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ABSTRACT The non‐native invasive box‐tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis) causes severe damage to ornamental box trees (Buxus spp.) and natural boxwood stands (Buxus sempervirens). Using two light traps, we recorded the seasonal flight activity and abundance of C. perspectalis in the suburbs of Basel (Switzerland) over a 15‐year period (2009–2023) shortly after the moth's introduction to Europe in 2007. In each year, we also assessed the grazing damage and number of box‐tree larvae in a nearby natural box‐tree forest. We recorded two peaks in the number of C. perspectalis caught in the settlement area (2009–2010 and 2017–2018). Cross‐correlation analysis showed that waves of C. perspectalis moths invaded the settlement area in the year after the peak years of forest damage. Moderate numbers of C. perspectalis were caught each year during off‐peak periods. The outbreaks of C. perspectalis resulted in a complete defoliation of the box trees in the forest, after which the moth population collapsed. The slowly regenerating box‐tree forest was recolonised by C. perspectalis, most probably from the settlement area. After the second outbreak, the box‐tree forest did not appear to be able to fully recover, as moderate numbers of C. perspectalis larvae fed on the emerging new leaves. The annual mean temperature measured in Basel increased by 1.5°C between 2009 and 2023. During this period, the first C. perspectalis moths were caught earlier each year and the last moths were caught later each year. Thus, the duration of flight activity of C. perspectalis (all three generations of a year combined) increased from 13 weeks in 2010 to 20 weeks in 2023, indicating the impact of climate warming. Our study shows that the dynamics of C. perspectalis in the settlement area are strongly influenced by the presence of box trees in the adjacent forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The use of DNA metabarcoding has become an increasingly popular technique to infer feeding relationships in polyphagous herbivores and predators. Understanding host plant preference of native and invasive herbivore insects can be helpful in establishing effective integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. The invasive Halyomorpha halys and native Pentatoma rufipes are piercing‐sucking stink bug pests that are known to cause economic damage in commercial fruit orchards. RESULTS: In this study, we performed molecular gut content analysis (MGCA) on field‐collected specimens of these two herbivorous pentatomids using next‐generation amplicon sequencing (NGAS) of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) barcode region. Additionally, a laboratory experiment was set up where H. halys was switched from a mixed diet to a monotypic diet, allowing us to determine the detectability of the initial diet in a time series of ≤3 days after the diet switch. We detected 68 unique plant species from 54 genera in the diet of two stink bug species, with fewer genera found per sample and a smaller diet breadth for P. rufipes than for H. halys. Both stink bug species generally prefer deciduous trees over gymnosperms and herbaceous plants. Landscape type significantly impacted the observed genera in the diet of both stink bug species, whereas season only had a significant effect on the diet of H. halys. CONCLUSION: This study provides further insights into the dietary composition of two polyphagous pentatomid pests and illustrates that metabarcoding can deliver a relevant species‐level resolution of host plant preference. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aromia bungii is a serious wood borer damaging Prunus persica and other numerous economic tree species. Host plant volatiles play a key role in pest population monitoring and trapping. To ascertain the influence of volatile organic compounds emitted by P. persica at varying physiological statuses on the host‐searching behaviour of A. bungii adults, we initially collected and identified the volatiles emitted by P. persica leaves infested with A. bungii using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Subsequently, we evaluated the behavioural response of A. bungii adults to the crude extracts, single compounds and blends of these compounds by Y‐tube olfactometer bioassay. Results showed that volatiles emitted from P. persica infested with A. bungii larvae at Grade I were more attractive to females, but males were more attracted to volatiles from P. persica infested with A. bungii larvae at Grade IV. Five compounds were identified and showed relatively high levels from both infested plants at Grade I and Grade IV. Among them, 3‐carene, cis‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol and cis‐3‐hexenyl acetate were attractive to females, and a blend of the three volatiles in a ratio of 3:91:6 for Grade I infestation was more attractive to females than a ratio of 3:83:14 from Grade IV infestation. The compounds, 3‐carene, cis‐3‐hexenyl acetate, cis‐3‐hexene‐1‐ol and benzaldehyde, were attractive to males and a blend in a ratio of 3:81:13:3 from Grade IV infestation was more attractive to males than a ratio of 3:89:6:2 from Grade I infestation. The results show that the kinds and ratios of volatiles emitted from P. persica infested with A. bungii larvae play important roles in host‐searching behaviour of A. bungii adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fall armyworm, Spodopterafrugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a highly polyphagous, migratory pest native to the tropical and subtropical region of Americas. Grass crops particularly corn have been most heavily impacted since S. frugiperda invaded Australia in 2020. In northern Western Australia, S. frugiperda is primarily a problem in dry season (May to October) crops when there are abundant host plants available in monocultures. During the wet season (November to April) it is not known what host plants may support larval growth and development. Accordingly, this present study undertook a no-choice feeding bioassay to assess larval and pupal development on several grasses and legumes that are present over the wet season in northern Western Australia to evaluate their potential as suitable host plants for S. frugiperda. Maize (control) and sorghum were the most suitable hosts for S. frugiperda development as they supported greater larval and pupal survival, heavier larvae and pupae, and shorter development period. Following maize and sorghum, pastoral grasses, particularly blue grass, and a weedy grass, barnyard grass, had comparable effects on larval and pupal development. Legume pastures (Cavalcade, butterfly pea, and siratro) were unsuitable hosts in this bioassay as very few larvae completed their development to adults. This study demonstrates the potential for rangeland pasture grasses and weedy grasses as wet season host plants for S. frugiperda. They provide the necessary green bridge for S. frugiperda populations to survive. It is recommended that pastoralists monitor their grass forage for S. frugiperda and consider management if significant reductions in biomass are detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fundamental aspects in the evolution of nematodes parasitizing woody plants are reviewed. (1) Nematode faunal lists of natural refugia are useful to predict the risks of opportunistic pathogens becoming true pathogens in the forest and park communities. (2) Nematode composition in natural refugia gives a chance to identify nematode antagonists of insect vectors of dangerous fungal and nematode infections, which can be potentially used as the biological agents for woody plants' protection. (3) Dauers in the ancestors of wood-inhabiting nematodes played a role as a survival stage in the detritus decomposition succession, and they later acquired the functions of dispersal and adaptations for transmission using insect vectors. (4) When inspecting wilted trees, it is necessary to use dauers for diagnostics, as sexually mature nematodes may be absent in tree tissues. (5) Plant parasitic nematodes originated from members of the detritus food web and retained a detritivorous phase in the life cycle as a part of the propagative generation. (6) Vectors in the life cycles of plant parasitic nematodes are inherited from the ancestral detritivorous nematode associations, rather than inserted in the dixenic life cycle of the 'nematode–fungus–plant' association. (7) Despite the significant difference in the duration of the nematode–tree and nematode–vector phases of the life cycle, the actual parasitic nematode specificity is dual: firstly to the vector and secondly to the natural host plant (as demonstrated in phytotests excluding a vector). