly seen in women, absolutely causing 2(nd) degree burns, frequently reported in upper extremity and head/neck regions, and in contrast to other studies, in our region it is completely seen in patients living in city centre.Yanık sıklıkla sıcak suya bağlı (haşlanma) oluşan hayatı tehdit eden bir durumdur. Bununla birlikte, bizim deneyimlerimize göre, sıcak süt ve yağ gibi yoğun sıvılara bağlı yanıklar, klinik seyir ve taburculuk açısından farklılıkları sebebi ile ayrı değerlendirilmelidir. Burada yoğun sıvılara bağlı yanıkların özelliklerini sunduk.Acil servisimize 2003 ile 2008 yılları arasında yoğun sıvılara bağlı yanık sebebi ile başvuran hastaları retrospektif olarak inceledik.Toplam olarak, 28 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. Ortalama yaş 26,5 idi ve hastaların %75’i kadındı. Hastaların %89,3’ü acil servisimize direk başvurdu ve %10,7’si başka acil servislerden hastanemize sevk edilmiş idi. Hastaların %75’i acil servisteki tedavilerinin ardından taburcu edildi, %14,3’ü yanık merkezine yatırıldı, %7,1’i başka hastaneye sevk edildi ve %3,6’sı yatışı reddetti. Yanık merkezindeki ortalama yatış süresi 24,5 gündü. Ortalama yanık alanı %3 idi. Vücut bölümlerine göre yanık sıklığı yüzdeleri: Baş ve boyun %39,3, gövde ön yüzü %14,3, gövde arka yüzü %17,9, sağ üst ekstremite %50, sol üst ekstremite %35,7, sağ alt ekstremite %21,4, sol alt ekstremite %89,3. Yanıkların tümü 2. dereceydi.Sıcak süt ve yağa bağlı yoğun sıvı yanıkları sıklıkla kadınlarda görülür. Yanıkların tamamı 2. derecedir.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the characteristics and outcomes in children presenting to emergency departments (EDs) with burn injuries. METHODS The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) for the years 2008 to 2013 was used. All patients younger than 18 years who visited a hospital-based ED with a burn injury were selected. The study focused on (1) demographics (age, sex, insurance status), (2) characteristics of burns (types, causes), (3) disposition status after ED/hospitalization, (4) charges (ED and hospital), and (5) patient outcomes. Inclusion criteria were a visit to ED in the United States with a burn. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the findings. RESULTS During the study period, there were 746,593 ED visits due to burn injuries. Majority were insured by Medicaid (52.8%). Most frequent injuries were burns of wrists/hands (39.5%), lower limbs (24.1%), and upper limb-except wrist/hand (20.1%). The most common causes of burns were heat from electric appliances (37.1%) or hot liquids and vapors (24.8%). Following the ED visit, 89.1% were discharged routinely, and 4.3% were admitted. Mean charge per patient per ED visit was $1117. Total ED charges across the United States was $708.7 million. When admitted, mean length of stay was 5.7 days. Total hospitalization charge across the United States was $1.7 billion. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric burn injuries require significant resources for stabilization and treatment by EDs. The present study highlights the burden and impact of pediatric burn injuries in the United States.

Objective Burn injuries are one of the most significant threats to life in both undeveloped and developing countries. In this study, we evaluate the demographic characteristics and treatment methods in pediatric burn cases admitted to our clinic. Methods A total of 960 patients aged 0-16 years old who were referred to our center with burn injuries between 2015 and 2016 were analyzed in terms of sex, age, etiology, epidemiology, burn percentage, the degree of burn, hospitalization duration, morbidity-mortality, and treatment methods. Results In the present study, 512 male and 448 female patients were included. Burns were seen mostly among the patients aged 2-4, and the majority of them were extremity burns. The mean hospitalization duration was 10±6.7 days, and the most common source of burn injury was from hot liquids. Conclusion Burn injuries are a pediatric emergency that needs to be emphasized to reduce occurrences due to the long hospitalization period, the unfavorable mortality and morbidity rates, and increased treatment costs. It is possible to obtain more positive results by way of a standard and easily applicable treatment algorithm in cases of burn injury.

