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With the development of numerous advances in science and technologies, medical science has also been updated. Internal medicine is one of the most valuable specialized fields of medical sciences that review a broad range of diseases. Herein, the internal medicine specialist (internist) is obliged to do diagnostic measures to evaluate disease signs and symptoms. In recent times, biomedical sciences as the new emergence science (including cellular and molecular biology, genetics, nanobiotechnology, bioinformatics, biochemistry, etc.) have been capable of providing more specific diagnostic methods together with techniques for better understanding the mechanism of the disease and the best diseases modeling and offering proper therapies. Accordingly, the authors have tried to review the link between biomedical sciences and medicine, particularly internal medicine.

The integration process for immigrants is a multi-dimensional concept, influenced by a wide range of structural and individual factors, including social connections that immigrants make in the host society. An important part of this social connection can be developed with other co-nation immigrants within the immigrant community. However, this sometimes can be challenging due to the divisions that might exist within communities. Drawing on data with a mixed-method design, this study focuses on the Afghan community in Western Australia to understand, firstly, the relationship between Afghan immigrants’ social connections within their community and successful integration within Australian society, and secondly the causes of divisions and challenges within the community. To do this, the Immigration Policy Lab (IPL) Integration Index was used to measure the level of integration among 115 Afghan participants in the quantitative phase, with 18 interviews and two focus groups conducted in the qualitative phase, to understand Afghan experiences of divisions within their community. Findings show that there is a correlation between Afghans’ social connections within their community and the four dimensions of economic, social, linguistic, and navigational integration. Qualitative findings also showed the details of the challenges that Afghans face within their community due to ethnic/regional divisions as well as the challenges women face in the community.

The National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) is considered to be the second greatest reform in healthcare in Australia after the introduction of Medicare in Australia in 1983. This reform was introduced in 2012 in two phases. The first phase as a trial took place for three years. The expectation was that the reform will be rolled out by 2019 or 2020. This article argues that the trial implementation process has achieved very positive outcomes in the lives of a great number of people with disability in Australia. At the same time, NDIS is facing many serious challenges in some areas. One of the obvious challenges is that this reform is a market approached reform. The second challenge relates to meeting the needs of minorities. People with disabilities from Culturally and Linguistically Divers (CALD) backgrounds are one of the five most venerable, underutilised users of NDIS services in Australia. They have no strong voice and negotiable abilities. The main question here is how NDIS is to meet its commitment to satisfy the needs of these vulnerable people in Australia.

A new series of 4-oxobenzo[d]1,2,3-triazin-pyridinium-phenylacetamide hybrids 8a–p was designed, synthesized, and screened as the potential cholinesterase inhibitors against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Obtained anti-cholinesterase activities demonstrated that all the title compounds exhibited excellent inhibition against BuChE and moderate inhibitory activity toward AChE in comparison to standard cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil. For example, compound 8e exhibited about 49-fold higher inhibitory activity than donepezil (IC50 = 3.2 ± 0.3 μM) against BuChE. This compound inhibited BuChE via a mixed-type inhibition mode. This finding demonstrated that compound 8e in addition to catalytic anionic site (CAS) can also interact with the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of BuChE. Molecular modeling and molecular dynamic studies were also performed on synthesized compounds.

The National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) is considered to be the second greatest reform in healthcare in Australia after the introduction of Medicare in Australia in 1983. This reform was introduced in 2012 in two phases. The first phase as a trial took place for three years. The expectation was that the reform will be rolled out by 2019 or 2020. This article argues that the trial implementation process has achieved very positive outcomes in the lives of a great number of people with disability in Australia. At the same time, NDIS is facing many serious challenges in some areas. One of the obvious challenges is that this reform is a market approached reform. The second challenge relates to meeting the needs of minorities. People with disabilities from Culturally and Linguistically Divers (CALD) backgrounds are one of the five most venerable, underutilised users of NDIS services in Australia. They have no strong voice and negotiable abilities. The main question here is how NDIS is to meet its commitment to satisfy the needs of these vulnerable people in Australia.