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Insects often show adaptive phenotypic plasticity where environmental cues during early stages are used to produce a phenotype that matches the environment experienced by adults. Many tropical satyrine butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) are seasonally polyphenic and produce distinct wet- and dry-season form adults, providing tight environment-phenotype matching in seasonal environments. In studied Mycalesina butterflies, dry-season forms can be induced in the laboratory by growing larvae at low temperatures or on poor food quality. Since both these factors also tend to reduce larval growth rate, larval growth rate may be an internal cue that translates the environmental cues into the expression of phenotypes. If this is the case, we predict that slower-growing larvae would be more likely to develop a dry-season phenotype. Methods: We performed the first experimental study on seasonal polyphenism of a butterfly in the tribe Melanitini. We measured both larval growth rate and adult phenotype (eyespot size and wing shape) of common evening brown butterflies (Melanitis leda), reared at various temperatures and on various host-plant species. We constructed provisional reaction norms, and tested the hypothesis that growth rate mediates between external cues and adult phenotype. Results: Reaction norms were similar to those found in Mycalesina butterflies. We found that both among and within treatments, larvae with lower growth rates (low temperature, particular host plants) were more likely to develop dry-season phenotypes (small eyespots, falcate wing tips). However, among temperature treatments, similar growth rates could lead to very different wing phenotypes, and within treatments the relationships were weak. Moreover, males and females responded differently, and eyespot size and wing shape were not strongly correlated with each other. Overall, larval growth rate seems to be weakly related to eyespot size and wing shape, indicating that seasonal plasticity in M. leda is primarily mediated by other mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examining the host range of emerging invasive insects is essential to assess their invasion potential and to anticipate the negative impacts of their spread. The ongoing North American invasion of spotted lanternfly (SLF) [ Lycorma delicatula (White, 1845)] threatens agricultural, urban, and natural areas. The survival and development of SLF nymphs on Washington navel orange [ Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Sapindales: Rutaceae)] trees were assessed in a quarantine facility. Results indicated that SLF nymphs can develop to at least the third instar by feeding exclusively on Washington navel orange. This finding suggests that, at least up to the third stage of nymphal development, Washington navel orange might be a suitable host for SLF, highlighting the possibility that this invasive pest represents an unrecognized threat to this globally important crop and possibly to other Citrus species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is a polyphagous insect that is widely known for its invasiveness. Understanding the adaptation of L. trifolii to different host plants is critical in formulating effective approaches for integrated pest management (IPM). In this study, the effects of various host plants on L. trifolii were investigated by age‐stage, two‐sex life tables and transcriptome analysis. Our results show that the growth rate of immature L. trifolii on sponge gourd increased significantly relative to bean, but mortality was high. Mature L. trifolii adapted to sponge gourd had significantly increased longevity as compared to flies adapted to bean but exhibited reduced fecundity. The net reproductive rate, the intrinsic rate of increase, and the finite rate of increase of L. trifolii adapted to sponge gourd were significantly lower than those of flies adapted to bean. Transcriptome analysis showed the presence of 150 up‐ and 617 downregulated differentially expressed genes in L. trifolii adapted to sponge gourd as compared to flies adapted to bean. Genes encoding glutathione‐S‐transferase, cytochrome P450, and trypsin were significantly downregulated in L. trifolii adapted to sponge gourd as compared to bean. This study provides valuable insight into host plant effects on L. trifolii and provides a basis for the subsequent development of IPM measures such as push and pull, crop rotation, and biopesticide development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudocercospora fruit and leaf spot (PFLS), also known as angular leaf spot of citrus, is a devastating fungal disease that poses a significant threat to citrus production, profitability and food security in sub‐Saharan Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. In the present review, we explore current knowledge regarding PFLS management initiatives, including cultural practices, chemical control strategies and biological interventions. Furthermore, this review highlights the challenges faced in controlling PFLS and emphasizes the urgent need for sustainable and cost‐effective solutions to combat the disease. We discuss recent advancements and emerging prospects in understanding PFLS, including novel approaches for disease management and the potential for developing resistant citrus cultivars through breeding programmes or genetic modification. By synthesizing existing research findings and identifying gaps in knowledge, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of PFLS and its impact on food security. We emphasize the importance of collaborative efforts, knowledge exchange and developing integrated disease management strategies to control PFLS and mitigate its detrimental effects on citrus production and farmers' livelihoods in affected regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study of the isolated population of the scarce large blue butterfly, which is facing a significant threat in the meadows of the central part of Slovakia. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of management, the presence of great burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis (L.)), and the host ants on the abundance of Phengaris teleius in the Hradné lúky Special Area of Conservation (SAC) in Slovakia. The study area was divided into six study plots. The abundance of S. officinalis host plant and ant communities, with emphasis on host ants (Myrmica scabrinodis (Nylander, 1846) and M. rubra (Linnaeus, 1758)), were analysed at each study plot. A generalized linear model (GLM) identified the significant relationships among three variables. Specifically, a relationship was confirmed between the number of P. teleius individuals and the abundance of the host plant S. officinalis, as well as between the number of P. teleius individuals and the current type of management at the specific biotope. The most important conservation recommendations regarding this study have been presented. Implications for insect conservation: Our results indicate that in the protection of P. teleius, it is important to support the abundance of S. officinalis as highly as possible. In addition, we confirm that targeted management with the absence of mowing in the critical phase of the year, especially in the Molinia meadows, is important for maintaining a healthy butterfly population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conservation of insects, particularly endangered species such as the Apollo butterfly, is a pressing global concern. Understanding the habitat requirements and factors influencing species occupancy is crucial for designing effective conservation strategies. We focused on investigating the habitat characteristics expected to affect the occupancy of the nationally endangered Apollo butterfly in Southwest Finland. We conducted field surveys and GIS analysis to assess the impact of larval host plant and adult nectar resources, habitat encroachment, elevation, connectivity, and spatial variation on Apollo larval occupancy in rocky outcrop habitats. We found that rocky outcrops with abundant host plants and those less isolated from nectar patches play a significant role in supporting Apollo reproduction, whereas encroachment, specifically increased tree volume, negatively affected occupancy. We additionally observed spatial variation in occupancy across different blocks within the study area. Our findings emphasise the importance of resource availability for Apollo butterflies and highlight the dynamic nature of their habitat requirements. Maintaining a network of intact rocky outcrops with suitable resources is essential for the long-term persistence of the Apollo butterfly population in the region. Implications for insect conservation: Our research underscores the critical need to protect and restore habitats for the Apollo butterfly, particularly by addressing threats such as habitat encroachment and construction projects that pose risks to their breeding sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】Guizhou Province is an area for annual breeding of Spodoptera frugiperda. The use of molecular markers were used to identify the population biotypes of S. frugiperda in Guiyang, Guizhou, and its adaptability to Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor and Oryza sativa were studied, with a view to clarifying the biotype of S. frugiperda invading Guiyang and understanding the characteristics of its biotypes.【Method】A total of 32 S. frugiperda samples from three counties or cities in Guiyang, Guizhou were amplified, sequenced and analyzed for comparison by using CO Ⅰ and Tpi molecular marker methods, to determine the biotype of the population invading Guiyang, Guizhou. Additionally, the developmental duration, adult emergence rate and survival time of S. frugiperda larvae of various instars after feeding on three host plants (Zea mays, S. bicolor and O. sativa) were recorded to evaluate the adaptability of S. frugiperda to these three host plants.【Result】The results showed that among the 32 S. frugiperda samples, 93.75% belonged to the rice biotype while 6.25% belonged to the corn biotype based on the mitochondrial CO Ⅰ gene analysis. The sequence characteristics were highly consistent with the corresponding biotypes of S. frugiperda population. Meanwhile, the analysis of nuclear genome Tpi gene revealed that all samples showed the haplotype characteristics of the corn strain. The adaptability study indicated that the invasive S. frugiperda in Guiyang had the shortest larval period (13.22 d), longest adult survival time (16.42 d) and highest emergence rate (95.14 %) on Z. mays, followed by S. bicolor; while it had the longest larval period (16.59 d), shortest adult survival time (8.56 d) and lowest emergence rate (75.15 %) on O. sativa.【Conclusion】The biotypes of S. frugiperda invaded Guiyang, Guizhou Province were 93.75% rice type, 6.25% maize type using CO Ⅰ molecular marker, and 100% maize type using Tpi molecu lar marker. The life span of female S. frugiperda feeding on maize was significantly higher than those feeding on rice and S. bicolor. The results provide a basis for the prevention and control of S. frugiperda on S. bicolor.