Patients with significant burns will need to be cared for in an intensive care setting. However, depending on how local services are organised, it is possible one may be involved in the initial management of these patients. Burns and thermal injuries can be devastating and complex. A burn is an injury to the skin and tissues that is usually thought of as being caused by heat (thermal) but can also be caused by cold, chemicals, electricity, friction and radiation. Thermal burn injuries can be caused by hot liquids and steam, contact from hot objects, and fire or explosive materials. The functions of skin include protection, immunity, temperature regulation and fluid regulation. It is also important to get as much history of how the burn occurred as possible either from the patient or from the paramedics who have transferred them from the scene of injury.

Background: Burns in the pediatric patients are usually caused due to accidental spillage and scalding by hot liquids. These are usually partial thickness burns. Collagen dressings have a better outcome in the management of partial thickness burns. Methodology: One hundred patients

Kitchen workers sustain one of the highest rates of occupational burn injuries through exposure to the various thermal hazards present in institutional and restaurant kitchens. The jacket of the chefs’ uniform has the potential to act as a protective garment, although the extent of the protection afforded by this clothing has not been examined. This study evaluates a selection of current fabrics used in chefs’ uniform jackets to determine their effectiveness in providing protection against hot surface contact, hot liquids and low-pressure steam burns. Four jacket fabrics and two apron fabrics were tested as single layers and in layered combinations. Results showed that single-layered fabrics offered less protection against hot surface contact burns than double-layered fabrics, as an increase in fabric thickness improved thermal insulation of the system. Fabrics covered with a water-impermeable apron layer afforded the greatest protection against hot water and low-pressure steam, while fabrics covered with a permeable apron layer did not provide additional protection. It was found that the addition of the permeable apron fabric layer stored more thermal energy when exposed to hot water, potentially reducing the protection offered by the layered fabric systems.

The skin is the primary barrier to the external insults an organism may encounter. It is a resilient and durable structure with many defense characteristics. The stratum corneum and adnexal covering (feathers, fur, or scales) offer a relative amount of armor against corrosive agents, extremes of temperature, and sharp forces. Its elasticity allows it to stretch and resist tearing when met with abrasive or compressive forces. This defensive coating, however, is not invulnerable, and its protection may be breached by excesses of heat or force that overwhelm its barrier capacity. Flames, chemicals, electrical currents, and hot liquids may breach the skin barrier causing burns and scalds. These events may also directly or indirectly affect other systems in the body, resulting in respiratory compromise, cardiac insufficiency, or multiple organ failure. A cutaneous lesion should prompt the veterinary pathologist or clinician to look below the surface for other manifestations or sequelae to skin injury. This chapter will focus on thermal and chemical insults to the skin and the possible parallel and subsequent changes in other organ systems.

First degree oro-facial burns, particularly by hot liquids, are common in children, and usually heal without complications. Rarely, potentially serious complications that can lead to cardiorespiratory compromise and even death can occur. We present a 15-month-old girl who developed spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum 3 days after sustaining a first degree oro-facial burn by a hot liquid, with a possible thermal inhalational injury. Two important diagnoses that needed to be ruled out are the injury of an air-containing structure, like the pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus and bronchial tree as well as necrotizing fasciitis. Literature review revealed a lack of medical research that focuses on the association between such complications and first degree oro-facial burns, particularly in toddlers. The study reveals that spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum can complicate first degree oro-facial burns in toddlers. Our aims are to draw the attention to the possible association between superficial oro-facial burns and the development of spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum, and to encourage further studies to investigate into this association. Int J Clin Pediatr. 2015;4(1):139-142 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/ijcp203w