A series of novel 4-phenylpiperazine-carbodithioate-N-phenylacetamide hybrids (6a-n) was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory activity against the metabolic enzymes, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and α-glucosidase. The obtained results showed that most of the synthesized compounds exhibited high to good anti-AChE and anti-BChE activity in the range of nanomolar concentrations in comparison to tacrine as a positive control. Molecular modeling of the most potent compounds 6e and 6i demonstrated that these compounds interacted with important residues of the AChE and BChE active sites. Moreover, all the newly synthesized compounds 6a-n had significant K

We have learned from COVID-19 to humanize our society and seriously challenge the rising inequalities, racism, and discrimination that exist in our contemporary human world. One of the apparent discriminations in our society is based on the government's approach and treatments towards people with disabilities. This chapter is about the Australian people with disabilities from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds and how the Australian National Disability Insurance Scheme has responded to the needs of these people within the Australian society during COVID-19.

Organoids are three-dimensional cultures of stem cells in an environment similar to the body's extracellular matrix. This is also a novel development in the realm of regenerative medicine. Stem cells can begin to develop into 3D structures by modifying signaling pathways. To form organoids, stem cells are transplanted into the extracellular matrix. Organoids have provided the required technologies to reproduce human tissues. As a result, it might be used in place of animal models in scientific study. The key goals of these investigations are research into viral and genetic illnesses, malignancies, and extracellular vesicles, pharmaceutical discovery, and organ transplantation. Organoids can help pave the road for precision medicine through genetic editing, pharmaceutical development, and cell therapy.PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus were used to search for all relevant papers written in English (1907-2021). The study abstracts were scrutinized. Studies on the use of stem-cell-derived organoids in regenerative medicine, organoids as 3D culture models for EVs analysis, and organoids for precision medicine were included. Articles with other irrelevant aims, meetings, letters, commentaries, congress and conference abstracts, and articles with no available full texts were excluded.According to the included studies, organoids have various origins, types, and applications in regenerative and precision medicine, as well as an important role in studying extracellular vesicles.Organoids are considered a bridge that connects preclinical studies to clinical ones. However, the lack of a standardized protocol and other barriers addressed in this review, hinder the vast use of this technology.Organoids are 3D stem cell propagations in biological or synthetic scaffolds that mimic ECM to allow intercellular or matrix-cellular crosstalk. Because these structures are similar to organs in the body, they can be used as research models. Organoids are medicine's future hope for organ transplantation, tumor biobank formation, and the development of precision medicine. Organoid models can be used to study cell-to-cell interactions as well as effective factors like inflammation and aging. Bioengineering technologies are also used to define the size, shape, and composition of organoids before transforming them into precise structures. Finally, the importance of organoid applications in regenerative medicine has opened a new window for a better understanding of biological research, as discussed in this study.

This paper explores, analyses, and documents the experiences of Afghan-Australians who arrived in Australia as refugees and were granted citizenship after living in Australia for several years. This research adopted a mixed method of qualitative and quantitative approaches and surveyed 102 people, interviewed 13 participants, and conducted two focus-groups within its research design. Analysis of data indicates that former Afghan refugees gradually settled down and integrated within Australian society. They value safety and security, open democracy and orderly society of Australia, as well as accessing to education and healthcare services and opportunity for social mobility. However, since the integration is a long process, they are also facing some challenges in this area. Findings of this study show that Afghan-Australians require more support from Australian governments to overcome some of these challenges particularly securing employment within their area of interests and professional occupations that they have qualifications and experiences from Afghanistan. They are also experiencing broader challenges in the area of socio-cultural issues within Australian society. Since the Afghan community is an emerging community in Western Australia, they require more support from local government to enhance their ethnic cohesion and solidarity.