Morphological features of weevils of the genus Otiorhynchus Germar, 1822 from the closely related subgenera Podonebistus Reitter, 1912, Pterygodontus Białooki, 2015, Pterygodontoides Białooki, 2015 and Podorhynchus Białooki, 2015 are discussed. New data on O. (Pterygodontus) naldoekensis Magnano, 2005 and on the type specimens of O. (Podorhynchus) cylindricus Stierlin, 1877 and O. (Podorhynchus) subparallelus Stierlin, 1893 are given. Otiorhynchus subparallelus sp. resurr. is resurrected from synonyms of O. cylindricus, from which it difers in structure of antennae and femora. The new species Otiorhynchus (Pterygodontus) keskini sp. n. is described from Adıyaman Province of Turkey. It is closely related to O. nefandus Faust, 1888 from which differs in the following features: antennal club more elongated, mesonotum distinctly wider, elytra in middle part subparallel-sided, covered with hairs without any scales. Te new subgenus Сommagenus subgen. n. and the new species O. (Сommagenus) svetlanae sp. n. are described from Adıyaman Province. Сommagenus subgen. n. is similar to Pterygodontus, from which differs in the following features: antennal club strongly elongated, 4.67–4.71 times as long as wide; the base of the prothorax in lateral view distinctly emarginated; fore femora of male weakly widened, somewhat wider than its mid- and hind femora, and than fore femora of female; aedeagus symmetrical, its lamella short, broadly blunted apically; armament of endophallus with tiny spicules without large sclerites; cornu of spermatheca narrow and long, sickle-shaped, collum and ramus almost contiguous with each other, the latter slightly larger; lamella of spiculum ventrale as long as wide or slightly elongated, with straight apical margin, most heavily sclerotized in apical half, manubrium not widened before lamella; gonocoxites cone-shaped, weakly sclerotized, with long hairs in apical half; stylus subapical, in the form of outgrowth, vaguely separated from coxite. Both new species were collected together at night on trunks of Quercus brantii Lindley.

Planococcus Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha, Pseudococcidae) is a genus of mealybug containing 49 species worldwide. Many species of Planococcus are important pests of agricultural crops. Surveys have been set up in Bengkulu Province, Sumatra-Indonesia, on coffee plantations, in 2023. Planococcus bengkuluensis Zarkani & Kaydan sp. nov. was found in association with Coffea robusta Lindl. ex De Will. (Rubiaceae), described and illustrated. The new species has multilocular disc pores and oral collar tubular ducts on the posterior dorsum in limited numbers. It is another species of Planococcus possessing dorsal multilocular disc pores. An identification key to the known Planococcus species of southern Asia is also provided

The current knowledge of the tribe Nomophilini in Korea is reported, based on several taxa described to date. In addition, we report Syngamia falsidicalis (Walker, 1859) and the genus Syngamia Guenée (1854) for the first time in Korea. A total of 10 species, in 6 genera, are verified for Korea. Illustrations of adults and genitalia, and a key to genera of Nomophilini are provided.

