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Menopause is a complex time in a woman's life. It is an increasingly a midlife event, when health care professionals should be aiming to optimize a woman's health for the next 30 years or so. Nurses need to be able to give up-to-date information and evidence for all forms of treatment based on a background of complex and ever-changing research. This article covers the main presenting complaints and treatments, from lifestyle to hormone replacement therapy, by drawing on guidelines from national bodies., (Crown Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background and Purpose: Sleep hygiene is one factor that contributes to poor sleep in breast cancer survivors but is poorly measured. The purposes of this study were to (a) evaluate the psychometric properties of the Sleep Hygiene Awareness and Practice Scale (SHAPS) and (b) compare SHAPS scores between midlife women with and without breast cancer., Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive data from a single-blinded, controlled hot flash intervention trial., Results: 194 women (88 breast cancer survivors; 106 menopausal women). Reliability of the three sections of the SHAPS was inadequate with Cronbach's alphas ranging from 0.23 to 0.67. Sleep hygiene practices were modestly correlated with global sleep quality in both groups., Conclusions: Findings suggest the SHAPS would need to be revised to be a psychometrically sound measure of sleep hygiene awareness and practice.

Aim and Objectives: To generate a descriptive theoretical framework about the experiences of women who discontinued hormone replacement therapy., Background: Some menopausal women would depend on hormone replacement therapy for relieving their menopausal symptoms. However, most of them feared of hormone replacement therapy's side effects and tried to discontinue hormone replacement therapy immediately. How did these women self-manage their discomforts without using dependent medicine--hormone replacement therapy? There are few studies conducted on this issue., Design: A grounded theory research was applied., Methods: Nineteen Taiwanese women discontinuing hormone replacement therapy for three months, aged 45 to 67 years, participated in face-to-face audio-taped interviews. Data collection, and coding of interviews, and data analysis occurred simultaneously. All conversations were audio-recorded and then transcribed as verbatim text. The constant comparative method was used to analyse the interview data., Results: 'Relieving my discomforts safely' was the core theme for describing and guiding the process of discontinuing hormone replacement therapy. 'Immediately discontinuing hormone replacement therapy--it would hurt my body' was identified as the antecedent condition. Analyses showed five dimensions to the women's relieving my discomforts safely: (1) symptoms bothered me again, (2) negative emotions, (3) learning to let it go, (4) trying to use nonhormone replacement therapy or products and (5) choosing safely therapies as first priority. Finally, some women would choose their suitable nonhormone replacement therapy way, and some women would reuse hormone replacement therapy cautiously., Conclusions: 'Relieving my discomforts safely' was the first-priority consideration for the menopausal women discontinuing hormone replacement therapy. It is the challenge to establish the health programme or management for helping these women felt safety and security to relieve their menopausal symptoms by using hormone replacement therapy or nonhormone replacement therapy., Relevance to Clinical Practice: Healthcare providers need to empower women the rights of decision-making of using hormone replacement therapy and assist them in monitoring their health status to reduce their fear and uncertainty., (© 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Menopausal symptoms are commonly experienced in women treated for breast cancer. This project aimed to identify the types and prevalence of menopausal symptoms women experience and assess how well such symptoms are managed by means of a clinical audit. The authors also wanted to identify whether patients and health professionals require further education in this area to enhance patients' quality of life., Method: A pilot audit was initially undertaken. Twenty women were recruited from medical and clinical oncology clinics spanning a 2-week period. The main audit was conducted over a 3-week period (19 March 2012 to 6 April 2012). A total of 215 patients were surveyed from 11 consultant-led and 1 nurse-led clinic per week. A menopause rating scale (MRS) developed by Heinemann et al (2003) was used to assess the types and severity of symptoms., Results: Findings from the main audit provided preliminary evidence that certain breast cancer treatments can cause either the early onset of menopausal symptoms in pre-menopausal women or the return or aggravation of menopausal symptoms in peri-menopausal or post-menopausal women. This indicated that, for many women, symptoms are inadequately managed and supported., Discussion: A more detailed exploratory study of the management of menopausal symptoms is needed. Health professionals should consider discussing such symptoms when patients start treatment and assess these symptoms at follow-up appointments to identify potential interventions.

Multiple factors contribute to sleep disturbances in women at midlife. Poor sleep is a common occurrence in women transitioning through midlife and is associated with significant morbidity. Factors that are known to disturb sleep in women at midlife include vasomotor symptoms, nocturia, sleep apnea, and stress. Stress in particular has a significant impact on sleep. Various treatments, pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic, are available to treat sleep disturbances. One nonpharmacologic option includes mind-body medicine, which encompasses several therapies. Practices within this realm have been shown to moderate the experience of stress and help restore sleep quality. Each woman's experience of disturbed sleep and transition through midlife is unique. By having a broad awareness of all evidence-based therapeutics, the clinician is able to present a diverse set of options for women at midlife who are affected by poor sleep.