To compare clinical outcome of topical conventional with topical heparin treatment in 2nd degree or partial thickness (PTB) burn patients.Patients, between the ages of 14 and 60 years with 2nd degree burns involving20%. Total body surface area (TBSA) on front of chest, abdomen and upper limbs excluding hands and lower limbs were enrolled from September 2015 to August 2016. Patients were randomized to conventional or heparin treatment groups. Clinical outcome measured were healed wound size, pain scores and total consumption of analgesic medication required to relieve pain. Safety of the treatment and adverse events were also measured RESULTS: Out of 66 patient included in study mean (SD) age of participants was 27 (10) years, of which 59% were males. Mean (SD) TBSA burn was 14% (3) [23 (35%) had SPTB, and 43 (65%) had DPTB]. The burn injury was caused by flames in 68% and by hot liquids in 32% patients. There was no statistically significant difference in distribution of patients according to age, gender, TBSA burn, etiology or depth of burns in the two treatment groups. As compared to conventional treatment group, heparin treatment group had significantly better outcomes. Number of days needed for wound healing was significantly lower in the heparin group than the conventional group (SPTB 14±1 vs. 20±4 days; P-value0.000 and for DPTB, 15±3 vs. 19±2 days; P-value0.003). Mean pain score was also lower in the heparin group (for both SPTB and DPTB 3±1 vs. 7±1; P-value0.000). Similarly, total consumption of analgesic medication was significantly less in the heparin group (53±27 vs. 119±15mg; P-value0.000 for SPTB and 46±6 vs. 126±12mg; P-value0.000 for DPTB). In both groups, no patient had wound infection, skin necrosis, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, worsening renal function, or abnormal liver enzymes CONCLUSION: Treatment of second degree or partial thickness burns (PTB) with topical heparin is superior to conventional treatment in terms of wound healing as well as for pain control. The treatment with topical heparin is well-tolerated and is without higher adverse effects.

The combustion of distillate fuel by single steel particles of fixed size and a massive “hot” metal plate are investigated experimentally. It is possible to conclude that significant differences exist between the heat-transfer conditions at ignition of liquid fuels by a massive heat source and a small-size single heated particle on the basis of analysis and codification of results of the experimental investigations conducted. Experimentally determined thermokinetic ignition parameters of the liquid fuels will also differ appreciably. The results obtained from the experimental investigations are the basis for further development of ignition models of hot liquids, particularly detailed accounting of heat-and mass-transfer processes.

This study was to evaluate the results of open dressing in management of second degree burn in children.Methods : A retrospective study conducted on children with second degree burn during the period of 42 months from January 2010 to June 2014.Results : 150 patients included in this study. Age range was 1 months 12 days to 11 years 10 months. 68 % patients were within 1-5 years. 70% injured by hot water, 16% by hot liquids, 8.7% by hot cooking related substance and 5.3% due to flame. Only 12% patients showed positive culture of pathogenic organisms. Among them, 4 had a combined growth of Pseudomonas auroginosa and E.coli. 2 (1.3%) patient needed skin grafting. 62% patient stayed in the hospital up to 10 days and only 1 patient stayed 35 days. Mean cost of management per patient was calculated under several categories.Conclusion : Second degree burn can manage by open method effectively and successfully. Regular cleansing of the burnt wound with clean water and application of moist exposed burn ointment (MEBO) can easily be tough to the attendants.Northern International Medical College Journal Vol.6(2) 2015: 73-75

Burns are caused by thermal energy arising from flames, hot liquids, and hot surfaces. Burn injuries are a major public health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries, where the risk is greatest and access to specialist care limited. Risk factors include intrinsic factors in the individual (age, sex, behavior) and extrinsic environmental factors (both physical and social). Development and implementation of effective preventive and treatment strategies have resulted in declines in deaths and hospitalizations for burn injuries in many high-income countries. Further research and development of prevention strategies to specifically address risk factors in low- and middle-income countries are needed.