Background: The prevalence study of health conditions can help policy makers to document base policymaking. This study aimed to reveal the health status, including the prevalence of geriatric syndrome health conditions such as activity of daily livings, pain, and physical and mental health of older adults in Tehran province. Methods: This cross-sectional study was a telephone survey with older people ≥60 years old using a systematic random sampling of telephone numbers in Tehran province. The Persian version of the Katz’ activity of daily living (ADL) and the Lawton’s instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) questionnaires were used to evaluate the functional status. Pain, history of chronic diseases, continence, hospital admission, sensory problems, and self-perceived health (SPH) were asked by trained nurses or gerontologists thorough telephone interviews. Results: In this study, 1251 older adults with the mean age of 67.03±7.51 years have been recruited. About 64.50% (95% CI: 64.4-64.6) of them were totally independent according to ADL (female=60.02% and male=68.50%), and about 40.50% (95% CI: 40.4-40.5) were independent based on IADL domains (female=39.41% and male=41.80). The dependency rates in ADL increased with the aging of population. Joint pain was the most prevalent type of pains and near to 26.00% (95% CI: 64.4-64.6) of the participants suffered moderate joint pains. About 71.5% (95% CI: 71.4-71.5) of the participants were urinary continent (female=67.66% and male=76.06%), and 91.9% (95% CI: 91.9-92.0) had bowel control (female=91.47% and male=92.94%) and the prevalence of incontinence increased by advancing age. Only 26.70% (95% CI: 26.6-26.8) of the participants reported excellent and good levels of perceived health status (female=21.98% and male=31.48%) and about 26.2% (95% CI: 26.1-26.2) of them reported some degree of visual impairment. Conclusion: The results of the present study can provide a good view about the health profile of older adults, including pain, functional status, sphincter control, chronic diseases, sensory status, and SPH. Future studies should prioritize SPH as an important predictor of mortality rates.

Background & Objective: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), is one of the most frequent causes for hospitalizations in patients with diabetes. A major problem in the treatment of DFU is the increased-incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The aim of this study was to determine the SCCmec types of MRSA isolates and their epidemiology among patients with diabetes. Methods: This study was carried out on 145 diabetic patients with DFUs. The antibiotic susceptibility tests (ASTs) were performed using the disk diffusion method and E-test technique. SCCmec typing was done by multiplex PCR. Moreover, the presence of virulence toxin genes, including pvl and lukED was detected by PCR assay. Results: In 145 samples from which S. aureus was predominantly isolated, 19.48% were MRSA. Analysis of MRSA isolates revealed that the most prevalent SCCmec type was type IV (46.7%) followed by type III (30.0%) and type V (20.0%). One strain (3.3%) was untypeable. The prevalence of pvl and lukED was 56.7% and 100%, respectively. Conclusion: The high prevalence of MRSA in DFUs represents the high levels of antibiotic usage among patients with diabetes. In this study, resistance to other important clinical antibiotics was detected among MRSA isolates. The high proportion of SCCmec type IV and V strains, even in former hospitalized patients, indicates the entrance of these clones to the clinical setting.

Regenerative medicine as a background of stem cell research and therapy has a long history. A wide variety of diseases including Parkinson's disease, heart diseases, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, diabetes mellitus and etc. are candidate to be treated using different types of stem cells. There are several sources of stem cells such as bone marrow, umbilical cord, peripheral blood, germ cells and the embryo/fetus tissues. Fetal stem cells (FSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been described as the most potent stem cell source. Although their pluri- or multipotent properties leads to promising reports for their clinical applications, owning to some ethical and legal obstacles in different communities such as Muslim countries, care should be taken for therapeutic applications of FSCs and ESCs. Derivation of these cell types needs termination of pregnancy and embryo or fetus life that is prohibited according to almost all rules and teaches in Muslim communities. Abortion and termination of pregnancy under a normal condition for the procurement of stem cell materials is forbidden by nearly all the major world religions such as Islam. Legislated laws in the most of Muslim countries permit termination of pregnancy and abortion only when the life of the mother is severely threatened or when continuing pregnancy may lead to the birth of a mentally retarded, genetically or anatomically malformed child. Based on the rules and conditions in Islamic countries, finding an alternative and biologically normal source for embryonic or fetal stem cell isolation will be too difficult. On the one hand, Muslim scientists have the feasibility for finding of genetically and anatomically normal embryonic or fetal stem cell sources for research or therapy, but on the other hand they should adhere to the law and related regional and local rules in all parts of their investigation. The authors suggest that the utilization of ectopic pregnancy (EP) conceptus, extra-embryonic tissues, and therapeutic abortion materials as a valuable source of stem cells for research and medical purposes can overcome limitations associated with finding the appropriate stem cell source. Pregnancy termination because of the mentioned subjects is accepted by almost all Islamic laws because of maternal lifesaving. Also, there are no ethical or legal obstacles in the use of extra-embryonic or EP derived tissues which lead to candidate FSCs as a valuable source for stem cell researches and therapeutic applications.