A survey of Lepidoptera was conducted in habitats including forest trails, nullah, forest gap, and small water bodies, in and around the Udanti-Sitanadi Tiger Reserve (USTR) and agroforest habitats at Nagri block in Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh State between January 2020 and August 2022. The study recorded 95 species belonging to 69 genera. Erionota torus and Rathinda amor although common in the Indian mainland, were not documented by previous researchers. This indicates the necessity for a more thorough survey of Lepidoptera in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】Guizhou Province is an area for annual breeding of Spodoptera frugiperda. The use of molecular markers were used to identify the population biotypes of S. frugiperda in Guiyang, Guizhou, and its adaptability to Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor and Oryza sativa were studied, with a view to clarifying the biotype of S. frugiperda invading Guiyang and understanding the characteristics of its biotypes.【Method】A total of 32 S. frugiperda samples from three counties or cities in Guiyang, Guizhou were amplified, sequenced and analyzed for comparison by using CO I and Tpi molecular marker methods, to determine the biotype of the population invading Guiyang, Guizhou. Additionally, the developmental duration, adult emergence rate and survival time of S. frugiperda larvae of various instars after feeding on three host plants (Zea mays, S. bicolor and O. sativa) were recorded to evaluate the adaptability of S. frugiperda to these three host plants.【Result】The results showed that among the 32 S. frugiperda samples, 93.75% belonged to the rice biotype while 6.25% belonged to the corn biotype based on the mitochondrial CO I gene analysis. The sequence characteristics were highly consistent with the corresponding biotypes of S. frugiperda population. Meanwhile, the analysis of nuclear genome Tpi gene revealed that all samples showed the haplotype characteristics of the corn strain. The adaptability study indicated that the invasive S. frugiperda in Guiyang had the shortest larval period (13.22 d), longest adult survival time (16.42 d) and highest emergence rate (95.14 %) on Z. mays, followed by S. bicolor; while it had the longest larval period (16.59 d), shortest adult survival time (8.56 d) and lowest emergence rate (75.15 %) on O. sativa.【Conclusion】The biotypes of S. frugiperda invaded Guiyang, Guizhou Province were 93.75% rice type, 6.25% maize type using CO I molecular marker, and 100% maize type using Tpi molecu lar marker. The life span of female S. frugiperda feeding on maize was significantly higher than those feeding on rice and S. bicolor. The results provide a basis for the prevention and control of S. frugiperda on S. bicolor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Cuscuta sp. (Dodder), known as “Ikşut”, is a parasitic herbaceous plant that negatively affects the yield and quality of cultivated crops; however, it has been used as an ancient medicinal plant for curing liver problems for centuries in the southeastern part of Turkey. The aim of this study was to investigate the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and mineral compositions of Cuscuta monogyna Vahl. subsp. monogyna Vahl. (CMM) grown on different host plants, along with their antioxidant activity, and to compare the host plant parts and their collected dodders. Methods: In this study, dodders were collected from host plants, including vineyardolive, pomegranate, green pepper, and liquorice in Turkey. The dodders were removed from their hosts before the drying process. Mineral contents were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Optical Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and phytochemical contents were identified by chromatography. The total polyphenolic compositions and antioxidant activities were determined spectrophotometrically. Results: Because of the phenolic contents in the host plants and dodders, a significant variation was observed, with values ranging from 5.175% to 35.238%.. Different plant extracts and their varied dilutions had radical scavenging activity on 2.2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl in the ranges of 57.78 - 95.87%. Variations in mineral compositions were also determined in the dodders and their host plants. Conclusion: Mutualist or semi-parasitic plant communities share many phytochemical compounds and thus have the potential to exhibit similar activities. With regard to the obtained results, the chemical composition and pharmacological activities of dodder plants are closely related to their host plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Closely related sexual and parthenogenetic species often show distinct distribution patterns, known as geographical parthenogenesis. Similar patterns, characterized by the existence of separate sexual and parthenogenetic populations across their natural range, can also be found in facultative parthenogens – species in which every female is capable of both sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction. The underlying mechanisms driving this phenomenon in nature remain unclear. Features of the habitat, such as differences in host‐plant phenotypes or niche breadth, could favour sexual or asexual reproductive modes and thus help to explain geographical parthenogenesis in natural insect populations. Megacrania batesii is a facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect that displays geographical parthenogenesis in the wild. We aimed to explore whether sexual and parthenogenetic populations of M. batesii displayed niche differentiation or variations in niche breadth that could explain the separation of the two population types. To do this, we sampled host plants from across the range of M. batesii and quantified phenotypic traits that might affect palatability or accessibility for M. batesii, including leaf thickness, toughness, spike size and density, plant height, and chemical composition. We also quantified host‐plant density, which could affect M. batesii dispersal. We found little evidence of phenotypic differences between host plants supporting sexual versus asexual M. batesii populations, and no difference in host‐plant density or niche breadth between the two population types. Our results suggest that habitat parameters do not play a substantial role in shaping patterns of geographical parthenogenesis in wild populations of M. batesii. Instead, population sex ratio variation could result from interactions between the sexes or dispersal dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In plant‐associated communities, foraging insects aim to find different resources of interest. Herbivores look for the most nutritious plant tissues, pollinators for sweet nectar and protein‐rich pollen, and carnivores for their preferred prey. Although these foragers look for different resources, they face similar problems: resource cues are often highly variable and need to be detected in complex environments among non‐resources. Search templates—a subset of stimuli that is likely correlated with the occurrence of a particular resource—help foragers across trophic levels to find their resources. However, search‐template‐based foraging can also cause perception errors.Here, we synthesize knowledge on foraging by insects from functional groups belonging to different trophic levels to reveal common problems experienced by foragers and strategies to solve such problems. We focus mostly on volatile‐based foraging because this searching strategy is best studied across functional groups.We argue that search templates are both multimodal (including multiple trait types, e.g. odour and visual) and hierarchical (including multiple foraging steps). Search templates are plastic and updated by experience to match the dynamic foraging environment over time.By comparing insects from different functional groups spanning multiple trophic levels, we have identified important missing gaps on cue use and foraging strategies which should be addressed in the future in order to reduce knowledge asymmetries among functional groups about search‐template‐based foraging. We propose a way to achieve this goal arguing that studies on less well investigated functional groups can advance rapidly by borrowing, testing and adjusting already available hypotheses and theories formulated for other insect groups. Knowledge of search‐template‐based foraging across functional groups will give new insights into the evolution of foraging behaviour in complex ecological communities, help predict ecological consequences of large‐scale human‐made disturbances and help optimize insect‐delivered ecosystem services (pollination and biological control) in cropping systems. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To fill the gap of eriophyoid mites in Iran, a field survey was carried out in northwest Iran (Aras dam lake, West Azerbaijan Province), in summer 2022. As a result, a new vagrant Aceria species (Acari: Eriophyoidea: Eriophyidae) associated with Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit. (Asteraceae) was discovered. The new species is illustrated and described herein as Aceria artemipariasp. n. No apparent damage was observed on the host. This is the second report of an eriophyoid mite species associated to A. scoparia host plant. Aceria artemipariasp. n. is unique among 24 Aceria spp. associated with Artemisia species by having a smooth prodorsal shield and 8–rayed empodium. Furthermore, we provided a checklist and morphological key of eriophyoid mites associated with Artemisia spp. of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization progresses world-wide and the frequency of biological invasions increases. Understanding to what extent urban environments facilitate biological invasions and how this affects ecosystems within and outside urbanized areas thus becomes crucial. We here examine the role of urban environments in the invasion of the butterfly Pieris mannii that expanded across Central Europe within the last two decades. Using standardized butterfly captures at paired urban and (semi)natural field sites within the invaded range in Switzerland, we demonstrate that P. mannii is strongly associated with cities and towns. At least in some urban localities, this species is now the most common butterfly, and densities tend to be particularly high where urban areas are large. Because urban habitats commonly provide non-native host plants and perhaps also the physical structure and microclimate suitable to this butterfly, urbanization has clearly promoted the species' rapid invasion. Studying phenology over an entire season, we further infer that P. mannii has up to six generations per year, which may allow the species to adjust its life cycle to changing season length during northward expansion. Overall, our study demonstrates how preadaptation to urbanized environments in a relatively specialized insect increases urban biodiversity on a large geographic scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Phylogenetic analyses of planthoppers were conducted using a mitogenome dataset to examine the evolutionary relationships of current families based on both maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference methods. Delphacoidea, including Cixiidae and Delphacidae, and Fulgoroidea, including all other families, were consistently identified as monophyletic groups. However, Nogodinidae displayed a polyphyletic pattern, with various lineages emerging sister to several issidoid families. Variations were observed across different analyses in the positioning of (Dictyopharidae + Fulgoridae) and the relationships of Ricaniidae sister either to Issidae or to (Flatidae + Acanaloniidae). Several statistical tests indicate that the ML topology has the highest level of statistical confidence. The (Dictyopharidae + Fulgoridae) clade is best positioned as sister to (Derbidae + (Achilidae + (Tropiduchidae + other "higher" planthoppers families))) and the Ricaniidae as sister to (Flatidae + Acanaloniidae). With 13 fossil calibration points, origin times for Delphacoidea and Fulgoroidea were dated back to the Late Permian, approximately 257.46 million years ago. Delphacidae and Cixiidae split during the Late Triassic, while Fulgoroidea diversified earlier during the Middle Triassic. Divergence and diversification times are also provided for all other extant planthopper families. These results suggest that Delphacoidea and Fulgoroidea likely diverged from the older planthopper fossil families prior to the emergence of angiosperms and may have initially fed on gymnosperms and ancient ferns. The diversification of extant planthopper families occurred during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, influenced by evolving climatic conditions, the decline in gymnosperms, and the increasing diversity of angiosperm plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Pentastiridius leporinus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) is the most important vector of syndrome 'basses richesses' (SBR), a new disease that leads to severe economic losses in sugar beet. In this study, different soil tillage methods (ploughing and cultivator) and crops (winter wheat, spring wheat, maize and bare soil) following SBR‐infested sugar beet were tested as potential management options in field trials. In the laboratory, the survival and development of first and third instar nymphs on wheat and maize was studied to further assess their suitability as host plants. RESULTS: In five out of seven field sites, reduced soil tillage had no effect on adult planthopper emergence compared to ploughing. In two sites, reduced tillage resulted in higher emergence rates. In nearly all field sites, up to 98.9% fewer emerging adults were detected in bare soil and maize, when compared to winter wheat. Under laboratory conditions, the lowest survival rate was found in first instar nymphs feeding on maize seedlings (4.2%), while 66.7% survived on wheat, over a period of 300 days. In contrast, 73.3% and 70% of third instar nymphs survived on wheat and maize over a period of 150 days. CONCLUSION: Soil tillage had little effect against Pentastiridius leporinus. Maize is a poor host for first instars but a suitable resource for third instar nymphs, the stage which encounters maize under field conditions. Hence, reductions in planthopper emergence in the field were likely caused by starvation due to the long host‐free period between sugar beet harvest and the sowing of maize. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

King's hairstreak, Satyrium kingi (Klots and Clench, 1952), is rarely encountered throughout its range, with relatively little known about its life history and behavior. While adults can be difficult to study in the field, observations of caterpillars may inform management as their presence and position on host trees, Symplocos tinctoria, elucidates both habitat and host tree preferences. We surveyed for King's hairstreak caterpillars and adults in three management units in a Maryland floodplain forest. The units were managed with either prescribed fire and/or harvesting timber and also differed in time-since-management. Caterpillars were surveyed at night using UV flashlights from the ground and in the canopy using an articulated lift. We examined caterpillar frequency on different size classes of S. tinctoria within the three management units, and examined the ratio of caterpillar heights relative to the height of occupied S. tinctoria trees. We did not find any statistical differences in caterpillar frequency across different tree heights. The mean ratio of caterpillar heights from the ground relative to the height of the tree appeared normally distributed. We could not differentiate between management units in the model due to the lack of replication for time-since-management, however our observations and results may have practical implications for land managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a pervasive and highly polyphagous insect pest. As S. littoralis has developed resistance to major classes of conventional insecticides and the use of these insecticides has caused negative impacts on the ecosystems, it is necessary to search for eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable agents to control. This can be achieved by identifying the preferred host plant. The present study aimed at evaluating the impacts of four host plants– castor bean, tomato, potato, and cucumber on the various life-history traits and nutritional indices of S. littoralis. The concentrations of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous in the tested host plants were quantified. Newly hatched larvae were divided into four groups. Each group was fed only on one type of the four tested host plants until pre-pupal stage. Then, the life-history traits and nutritional indices were determined. Larvae fed on castor bean showed the highest adult emergence, weight of full-grown larvae, number of eggs per female, and egg-hatch percent, food consumption, relative growth rate, and food utilization efficiencies. Whereas, larvae fed on cucumber showed the lowest egg-hatch percent, food consumption, relative growth rate, and food utilization efficiencies. There was a positive correlation between nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in the tested host plants and larval weight, with the highest concentrations in castor bean. Castor bean was the most preferred host plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oligonychus perseae Hirst (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a major pest of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) crops, but it also causes damage to other crops and ornamental plants. Classifying and evaluating the type of spatial distribution pattern of mites on their host plants under natural conditions is ecologically and biologically important. Furthermore, to develop strategies to control the populations of pest mites in agroecosystems, it is essential to know the type of spatial pattern of distribution (uniform, random, or aggregate) of that mite on its host plant and its habitat. This study aimed to classify and assess the spatial distribution of O. perseae on A. saligna. The indices of Lloyd's mean crowding indices, Morisita, and mean-variance relationship classified the spatial pattern of dispersion of the persea mites as aggregate. Iwao's mean crowding regression and Taylor's power law confirmed these results, which indicated that O. perseae formed aggregate colonies to reproduce, avoid predators, and socialize. This is also the first report of O. perseae on A. saligna in Baja California and may help us developing sampling programs for O. perseae. Resumen Oligonychus perseae Hirst (Acari: Tetranychidae) es una plaga importante del aguacate (Persea americana Mill.), pero también causa daños a otros cultivos y plantas ornamentales. Clasificar y evaluar el tipo de patrón de distribución espacial de los ácaros en sus plantas hospederas bajo condiciones naturales es importante para desarrollar estrategias de control de sus poblaciones. La distribución espacial de O. perseae sobre A. saligna se midió con los índices de hacinamiento medio de Lloyd, Morisita y la relación mediavarianza clasificaron el patrón de dispersión espacial de los ácaros persea como agregado. La regresión de hacinamiento medio de Iwao y la ley de potencia de Taylor confirmaron estos resultados, indicando que O. perseae formó colonias agregadas para