Nearly half of all burns are caused by accidents. Risk factors include psychiatric problems, addiction, and low socioeconomic status. Neglect and child abuse must always be considered for children with burns. In the Netherlands, 35,000 patients with burns are treated by GPs annually. 1700 patients are admitted to the hospital, of which 600 patients are treated in one of the burn centers. One third (200) of these patients are children. Hot liquids are the main cause of burns in young children up to the age of 4 (two thirds of all admitted children). In children of school-going ages, we encounter more burns caused by flames, particularly in boys. Additionally, there are seasonal burns during summer caused by barbecues and fireworks/flame burns at New Year’s.

Neutron scattering techniques are important tools for studying the structure and dynamics of high-temperature melts. However, studies are often restricted by high-temperature limits of standard furnaces and possible contamination of the sample by the container. These problems can be overcome by using levitation techniques that allow also to avoid heterogeneous nucleation giving the possibility to undercool hot liquids down to several hundred of degrees below their equilibrium freezing point. Various containerless methods have been developed, and their integration at neutron sources provides powerful tools to study the structure and dynamics of molten materials. This chapter presents an overview of the levitation techniques routinely combined with neutron techniques and experimental results obtained on various metallic and oxide melts.

Objective To examine the cooling properties of a variety of ‘everyday’ hot liquids within the context of scald injuries in the United Kingdom. Methods The temperature of common hot liquids, including water, tea, coffee and various other liquids (i.e. takeaway coffees, “Indian tea”, chicken curries, hot milk and oil) were recorded over a time period, using digital cooking thermometers. Results Minimal difference was detected between the cooling rates of hot water, coffee and tea. Indian tea cooled at a slower rate. The speed at which milk cooled was less than other liquids and the higher the fat content the slower it cooled. Takeaway beverages had a lower starting temperature and retained heat for substantially longer periods. The assessment of cooking oil revealed intense heat production and prolonged cooling. Conclusion The authors propose that if a patient is exposed to a ‘common’ scalding agent that has been cooling for 10 min or less then the temperature of that fluid is likely to be greater than 60 °C and therefore capable of causing a burn within seconds of exposure. Furthermore, most liquids tested take between 15 and 30 min to reach a “safe temperature” below 53 °C.

It was confirmed in experiments that during contact between cool and hot liquids, the lower sub-cooling of the cool liquid below the saturation temperature changes the characteristics of a vapor layer covering the fragments of hot liquid. This factor also decreases the probability of spontaneous direct contact between two kinds of liquid, explosive incipience of the cool liquid, and pressure pulse generation (the latter triggers fine fragmentation of hot coolant and vapor explosion). The mechanism that describes this trend in vapor layer behavior has been described.

Background: Burn prevention strategies are most effective when they are based on knowledge of etiological patterns of burn injuries and considering the geographical variations and socioeconomic differences in burn epidemiology. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate the etiology and outcome of burns in Hamadan, Iran. Materials and Methods: This registry-based, cross-sectional study was conducted on 798 burn patients admitted to the Besat Hospital from March 2013 to February 2018. The medical records of all the patients were extracted from hospital information system. Results: In males, the most common cause of burn was gas explosion (41.4%), whereas in females, the most common cause was hot liquids (37.1%). In below 5 years and 6–15 years age group, burning with hot liquids was the common cause of burn, whereas in other age groups, gas explosion was the common cause of burn. In the present study, 6.9% of the patients died because of their burns. With increasing age, the odds of death increases, so that patients between 30 and 59 years had 2.2 fold (P = 0.02) and patients ≥60 years had 3.5 fold (P = 0.006) higher odds of death compared to patients aged