This article critiques the widely accepted official label 'Culturally and Linguistically Diverse' (CALD), used in Australia to refer mainly to Australia's non-Indigenous ethnic groups other than the English-speaking Anglo-Saxon majority. Our main contention is that it is a racialised and racialising label that perpetuates institutional racism, providing a conceptual excuse for legitimising privilege and altruistic governmentality over minority groups, while inferiorising and projecting these groups as an analogous population who need 'fixing'. The article draws on the sociological construct of labelling, through which we analyse the framing of CALD people in the literature as 'deviants' using Black African Migrants in Australia as exemplars. We propose that CALD labelling is counterproductive because it hinders social integration, divides people into 'us and them', homogenises, blurs particular lived experiences and needs, and ignores intersectional issues.

Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is much more frequent and more severe, including cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with type 2 diabetes. Coffee is a complex beverage with hundreds of compounds whereas caffeine and chlorogenic acid are the most abundant bioactive compounds. The published epidemiological data demonstrating beneficial associations between all categories of coffee exposure and ranges of liver outcomes are rapidly growing; however, the main contributors and cause-effect relationships have not yet been elucidated. To address existing knowledge gaps, we sought to determine the efficacy and safety of 6 months chlorogenic acid and/or caffeine supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes affected by NAFLD. Methods This trial was carried out at two Diabetes Centers to assess the effects of supplementation with daily doses of 200 mg chlorogenic acid, 200 mg caffeine, 200 mg chlorogenic acid plus 200 mg caffeine or placebo (starch) in patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD. The primary endpoint was reduction of hepatic fat and stiffness measured by FibroScan, and changes in serum hepatic enzymes and cytokeratin − 18 (CK-18) levels. Secondary endpoints were improvements in metabolic (including fasting glucose, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), hemoglobin A1c (HBA1C), C-peptide, insulin and lipid profiles) and inflammatory (including nuclear factor k-B (NF-KB), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), high sensitive- C reactive protein(hs-CRP)) parameters from baseline to the end of treatment. Results Neither chlorogenic acid nor caffeine was superior to placebo in attenuation of the hepatic fat and stiffness and other hepatic outcomes in patients with diabetes and NAFLD. Except for the lower level of total cholesterol in caffeine group (p = 0.04), and higher level of insulin in chlorogenic acid plus caffeine group (p = 0.01) compared with placebo, there were no significant differences among the treatment groups. Conclusion These findings do not recommend caffeine and/or chlorogenic acid to treat NAFLD in type 2 diabetes patients. Trial registration IRCT201707024010N21. Registered 14 September 2017.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2, a novel betacoronavirus, has caused the global outbreak of a contagious infection named coronavirus disease-2019. Severely ill subjects have shown higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cytokine storm is the term that can be used for a systemic inflammation leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines and activation of immune cells. In coronavirus disease-2019 infection, a cytokine storm contributes to the mortality rate of the disease and can lead to multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome through auto-destructive responses of systemic inflammation. Direct effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome associated with infection as well as hyperinflammatory reactions are in association with disease complications. Besides acute respiratory distress syndrome, functional impairments of the cardiovascular system, central nervous system, kidneys, liver, and several others can be mentioned as the possible consequences. In addition to the current therapeutic approaches for coronavirus disease-2019, which are mostly supportive, stem cell-based therapies have shown the capacity for controlling the inflammation and attenuating the cytokine storm. Therefore, after a brief review of novel coronavirus characteristics, this review aims to explain the effects of coronavirus disease-2019 cytokine storm on different organs of the human body. The roles of stem cell-based therapies on attenuating cytokine release syndrome are also stated.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has led to the worldwide pandemic named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has caused a significant increase in the number of cases and mortalities since its first diagnosis in December 2019. Although COVID-19 primarily affects the respiratory system, neurological involvement of the central and peripheral nervous system has been also reported. Herein, the higher risk of neurodegenerative diseases in COVID-19 patients in future is also imaginable. Neurological complications of COVID-19 infection are more commonly seen in severely ill individuals; but, earlier diagnosis and treatment can lead to better long-lasting results. In this respect, stem cell biotechnologies with considerable self-renewal and differentiation capacities have experienced great progress in the field of neurological disorders whether in finding out their underlying processes or proving them promising therapeutic approaches. Herein, many neurological disorders have been found to benefit from stem cell medicine strategies. Accordingly, in the present review, the authors are trying to discuss stem cell-based biotechnologies as promising therapeutic options for neurological disorders secondary to COVID-19 infection through reviewing neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and current stem cell-based biotechnologies for neurological disorders. Lay Summary Due to the substantial burden of neurological disorders in the health, economic, and social system of society, the emergence of neurological manifestations following COVID-19 (as a life-threatening pandemic) creates the need to use efficient and modern methods of treatment. Since stem cell-based methods have been efficient for a large number of neurological diseases, it seems that the use of mentioned methods is also effective in the process of improving neurological disorders caused by COVID-19. Hereupon, the current review aims to address stem cell-based approaches as treatments showing promise to neurological disorders related to COVID-19.