reproducirse, evitar depredadores y socializar. Este es también el primer reporte de O. perseae sobre A. saligna en Baja California, y nos puede sirvir para desarrollar programas de muestro para O. perseae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Survey was conducted to assess thrips fauna of Khangchendzonga National Park (KNP), Sikkim Himalaya during 2020 and 2021 and it resulted in the collection of 44 species of thrips at the altitude ranging from 899-2035 m asl. In terms of feeding diversity, 18 phyllophilous, 15 anthophilous, 2 gall inducers, 4 mycophagous and 5 grass inhabiting thrips were recorded. The previously unknown male of Smilothrips productus Bhatti is also described for the first time. The individuals of S. productus collected from India were found to be only macropterous, while that of Chinese forms include both micropterous and brachypterous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is essential to correctly identify and keep track of the abundance of thrips species on infested host crops to understand their population dynamics and implement control measures promptly. The current study was conducted to evaluate the performance of sticky traps in monitoring thrips species in exporters' eggplant and chili farms and to assess the impact of weather factors on thrips population dynamics. Thrips species were monitored using blue, yellow, and white sticky traps on chili and eggplant farms in Tuba, respectively, in 2020 and 2021. Each field was divided into 8 blocks, and in each replicate, all colors representing 3 treatments were randomly tied to stakes at the center of the respective crop. Data loggers were installed to record hourly weather variables. Three thrips species [ Thrips parvispinus Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Franklinella schultzei Trybom (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)] were identified from both farms and the different species showed varied attractiveness to trap color for both seasons, with white proving more attractive to T. parvispinus. The population dynamics of the species varied significantly with the season and weather but not with the crop. Optimum temperatures (28–31 °C) and relative humidity (60%–78%) showed a positive linear relationship between the trapped insects with temperature and RH, while extreme temperatures (35 °C) negatively affected their abundance. All sticky trap colors attracted several nontarget organisms; however, yellow colors had higher populations, including the predator, Orius insidiosus. White sticky traps are recommended for inclusion in the country-wide monitoring for thrips, especially T. parvispinus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanoplus differentialis, which is a pest native to the Americas, causes serious damage to landscape trees and farmland. It has adapted to the domestic environment and is on the rise. M. differentialis was first identified on natural habitat in 2020 in Ulsan. This study aims to identify the habitat status, host plants, and ecological characteristics of M. differentialis in South Korea. Melanoplus differentialis overwinters in egg pods in the ground. Nymphs were identified from April, and adults from June to November. M. differentialis was distributed in a region, which consisted of 16 orders, 18 families, and 32 species of host plants, among which M. differentialis preferred species of Asteraceae and Fabaceae plants. On measuring the soil temperature at oviposition sites during the overwintering season, the minimum soil temperature in winter was 0.37 °C from December 2020 to March 2021 and 2.3 °C from December 2021 to March 2022. The results provide basic data that could facilitate the minimization of damage to ecosystems and crops by determining the habitat status and ecological characteristics of M. differentialis in South Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main study objective was to build knowledge on the genus Eumerus in the Afrotropical region. The new species Eumerus rufotibialis Radenkovic et Vujic sp. nov. of the E. obliquus group is thus reported. Also presented are the preimaginal stages of the mentioned species and Eumerus compactus van Doesburg 1966 as well as Eumerus astropilops Hull 1964. The descriptions were elaborated using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy imaging; supporting images, diagnostical features and comparisons with available descriptions have been included, both for imago and preimaginal descriptions. The known host plant of the three species is indicated together with some biological notes that support their saprophagous feeding habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Chinese chives (Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Sprengel) are favored by consumers because of its delicious taste and unique fragrance. Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae) is a main pest that severely harms Chinese chives and other Liliaceae's production. Climate change may change the future distribution of B. odoriphaga in China. In this study, the CLIMEX was employed to project the potential distribution of B. odoriphaga in China, based on China's historical climate data (1987–2016) and forecast climate data (2021–2100). RESULTS: Bradysia odoriphaga distributed mainly between 19.8° N–48.3° N and 74.8° E–134.3° E, accounting for 73.25% of the total mainland area of China under historical climate conditions. Among them, the favorable and highly favorable habitats accounted for 30.64% of the total potential distribution. Under future climate conditions, B. odoriphaga will be distributed mainly between 19.8° N–49.3° N and 73.8° E–134.3° E, accounting for 84.89% of China's total mainland area. Among them, the favorable and highly favorable habitats will account for 35.23% of the total potential distribution, indicating an increase in the degree of fitness. Areas with relatively appropriate temperature and humidity will be more suitable for the survival of B. odoriphaga. Temperature was a more important determinant of the climatic suitability of the pest B. odoriphaga than humidity. Host plants (Liliaceae) availability also had impact on climate suitability in some regions. CONCLUSIONS: These projected potential distributions will provide supportive information for monitoring and early forecasting of pest outbreaks, and to reduce future economic and ecological losses. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Insects often show adaptive phenotypic plasticity where environmental cues during early stages are used to produce a phenotype that matches the environment experienced by adults. Many tropical satyrine butterflies (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) are seasonally polyphenic and produce distinct wet- and dry-season form adults, providing tight environment-phenotype matching in seasonal environments. In studied Mycalesina butterflies, dry-season forms can be induced in the laboratory by growing larvae at low temperatures or on poor food quality. Since both these factors also tend to reduce larval growth rate, larval growth rate may be an internal cue that translates the environmental cues into the expression of phenotypes. If this is the case, we predict that slower-growing larvae would be more likely to develop a dry-season phenotype. Methods We performed the first experimental study on seasonal polyphenism of a butterfly in the tribe Melanitini. We measured both larval growth rate and adult phenotype (eyespot size and wing shape) of common evening brown butterflies (Melanitis leda), reared at various temperatures and on various host-plant species. We constructed provisional reaction norms, and tested the hypothesis that growth rate mediates between external cues and adult phenotype. Results Reaction norms were similar to those found in Mycalesina butterflies. We found that both among and within treatments, larvae with lower growth rates (low temperature, particular host plants) were more likely to develop dry-season phenotypes (small eyespots, falcate wing tips). However, among temperature treatments, similar growth rates could lead to very different wing phenotypes, and within treatments the relationships were weak. Moreover, males and females responded differently, and eyespot size and wing shape were not strongly correlated with each other. Overall, larval growth rate seems to be weakly related to eyespot size and wing shape, indicating that seasonal plasticity in M. leda is primarily mediated by other mechanisms.

In Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera), many species build shelters during their ontogeny which may be serve as a scape strategy to reduce attacks from natural enemies and dislodgment from the host plant. This paper provides bioecological information regarding host plant, natural parasitism, and distribution of Cynea (Cynea) diluta (Herrich-Schäffer) (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) collected near remnants of the Atlantic Forest “Centro de Endemismo Pernambuco” (CEPE), Northeast Region of Brazil. Larvae and pupae, the later showing signs of parasitism, were collected from a garden at the Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, State of Alagoas, Brazil. They were brought to the laboratory to record emergences and possible parasitoids. Data from distribution were obtained from labels of hesperiid deposited from the Coleção Entomológica Padre Jesus Santiago Moure, Curitiba, State of Paraná. The host plant was identified as Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. (Zingiberaceae). From the 13 larvae and two pupae collected in the environment, 20 specimens of Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) emerged from the pupae. This is the first report of parasitism on pupae of Cynea (C.) diluta.