Children are more likely to be hospitalised because of burns from hot liquids than from contact with fire and flames. Many of these hot liquid burns are from contact with hot tap water, usually in the home. Hot tap water burns to young children can be prevented completely by lowering the delivery temperature of the hot tap water. This study reports on the evaluation of a program designed to lower the temperature of home hot tap water in Dunedin, New Zealand. In conjunction with a national media campaign, the program provided an educational intervention to households with young children. Before and after measures were made and comparison groups were used to determine the effect of the intervention on tap water temperatures. Mean tap water temperature was 64.2 degrees C at baseline and 61.2 degrees C at follow-up. The proportion of households with water temperatures above 70 degrees C decreased by 50 per cent between baseline and follow-up while the proportion below 60 degrees C increased from 33 per cent to 47 per cent. The group receiving the intervention did not differ significantly from the comparison groups. There were significant decreases in tap water temperature across all groups, but the majority of households still had temperatures above 55 degrees C at the end of the study.

Durable and self-healing superamphiphobic coatings with high repellency to both cool and hot liquids are successfully prepared on various substrates by the combination of rodlike palygorskite and organosilanes via spray-coating. The coatings feature high mechanical, environmental and chemical durability, and are self-healing.

This chapter reviews recent literature on textiles for personal thermal protection. The focus is on the needs of workers in selected industry sectors including energy (oil and gas), electrical and others, and both structural and wildland firefighting. Important protection issues for workers in each sector are covered, as well as potential trade-offs between thermal protection and thermal comfort. Garment fit and other ergonomic factors influencing comfort are also considered. The review includes developments in protective textile materials and serviceability issues, including durability and maintenance. International performance standards are discussed briefly followed by a summary of the development of test methods to assess protection from heat, flame, hot liquids, and steam. Issues for future development of technical textiles for personal thermal protection are presented.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the frequency of different kinds of burns, associated factors, major complications and their relations to other variables. METHODS: Descriptive study performed at Hospital Joao XXIII from January to December of 1992 with five hundred and thirtyseven children and adolescents. RESULTS: The age distribution was as follows: 408 patients were children (76%) and 129 were teenagers (24%). Most of the accidents, 398 cases (74%) happened at home, 235 of which (59%) in the kitchen. 80 patients were interned. They had the highest relative frequency of accidents outside home (p

Objectives: to identify the number of students experiencing dysmennrohea, to assess the knowledge regarding dysmennrohea and its health-seeking behavior among the female student population, to determine the association between knowledge regarding dysmennrohea and its health-seeking behavior with the variables. Methods: A Descriptive survey of 80 female college students were done using a structured knowledge questionnaire and health-seeking behavior tools during the month of February 2014 at Center of Computer and Communication Technology, Chisopani, South Sikkim, India. Simple random sampling was used to select the college and purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample. Results: Majority 65% were of 18-21 years of age, 50% were Hindu, 100% were unmarried. About 42.5% had family monthly income of 15000 and above. Educational status of mother of about 40% was secondary, 36.25% belonged to extended family. Age of menarche of 78.75% was 13-14years, 96.25% had 3-7 days of menstruation, 40% used 3-4 pads during 1st day of menstruation, 71.25% used 3-4 pads during 2nd day of menstruation, 67.5% had menstrual cycle of 21-35 days. Majority 65% received information on health seeking behavior from their female relatives. Majority 64(78.75%) had experienced painful menstruation among which 70.31% consumed hot liquids, 70.31% took medicines, 3.12% took chocolate and 1.35% tied stomach with scarf as health seeking behavior. Majority 76.25% participants had moderate knowledge regarding dysmenorrhea and its health seeking behavior. There was no significant association between knowledge regarding dysmenorrhea and its health seeking behavior. Conclusion: The study showed that majority of the females college students had moderate knowledge and various health seeking behaviors regarding dysmennrohea.