Osteoporotic fractures impose a vast burden on the health system, especially in countries with an old population or an ageing trend such as Iran. This study reviews the articles published by the Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute (EMRI) to map and summarize the evidence, identify key themes and highlight research gaps to plan future research. We searched for studies affiliated with EMRI on osteoporotic fracture. Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scientific Information Database (SID) and Persian databases were used, without restricting time and language. All papers published up to December 2019 were retrieved and merged using Endnote software. Two independent researchers reviewed documents, and non-related papers were removed from the collection. The reference lists of the relevant articles were reviewed to avoid missing any publication. All papers addressing any aspects of fragility fractures were included. Meeting abstracts and letters to the editor were excluded. The visualization of the co-authorship network was illustrated with VOSveiwer program software. The total number of 20 papers, published between 2004 and 2019 were included in our study. “Larijani, B” with 12, “Keshtkar, A”, “Abolhassani, F”, and “Soltani, A” with five papers were the most prolific authors. Six out of 20 (30 %) of the papers were published in the last three years. Among different perspectives of osteoporotic fractures, addressed by EMRI, four main categories of articles were defined including incidence (n = 7), related factors (n = 9), fracture risk assessment (n = 2), and the burden of osteoporotic fractures in Iran (n = 4). There was no updated information about the incidence of osteoporotic fracture and its burden in recent years. Considering the importance of osteoporotic fractures in Iran with an ageing trend, Osteoporosis Research Centers can play an essential role in providing evidence for policymakers. Worldwide, there is a large care gap to assess bone health and start treatments after fragility fractures. Accordingly, following international recommendations, practical interventions are required to fill this gap. EMRI began developing the “Registry of osteoporosis” and also pilot the “Fracture Liaison Services”, as an operative model to address the existing care gap and implement applied research in this science area.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute (EMRI) is one of the biggest research institutes in Iran that was established to develop research strategies for managing endocrine and metabolic disorders such as diabetes. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of diabetes related research activities and achievements in the EMRI since its foundation. A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE to find out diabetes-related research studies performed in the EMRI. After data extraction, articles were categorized based on their document types, levels of evidence, diabetes types, and subject areas and were presented in various charts. After removing duplications and screening, 228 remained documents were categorized. The majority of diabetes investigations performed in the Diabetes Research Center (DRC) was on type 2 diabetes (T2D) (37%). Based on document types, most of these publications were original articles. Moreover, clinical studies constituted the greatest amount of evidence in the literature. According to the subject areas, most of the articles were on basic sciences and diabetes-related associated factors, followed by studies related to the management and prevention of diabetes. As one of the most comprehensive research institute, the EMRI has developed its national and international research activities to improve diabetes management and cure through developing new treatment strategies, improving translational research, and applying new emerging technologies such as regenerative medicine.