Dichrorampha dinarica and Cydia suffuscana are known from their type localities only, and apart from the period of the imaginal stage, no data on their biology are known. Dichrorampha dinarica was discovered in Tomor Mountain (Albania), at a relatively long distance from its type locality. The moths were swept from inflorescences of Achillea abrotanoides (Vis.) Vis. (Asteraceae) in the base of 61.2 Alpine calcareous screes (CORINE Biotopes). The larval host plant of C. suffuscana was revealed: it is Lunaria annua L. (Brassicaceae), while all other closely related species from the C. succedana group feed on various Fabaceae. The habitat of the moth after CORINE Biotopes is the margin of 41.45 Thermophilous Alpine and peri-Alpine mixed lime forests. The moths and their habitats are described and illustrated.

Insects harbor a remarkable diversity of gut microbiomes critical for host survival, health, and fitness, but the mechanism of this structured symbiotic community remains poorly known, especially for the insect group consisting of many closely related species that inhabit the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. Here, we firstly analyzed population‐level 16S rRNA microbial dataset, comprising 11 Parnassius species covering 5 subgenera, from 14 populations mostly sampled in mountainous regions across northwestern‐to‐southeastern China, and meanwhile clarified the relative importance of multiple factors on gut microbial community structure and evolution. Our findings indicated that both host genetics and larval host plant modulated gut microbial diversity and community structure. Moreover, the effect analysis of host genetics and larval diet on gut microbiomes showed that host genetics played a critical role in governing the gut microbial beta diversity and the symbiotic community structure, while larval host plant remarkably influenced the functional evolution of gut microbiomes. These findings of the intimate insect–microbe–plant interactions jointly provide some new insights into the correlation among the host genetic background, larval host plant, the structure and evolution of gut microbiome, as well as the mechanisms of high‐altitude adaptation in closely related species of this alpine butterfly group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Both larvae and adults of the Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) can feed on potato, tomato, and eggplant leaves, though potatoes serve as the most suitable host for the H. vigintioctopunctata. Owing to the differing planting times of potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplants, H. vigintioctopunctata adults must migrate to tomato or eggplant leaves for feeding to ensure continuous food availability. Therefore, under wild field conditions, host transfer between larvae and adults of the H. vigintioctopunctata is a normal phenomenon. Generally, the feeding experiences of both larval and adult hosts influence the survival and reproduction of the adult ladybird beetle. To ascertain the impact of larval and adult hosts on the performance and preference of adults, we allow H. vigintioctopunctata larvae and adults to either continue or change their feeding experience on potato, tomato, and eggplant leaves. Our results indicate that the adult feeding host dictates the fecundity and preferences of the adult, independent of the larval feeding experience. While host switching between larval and adult stages yields fewer benefits for H. vigintioctopunctata performance compared to a consistent potato leaf diet, it facilitates food access for H. vigintioctopunctata. Hence, under wild field conditions, we can adjust the planting intervals between eggplants, tomatoes, and potatoes to prevent host switching between larva and adult H. vigintioctopunctata, thereby ecologically controlling the populations of H. vigintioctopunctata. Both larvae and adults of the Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata feed on leaves of potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplants. Given the variation in planting times of host plants in the Jianghan Plain, host switching between larvae and adults of H. vigintioctopunctata is inevitable to ensure continuous food availability. We evaluated the effect of consistent versus diverse larval and adult host plant feeding experience on growth performance, fecundity, longevity, and feeding preferences of H. vigintioctopunctata through match-mismatch experiments. Host plant quality significantly influences larval development and adult reproduction. Potatoes are identified as the optimal host plant for H. vigintioctopunctata, whereas eggplants significantly negatively affect the adult fecundity. Adult stage host feeding experience determines the fecundity of H. vigintioctopunctata, irrespective of the larval feeding experience. The fecundity of H. vigintioctopunctata adults on eggplant leaves remains significantly lower than that observed on potato leaves. Similarly, adult H. vigintioctopunctata demonstrate a preference for consuming potato leaves, irrespective of the larval feeding experience. Although host switching between larval and adult stages offers lesser benefits for the performance of herbivorous insects compared to a consistent diet with potato leaves, it maintains H. vigintioctopunctata population continuity amidst shortages of high-quality potato hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Merodon triangulum Vujić, Radenković & Hurkmans, 2020 is a European endemic hoverfly species belonging to Merodon constans species-group, inside albifrons-lineage. The distribution of this species is known to be mostly central Europe and Balkan peninsula and it has been categorized as Near Threatened in the European IUCN red list of hoverflies; this paper cites the species for the first time in Ukraine (western Ukraine, specifically). In the present study, the preimaginal stages of this species are described and figured using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The material used for the descriptions were larvae collected in Ukraine and Serbia feeding inside underground storage organs of the spring snowflake Leucojum vernum L., 1753. This morphological description constitutes the first one inside the constans species-group, and the sixth description of the albifrons-lineage, in which there is only one species-group left to have at least one species of the preimaginal stages described (i.e., ruficornis species-group). The descriptions were compared with the rest available of the genus, stating the diagnostical characters of the present species and the shared characters inside the lineage. The novel information provided on the trophic interaction between M. triangulum larvae and Leucojum bulbs is stated for the first time and further supports the association of the constans species-group with the underground storage organs of snowflakes and snowdrops (Galantheae) in their role as host plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogens play a key role in insect population dynamics, contributing to short‐term fluctuations in abundance as well as long‐term demographic trends. Two key factors that influence the effects of entomopathogens on herbivorous insect populations are modes of pathogen transmission and larval host plants. In this study, we examined tritrophic interactions between a sequestering specialist lepidopteran, Euphydryas phaeton, and a viral pathogen, Junonia coenia densovirus, on its native host plant, Chelone glabra, and a novel host plant, Plantago lanceolata, to explore whether host plant mediates viral transmission, survival, and viral loads. A two‐factor factorial experiment was conducted in the laboratory with natal larval clusters randomly assigned to either the native or novel host plant and crossed with either uninoculated controls or viral inoculation (20% of individuals in the cluster inoculated). Diapausing clusters were overwintered in the laboratory and checked weekly for mortality. At the end of diapause, all surviving individuals were reared to adulthood to estimate survivorship. All individuals were screened to quantify viral loads, and estimate horizontal transmission postmortem. To test for vertical transmission, adults were mated, and the progeny were screened for viral presence. Within virus‐treated groups, we found evidence for both horizontal and vertical transmission. Larval clusters reared on the native host plant had slightly higher horizontal transmission. Survival probability was lower in clusters feeding on the native host plant, with inoculated groups reared on the native host plant experiencing complete mortality. Viral loads did not differ by the host plant, although viral loads decreased with increased sequestration of secondary compounds on both host plants. Our results indicate that the use of a novel host plant may confer fitness benefits in terms of survival and reduced viral transmission when larvae feeding on it are infected with this pathogen, supporting hypotheses of potential evolutionary advantages of a host range expansion in the context of tritrophic interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda is an invasive pest that causes damage to several crops including maize, its preferred host plant. Initial outbreaks of the pest on the African continent were recorded in early 2016. A