From 1 January 1979 to 31 December 1993, 1109 patients were admitted to our burn unit located at Hacettepe University. Of the patients, 638 (57.5 per cent) were children (under the age of 16 years). The male to female ratio was 1.4: 1 in children, and was approximately 2.6: 1 for patients over 16 years of age. Of the 638 paediatric patients, 67 (10.5 per cent) sustained electrical burns. The causes of injury in the remaining 571 cases (89.5 per cent) were hot liquids in 379 (66.4 per cent of the non-electrical burns), flame in 190 (33.3 per cent) and contact burns in two (0.3 per cent). Of the scalds, 296 (78.1 per cent of the scalds), 52 (13.7 per cent), 22 (5.8 per cent) and nine (2.4 per cent) were caused by hot water, milk, meal and oil respectively. Of the flame burns, 21 (11.1 per cent) were due to LPG explosions. Of the 471 adult patients (over 16 years), 159 (33.8 per cent) were injured by electricity. The causes of non-electrical burn injuries were: hot liquid in 25, flame in 274, chemical agents in four, contact in four, and other causes in four. Although our centre is located in Central Anatolia, 41.8 per cent of all patients were referred from the other six regions of Turkey. Of the 1109 inpatients, 645 (58.2 per cent) were injured in Central Anatolia, 279 (25.2 per cent) in the Black Sea Region, 55 (5.0 per cent) in the Mediterranean Region, 18 (1.6 per cent) in the Marmara Region, 34 (3.1 per cent) in the Aegean Region, 52 (4.7 per cent) in Southeastern Anatolia and 26 (2.3 per cent) in Eastern Anatolia. Approximately two-thirds of the patients (419) required one or more surgical interventions, including debridement and grafting, as well as amputation. The most important early complications were acute renal failure (148 patients −13.3 per cent), sepsis (660 patients −59.5 per cent) and gastrointestinal haemorrhage (seven patients −0.6 per cent). The overall mortality rate was 34.4 per cent. The epidemiological pattern of the burns showed that emergency measures should be taken to prevent scalding accidents to children throughout the country, and for electrical burns in adults, particularly those living in the Black Sea Region. In establishing, implementing and directing prevention programmes, regional differences should be taken into consideration.

Background Burns account for approximately 265,000 deaths each year with predominance in low and middle-income countries. Since most existing estimates of burn mortality and morbidity in Bangladesh have been derived from hospital records or small-scale surveys, the aim of this study was to get prevalence measures for burns and risk factors at a population level in rural Bangladesh. Methods Census household data collected from seven rural sub-districts in Bangladesh was used to assess injury outcomes, including burns, in 2013–2014. Descriptive statistics, and univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors for burn injuries. Results The overall burn mortality and morbidity rates were 2.14 deaths and 528 burn injuries per 100,000 populations. Females had a 63% (95% confidence intervals, CI: 15%–75%) higher chance of burn injuries than men across all age groups, with majority of injuries occurring inside the home. Approximately 50% of burn injuries occurred in the 25–64 year old age group. Deaths occurred mainly by flame burns (88%) where as non-fatal injuries were largely due to contact with hot liquids (56.53%), like cooking oil (21.4%). Deaths were also observed mostly in the winter season. Furthermore, children 1–4 years of age were 4.36 (95% CI: 3.37–5.63) times likelier to suffer from burn injuries than infants keeping all other factors constant. Higher level of education was seen to be associated with lower risk of burn injuries. Conclusions Burns in rural Bangladesh are mainly seen across two extremes of ages in men and women, the propensity being higher in females. Crammed housing spaces, young age and poor educational background were found to be risk factors for burn injuries.

This work was undertaken as part of an investigation into the heat transfer mechanism related to thermal explosion. The theoretical model of forced convection film boiling in the stagnation point region of an axi-symmetrical molten drop is presented. The model is particularly relevant to the coarse pre-mixing stage of vapour explosion: it takes account of the fact that, at this stage, the hot substance is molten. Stagnation point momentum (Falkner-Skan) and energy equations, for cold and hot liquids and for the vapour layer, were solved numerically, with a wide range of boundary-matching conditions at the interfaces. The model presented, by covering a wide range of the conditions and parameters, is more general than the cases discussed in other publications. For this reason the results can be applied not only to the coarse pre-mixing stage of vapour explosion, but also to other situations, where three-phase forced convection occurs on an axi-symmetrical body.