Overview: There are three major categories of symptoms peri- and postmenopausal women experience: vasomotor symptoms, sleep difficulties, and mood problems. This article reviews the literature on causes and treatments. This is part three of a four-part series on postmenopausal health.

Objectives: The present study was a feasibility study of a tailored acupuncture intervention in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors (BCSs) reporting sleep disturbances and hot flashes. Objectiveswere (1) to describe patterns of acupuncture point use; (2) evaluate outcome expectancy, credibility, and acceptability relative to the intervention; and (3) evaluate patterns of symptom change over time., Design: This was a single-group, nonrandomized, quasi-experimental 8-week study., Sample/setting: Ten BCSs with both sleep disturbances and hot flashes were referred to any of 4 Midwestern community acupuncturists., Methods: Assessments were done at baseline (weeks 1, 2), during treatment (weeks 3, 4), and after treatment (weeks 5, 8). Acupuncture treatment was tailored to the individual by community acupuncturists and provided as 3 sessions within a 2-week period (weeks 3, 4). Patients wore a wrist actigraph during weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 and a sternal skin conductance monitor for 24 consecutive hours during weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8. Subjective data were obtained by questionnaire at weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8., Findings: Women were a mean age of 53 years, with an average 6.75 years since diagnosis. A mean of 10 needles were used per session, with the most common points located in the lung or lung meridian. Breast cancer survivors had high expectancy that acupuncture would decrease their symptoms, believed it was a credible treatment, and felt it an acceptable form of treatment. Three significant patterns of symptom change were noted from baseline: an increase in the number of minutes it took to fall asleep after treatment (from week 5 to 8; P = .04), a decrease in the percentage of time awake after sleep onset from baseline to follow-up 2 (week 8; P = .05), and a decrease in the number of hot flashes from baseline to follow-up 1 (week 5; P = .02)., Implications for Nursing: Findings may be used by clinical nurse specialists to consider recommending acupuncture to improve sleep and reduce hot flashes in BCSs., Conclusions: Acupuncture treatment seems to be a feasible treatment option for highly motivated BCSs with sleep disturbances and hot flashes but needs to be further evaluated in a larger, randomized, controlled clinical trial., (Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.)

The purpose of the study was to explore ethnic differences in symptoms experienced during the menopausal transition among four major ethnic groups in the United States. This study was done via a cross-sectional Internet survey among 512 midlife women recruited using a convenience sampling. The instruments included questions on background characteristics, ethnicity-related factors, health, and menopausal status and the Midlife Women's Symptom Index. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Significant ethnic differences were found in the total number and severity of the symptoms. The most frequently reported symptoms and predictors of the total number and severity of the symptoms differed by ethnic identity. More in-depth cultural studies are needed to understand the reasons for the ethnic differences in menopausal symptom experience.

As the number of breast cancer survivors continues to grow, factors associated with quality of life are receiving increased clinical and research attention. This attention is imperative given the aftermath of psychological and physiologic side effects that commonly result from a cancer diagnosis and cancer-related treatments, including menopausal symptoms. Hot flashes, the most prevalent of these symptoms, have been shown to significantly decrease quality of life in women. Although manageable with hormone replacement therapy (HRT), hot flashes often are especially problematic in breast cancer survivors, a population that typically is not treated with HRT because of controversial evidence of a relationship among estrogen and/or progesterone and breast cancer recurrence and mortality. Furthermore, hot flashes commonly are more severe in premenopausal women who experience acute menopause as a result of chemotherapy treatment. In recent years, several treatment alternatives to HRT have been investigated. Given the significant number of women affected by breast cancer and the negative impact that hot flashes can have on their quality of life, this article reviews alternatives to HRT for reducing hot flash symptoms in breast cancer survivors.

Purpose/objectives: To describe the development and implementation of a comprehensive menopausal assessment (CMA) and intervention program for women with a history of breast cancer., Data Sources: Published articles selected from computerized databases, conference proceedings, bibliographies of pertinent articles and books, and lay publications., Data Synthesis: The CMA program consisted of a structured, comprehensive assessment of three symptoms (hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and stress urinary incontinence) and an individualized plan of education, counseling, nonestrogen treatments, psychosocial support, referrals, and follow-up., Conclusions: A structured approach to evaluating and managing vasomotor and urogenital symptoms with, for example, the CMA, may help breast cancer survivors with severe symptoms more effectively manage these symptoms than "usual care.", Implications for Nursing: Nurses providing care for women with a history of breast cancer can incorporate the key elements of the CMA program into their practice to facilitate more effective management of three common menopausal symptoms that often are undertreated in this patient population.