variety of management options were explored in Africa to control the pest. The use of biopesticides and biological control was one of them. The current study aimed at measuring the susceptibility of FAW larvae to an entomopathogenic virus, SfMNPV, isolated from Nigeria (West Africa). The findings proved that the new SfMNPV isolate from Nigeria (SfMNPV-KA1) is more effective than its exotic counterpart from Argentina (SfMNPV-ARG), paving the way for bioinsecticide use to control the fall armyworm in Africa. The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) has now become an invasive pest of global concern. The pest was first detected in Central and Western Africa in early 2016. Sustainable management options explored by stakeholders during early FAW invasion in Africa included the use of biopesticides and biological control. The current study aimed to compare the susceptibility of FAW larvae to SfMNPV with the assumption that the virus isolated from FAW populations in Africa has higher virulence compared with an isolate from Argentina (SfMNPV-ARG). We also hypothesized that host plant plays a role in SfMNPV efficacy and that cannibalism mediates horizontal and vertical transmission of the virus. This work provides pioneering data on the virulence of the new SfMNPV isolate from Nigeria (SfMNPV-KA1), which proved more effective than its exotic counterpart from Argentina (SfMNPV-ARG). The host plant effect made a significant difference between maize and onion with more FAW death in the larvae fed with contaminated onion 5 days post treatment. The study demonstrates and discusses the effect of cannibalism on virus transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planococcus Ferris (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha, Pseudococcidae) is a genus of mealybug containing 49 species worldwide. Many species of Planococcus are important pests of agricultural crops. Surveys have been set up in Bengkulu Province, Sumatra-Indonesia, on coffee plantations, in 2023. Planococcus bengkuluensis Zarkani & Kaydan sp. nov. was found in association with Coffea robusta Lindl. ex De Will. (Rubiaceae), described and illustrated. The new species has multilocular disc pores and oral collar tubular ducts on the posterior dorsum in limited numbers. It is another species of Planococcus possessing dorsal multilocular disc pores. An identification key to the known Planococcus species of southern Asia is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most economically significant and widely distributed whitefly species. Encarsia lutea Masi (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is a heteronomous hyperparasitoid and is reported to be one of the key factors in the management of B. tabaci populations in Mediterranean countries. This study aimed to evaluate the interactions among E. lutea, B. tabaci, and the host plant, obtaining comprehensive data to enhance its application in biological control programmes. Therefore, laboratory studies were carried out to determine the host-feeding capacity and parasitism of E. lutea at six B. tabaci nymph densities (10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100) on three host plant species: bean, cotton, and eggplant. The number of nymphs killed by the parasitoid through feeding and parasitism increased with increasing nymph densities for all host plants. The lowest (4.06) and the highest (27.5) mean numbers of parasitised nymphs were observed at host densities of 10 and 100 nymphs, respectively. The feeding behaviour of E. lutea was affected by the host plant, and the mean number of nymphs killed by feeding was found to be statistically significant and higher in cotton (6.7) than in bean (4.6) and eggplant (4.3), when pooled over all nymph densities. In conclusion, although the results showed that E. lutea can act as a density-dependent parasitoid, and its performance varies depending on the host plant, further studies on its hyperparasitism behaviour should be conducted before evaluating it as a potential candidate for the biological control agent of B. tabaci. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As differences in sex pheromones usually act as a barrier against interspecific mating, the fact that the closely related moths Xylena fumosa (Butler) and X. formosa (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Xyleninae) are commonly attracted to the sex pheromone lure for Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae) seems unlikely, suggesting that some mechanisms exist between them to mitigate a potential reproductive interference in pheromone communications. Thus, we examined the overlaps in ecological niches of the two species, and their attractiveness to commercial pheromone lures for other moths, through pheromone trap surveys and published reports. Long‐term field surveys using traps baited with five to six types of artificial sex pheromone lures including those designed for H. armigera, and information in published works revealed that there was a nonnegligible overlap between the two species in terms of seasonal timing of captures, geographic habitats and host plants. These factors, therefore, did not appear to provide conclusive evidence mitigating reproductive interference. However, there was a slight but significant difference between them in the trends of attraction to different artificial pheromone lures; X. formosa was attracted albeit in a small number to the lures for Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), whereas X. fumosa was only attracted to those for H. armigera. This suggests that differences in pheromone composition, rather than differences in temporal and spatial distributions, between the two species could play a more significant role in premating reproductive isolations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Painted lady butterflies (Vanessa cardui L. Nymphalidae) are generalist herbivores and serve as a model system across several fields of biology. While it has been demonstrated that V. cardui caterpillars can develop on different host plants, much of this work has been done on commercially sourced caterpillars, which could limit our understanding of wild V. cardui populations. In this study, we sought to explore possible differences in how commercial and wild V. cardui caterpillars may respond to feeding on different host plants, and subsequently, how their diet impacts immune response and survival. Here, we analyzed performance, survival, and immune response of wild and commercially sourced V. cardui caterpillars over several generations on diets that consisted of either 1 of 4 different host plant species or a mixed diet including all 4 species. Qualitatively, we observed that wild larvae had a better larval performance and hemocyte counts compared to the commercial larvae. The results demonstrate that both wild and commercially sourced caterpillars grew and survived best on the same diet treatments (mallow, narrowleaf plantain, and a mixed diet) during development across generations. Immune responses showed similar patterns across host plants between wild and commercial populations, with individuals showing lowered immune responses on dandelion and lupine and higher ones on mallow, plantain and the mixed diet; although the relative rankings on those 3 diets varied. Survival also demonstrated similar patterns, in that individuals reared on dandelion and lupine had the lowest survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soybean bud borer, a soybean pest in Brazil, was initially identified as Crocidosema aporema (Walsingham 1914) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Outbreaks of this species have recently increased, but identification of this pest remains uncertain, and the historical factors associated with its geographic distribution in Brazil are little known. Here, we conducted a species characterization and phylogeographic analysis based on molecular and morphological evidence. Ninety individuals of bud-borers Lepidoptera were collected in different regions of Brazil. We sequenced COI and COII mitochondrial genes and examined wing patterns and male genital morphology. DNA barcoding approach revealed that 10 individuals were Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick 1909) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and 80 were a species of the genus Crocidosema Zeller. The morphology of the adult genitalia and wings proved to be insufficient to confirm the identification of Brazilian individuals as C. aporema , a species originally described from a high-elevation site in Costa Rica. Furthermore, the genetic distance between putative C. aporema specimens from Brazil and Costa Rica (ranging from 5.2% to 6.4%) supports the hypothesis that the Brazilian specimens are not referable to C. aporema. Our analysis revealed a single genetic strain (i.e. species) with low genetic diversity on soybean crops. We found no indication that the genetic structure was related to geographic distance among populations or edaphoclimatic regions. The population expansion of the soybean bud borer coincides with the increase in the area of soybean production in Brazil, suggesting that expanded soybean farming has allowed a significant increase in the effective population size of this pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]