Amalgam restorative material generally contains 50% mercury (Hg) in a complex mixture of copper, tin, silver, and zinc. It has been well documented that this mixture continually emits mercury vapor, which is dramatically increased by chewing, eating, brushing, and drinking hot liquids. Mercury has been demonstrated to have damaging effects on the kidney, central nervous system, and cardiovascular system, and has been implicated in gingival tattoos. While mercury amalgams may result in detrimental exposure to the patient, they can also be a danger in dental practices. In Europe, the federal governments of Norway, Finland, Denmark, and Sweden have enacted legislation requiring that dental patients receive informed consent information about the dental restorative material that will be used. In the United States, a few state governments have enacted informed consent legislation for dental patients receiving dental restorations. These state legislations were enacted by Maine, California, Connecticut, and Vermont. It is a sad tragedy that mercury is causing such health damage to many people. The American Dental Association has said for the past 150 years that the mercury in amalgam is safe and does not leak; however, no clinical studies were ever done and the Food and Drug Administration approved amalgam under a grandfather clause. Subsequent studies have shown this claim of safety not to be true. Over ten years ago, the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal published a comprehensive article calling mercury restorative material a major source of mercury exposure to the U.S. population. The authors of this paper recommend that federal and state legislation be passed throughout our country to ensure that consent forms are given to patients receiving silver-mercury amalgam restorative material.

Sodium leaks and resultant fire containment play an important role in the safe operation of a fast breeder reactor. Leak collection tray (LCT) is a passive device which is used to collect the highly reactive liquid sodium in the case of an accidental leakage. The consequences of sodium fire are mitigated by oxygen starvation in the vessel which collects the liquid sodium after leakage. The current paper deals with the optimization of the LCT geometry based on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the leaked liquid sodium. Isothermal numerical simulations have been performed to understand the interfacial dynamics of the hot liquid sodium flow in the top tray part and the variation of sodium draining rate into the holdup vessel for various drainpipe diameters and leak rates. Since the numerical simulations involve very high computational effort, an equivalent semi-analytical sloshing/draining model has also been developed which emulates the flow process in the LCT. The predictions of transient mass distributions in the top part and in the holdup vessel for the semi-analytical model are in close match with the results obtained from the detailed numerical study. The results reveal critical geometric parameters at which the un-burnt sodium collected in the LCT will be maximum. � 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Paper is devoted to practical questions of development and engineering of the piezoelectric transducers for effect on the liquid mediums which are being at heats (up to 1000degC) and an excessive pressure (up to 5 MPa). Authors confirm efficiency of application of the created equipment on an instance of process clearing of natural minerals from additions in a melt of alkalis.

During the last ten years, several new extraction techniques have been developed that are faster, more automated and use less organic solvents compared to classical solvent extraction techniques. Furthermore, there is a clear trend going towards the use of (and research on) environmentally sustainable methods, which is encouraging for the future. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) are two of the most useful techniques for extraction of non-polar and medium polar solutes from solid and semi-solid samples. These techniques commonly use pressurized carbon dioxide or hot liquids such as water as extraction solvents, respectively. For aqueous samples, stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) has recently been developed. These are some of the techniques that will be described in the proposed symposium series book. Focus will be on the extraction of various compounds from food and agricultural samples in either an analytical or a process-scale point-of-view. Several of the book chapters will compare the different techniques, and describe their advantages and disadvantages. Applications discussed in this book include SFE of biopolymers from distillers dried grains, SFE of lipids from oilseeds, PLE of functional ingredients from plants and herbs, tandem SFE/PLE of acrylamide from potato chips, SFE and PLE of cholesterol and fat from hamster liver, and steam distillation-extraction (SDE) and SBSE of flavors from shitake mushrooms.