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The meteorological conditions markedly affect the energy efficiencies and cost/power rate of the wind turbines. The dusty environment is common in arid windy areas and airborne particles generally degrade wind turbine performance. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Phase VI wind turbine has been designed to be insusceptible to surface roughness, a consequence of facing dusty winds. This study numerically investigates the wake flow topology and analyses the performance of this turbine for either clean or dusty air. First, the numerical approach is validated against the available experimental data for clean air. Following this, the model is developed into a Lagrangian-Eulerian multiphase approach to comprehensively analyze the effects of the dusty air. The dependence of aerodynamic performance on the wind speed (U∞ = 5–25 m/s), particle diameter (dp = 0.025–0.9 mm), and angle of attack (AoA = 0°–44°) is investigated. The turbine performance deteriorates acutely for dp ≥ 0.1 mm and post-stall state. As such, the generated power is reduced by 4.3% and 13.3% on average for the air with the dp = 0.05 and 0.9 mm, respectively. The particles change the flow field profoundly, declining the pressure difference between the suction/pressure sides of the blade-airfoil, advancing the boundary layer separation, and strengthening the recirculation zones. The above changes account for a lower lift coefficient and a higher drag coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Regional Market Manager (RMM) is supposed to take into account a variety of items including the participants in the market, technical constraint, price variation/reaction, electricity-price uncertainty, and types of the applied demand response program, to name a few. One of the demand response programs is Emergency Demand Response Program (EDRP) which is employed in this paper. In the present study, the objective function of the RMM is formulated in a market environment in order to determine the optimal demand, incentive, and power purchased with considering some of technical constraints such as incentive limits, demand limits, power purchased, and power balance. Co-evolutionary Improved Teaching Learning-Based Optimization (C-ITLBO) is applied to maximize the RMM's profit. In addition, the demand level in the EDRP is determined based on a logarithmic model that includes Price Elasticity Matrix (PEM). The reserve supplied due to Aggregators (AGGs) is also prioritized using Reserve Margin Factor (RMF). Further, Information-Gap Decision Theory (IGDT) is applied to model uncertainty in the initial electricity price. The above-mentioned items are modeled in a multi-level formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flour is main component forming bread that is major diet for many people. Therefore, for improve bread quality, is necessary that is decreased wastage of basic and strategic staple. In this research, three types of flour (nol, setare, without bran) were prepared from Arddaran company and were placed phostoxin pill for prevention of attack pesticides and insects, then were packaged in plastic bags and were storage at autumn and winter in environmental condition, then, was investigated chemical, rheological and microbial attributes during six months, interval once months. From results can find that quality attributes of low rate of extraction flour (nol) are better than high rate of extraction flours (without bran). Quantity attributes of flours (such as, ash, protein and gluten) are not changed significant during storage of flour, except, moisture is decreased. But, quality attributes (such as, gluten index, zeleny, farinograph quality number) are improved, oxidation with subjecting air cause new disulfidryl bonds (S-S) between different chains of protein, or disulfidryl groups interact with exist disulfidryl bonds and form new disulfidryl bonds, that increase strength and quality of flour. According to the analysis of wheat flour quality parameters (zeleny, gluten index and farinograph quality number) is required at least 4 months storage for improve of quality of flour. Components of flour especially gluten and enzymes change during storage of flour. Sum of these changes result aging flour, therefor, is improved it is quality and moisture, also, flour is aged rapidly with preparation sufficiently and good ventilation. Considering that after six months of storage, the flour reached a maximum and during this period, the microbial load of the samples exceeded the standard has not been exceeded, The flour is stored for six months, it will be strengthened, especially in the case of weak flour, they must be stored and used later. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Ginger as a medicinal herb is used as a food flavoring and theraphy of many diseases including infertility and male sexual disabilities. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of alcoholic extract of Ginger during fetal life and breastfeeding on serum level of testosterone, LH, FSH and spermatogenic cell lines in male mature offspring rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 72 female adult mice were randomly allocated into the 9 groups, including: control group (no treatment), sham groups including neonatal and perinatal groups which were received normal salin (0.5 ml daily) and 6 interventional groups. Animals in interventional groups were received doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/bw of alcoholic extract of Ginger, during neonatal and perinatal period, orally. After puberty eight male rats from each group were sacrified. Serum level of testosterone, LH, FSH were measeared and then by isolating testes, the cell numbers of leydig, sertoli, spermatogonia, spermatocyte and spermatid were counted. Results: The extract of Ginger dose-dependently significantly increased the level of testosterone (P<0.05) and the number of spermatogenic cells in compared to controls (P<0.05). The dosage of 100 and 200 mg/kg/bw of alcoholic extract of Ginger significantly reduced the FSH and LH in compared to controls (P<0.05) Conclusion: The oral consumption of Ginger during pregnancy and lactation dose-dependently increase the level of testosterone and the number of spermatogenic cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of surimi gel-forming ability due to different heating conditions. Textural properties, whiteness, expressible moisture, microstructure and protein pattern of the gel specimens were determined. All gel samples were incubated for 18 hours at 4°C before applying for analyses. Kamaboko gel (KK) by setting sol at 40°C prior to cooking at 90°C for 20 min showed the highest breaking force (623.20±21.74 g), followed by directly heated (DH) and modori (MD) gels, respectively (p<0.05). The highest expressible moisture (5.269±0.09%) and whiteness (73.91±0.02%) were found in DH gel (p<0.05). Conversely, two-steps heated gels (i.e. KK and MD) showed lowest expressible drip and whiteness (p<0.05). KK had the higher interconnected three-dimensional protein networks than other gels. High Hardness (1.6-3.8 Kg force) and deformation (10.73 to 12.06 mm) of black mouth croaker surimi gels, introduce that this low fat and white-fleshed fish species could be used for producing high quality surimi-based products. Analysis of SDS- PAGE indicated that myosin heavy chain (MHC) as a major protein with a high density band in surimi, decreased in all gels. However, MHC was more retained in DH gel. In conclusion, preparation of KK enhanced the gel-forming properties of surimi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial utilization of black mouth croaker (Atrobucca nibe) is in progress in Iran. This study was carried out to assess the physicochemical and sensory evaluation of minced fish and surimi prepared from small size of A. nibe, which is not common for human consumption. The surimi proximate composition contains protein (14.77±0.506%), lipid (0.94±0.081%), ash (0.58±0.007%) contents and yield rate (36.56±0.732%) were significantly lower than the mince, while the moisture content was higher in the surimi (79.58±0.729%) as compared to the mince (78.49±0.687%) (P< 0.05). Total volatile bases and thiobarbituric acid values of black mouth croaker surimi were 4.76±0.594 mg N 100 g-1, and 0.40±0.018 mg malondialdehyde kg-1, which, respectively, were significantly lower than those found for the minced fish (P< 0.05). Minced fish delivered significantly lower water holding capacity and pH value than the surimi (P< 0.05). Higher whiteness index was obtained in the surimi (66.23±0.029%) compared to the mince (51.68±0.020%) (P< 0.05). Total lipids of surimi contained more polyunsaturated fatty acids (36.32±0.257 g 100 g-1 total lipids) than other fatty acids of the minced fish (P< 0.05). Fish fingers prepared from the surimi obtained a higher mean score of all attributes (8.71±0.366) than the minced fish (7.47±0.326) (P< 0.05). It was concluded that this white-fleshed fish species was an appropriate raw material for surimi production. Further trials are needed to evaluate the surimi gel characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DESIGN AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of music-therapy on labor pain and progress in parturient primipara. Music-therapy during labor increases tolerance to pain; decreasing anxiety, it increases parturition and uterus activity and shorten labor duration. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:The subjects of this research were 30 women, selected voluntarily and they have been put in two experimental and control group. This research has been conducted in the form of pre-test and post-test design. The experimental group listened to a relaxing music for 30 minutes in each hour for a two-hour period and the control group was not exposed to music during this period. For the purpose of gathering data in both groups, the pain scale (verbal, numeric and visual) was used to measure pain. The independent variable in this research is relaxing music and the dependent variables are the pain level and delivery progress. FINDINGS: The independent t for sensations of pain in the experimental and control group before intervention has been (p = 0.875) 0.601 in numeric and visual pain and (p < 0.01) 2.92 in verbal pain, and one hour after intervention, it has been (p < 0.0001) 8.527 in visual and numeric pain and (p < 0.0001) 11.824 in verbal pain. Also, the equal value of independent t for the duration of delivery in control group before and after intervention shows that music has not had any effect on the rate of serotonin. CONCLUSIONS: The results of statistical analysis show the effect of music on the decrease of sensation of pain in the experimental group as compared with the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a dual metal all around gate structure for FinFET. This structure suppresses the short channel effects (SCEs) excellently due to increasing gate control on the channel and exhibit near ideal sub-threshold performance, evident by the very low drain-induced barrier-lowering (DIBL) and the inverse of the sub-threshold slope which is close to the theoretical limit (SS < 64 mV/dec). Moreover, the measured leakage currents are low and proper current saturation that transfers into large output resistances and makes these devices suitable for high-gain applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to evaluate the chemical compositions (total phenol, fatty acid, sterolic compounds) of Iranian virgin olive oil (Zard, Rowghani, Mari) cultivated in the Gilvan (Zanjan Province) and Fadak (Qom Province) regions. Total phenols were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Fatty acid and sterol profiles were also analyzed using gas chromatography. In most cases, significant effects (P<0.05) of cultivars and locations were detected by the chemical composition of the oil samples. The fatty acid analysis indicated that the Mari variety from Gilvan had high oleic/low linoleic acid content; therefore it is a highly resistant olive oil against oxidation. Furthermore, the high mean values of total sterols were also obtained for the Mari variety. The oil of the Zard variety from Gilvan had the maximum amount of phenols as a positive quality index. Therefore, the Mari variety, especially from Gilvan has been suggested as a superior cultivar compared to the Zard and Rowghani varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A solvatochromic study on the photophysical properties of two cationic oxazine dyes (brilliant cresyl blue and nile blue) was carried out. The electronic absorption and emission spectra of the dyes were recorded in various organic solvents with different polarity. The ground and the excited state dipole moments of the dyes were estimated from solvatochromic shift method. The solvent dependent spectral shifts in absorption and fluorescence spectra were analyzed by the Katritzky and Kamlet-Taft multi-parameter scales. This work is characterized by detailed quantitative studies on the nature and extent of solvent-solute interactions., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The visible absorption spectra of two oxazine dyes, brilliant cresyl blue and nile blue, in aqueous and aqueous urea solutions (0.01-1 M) were studied as a function of the dye concentration. Due to structural similarity of the investigated dyes, their spectral features were compared. The dimerization behavior of the dyes in water with or without urea was analyzed in terms of monomer-dimer equilibrium. The nature and structure of the interacting pairs for these dyes were discussed using the exciton theory. The dimerization constant values of the dyes in aqueous and aqueous urea solutions were calculated. For both the dyes in aqueous urea solutions, a reduction in dimer formation was observed. The excitonic parameters were compared with those of oxazine-1, which is structurally similar to the investigated dyes., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)