Context: There has been an increasing emphasis on the role of education in diabetes prevention and management, and shedding light on evidence gaps is mandatory for national action plans establishment. Data Sources: This scoping review was part of the Iranian Diabetes Road Map project that used a systematic method based on the Arksey and O'Malley approach. Results: After the screening, 173 articles were included, most of which were published in 2018 and focused on self-management. Most included articles were considered patient-related self-management/care/efficacy, while only a limited number of articles studied healthcare provider education and educational establishment. Additionally, a significant number of included studies were addressed virtual education, an issue as the strength of Iranian studies in diabetes education. Conclusions: Education is an important part of diabetes, and specific needs for Iranian patients should be addressed in future studies. Paying attention to new topics and conducting high-quality interventional studies will help fill evidence gaps in this field in Iran.

A new series of biscoumarin derivatives 3a–n were synthesized and evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The reaction of the 4-aminocoumarin with benzaldehyde derivatives led to the formation of the title compounds in good yields. All the synthesized compounds showed potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 ranging from 20.0 ± 0.7 to180.1 ± 0.8µM, in comparison with acarbose as the standard drug (IC50 = 750.01.5µM). Among the synthesized compounds, 3,3'-(p-tolylmethylene)bis(4-amino-2H-chromen-2-one) 3c was found to be the most active compound with an IC50 value of 20.0 ± 0.7µM. Kinetic study exhibited that compound 3c was a competitive inhibitor against α-glucosidase (Ki = 22.4µM). In silico docking study for the most potent compound 3c was also performed.

Although the essentials of the quality management system (QMS) were introduced in the 1920s, its implementation in the laboratory was started in the 1940s. Quality in the laboratory means to have a traceable and accurate test results. Accordingly, any level of inaccuracy should be avoided. On the other hand, in the field of biomedical product manufacturing, achieving a safe and efficient product needs implementing all of the aspects of the quality in the manufacturing process [1, 2].

OBJECTIVES: In this paper, the effect of the position of the inlet and outlet microchannels on the flow profile and the geometry of the recognition chamber for sample pre-treatment in an electrochemical biosensor to be used in osteoporosis management were investigated. METHODS: All numerical computation presented in this work were performed using COMSOL Multiphysics and Fluent. Simulation was performed for a three-dimensional, incompressible Navier–Stokes flow and so explicit biphasic volume of fluid (VOF) equations were used. RESULTS: In the designed microfluidic system, a pressure-driven laminar flow with no-slip boundary condition was responsible for fluid actuation through microchannels in a reproducible approach. Based on the simulation results, the number of outlets was increased and the angel through which the inlets and outlets were attached to the microchamber was changed so that the dead volume would be eliminated and the fluid flow trajectory, the velocity field and pressure were evenly distributed across the chamber. The Re number in the inlets was equal to 4.41, suggesting a laminar flow at this site. CONCLUSION: The simulation results along with the fact that the design change was tested using laser ablated tape and a color dye at different steps provided the researchers with the opportunity to study the changes in a fast and accurate but cheap method. The absence of backflow helps with the cross-talk concern in the channels and the lack of bubbles and complete coverage of the chamber helps with a better surface modification and thus better sensing performance.

Cell therapy is one of the most hopeful technologies of regenerative medicine approaches. Among various cells, human skin fibroblasts have been progressively used for wound healing as cell-based therapy purposes. By increasing the age, the number of skin fibroblasts' abilities including cell migration, growth, collagen production, etc. decreases. Hence, use of the fetal source is more beneficent. In this respect, this chapter covers the manufacturing of human fetal skin-derived fibroblasts for clinical application.

One of the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorders is Alzheimer’s disease which globally threatening the health of elderly people. Although there are several pharmacological and non- pharmacological treatments for Alzheimer’s disease, they can just decrease the symptoms in these diseases. In this context, cell therapy and regenerative medicine approach as the novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases would be important. Based on scientific research principles, using any novel therapeutic approaches before the run in clinical trials need to take preclinical (animal study) stapes. Accordingly, an animal study can improve our understanding of biological mechanisms of diseases and as an important step should adhering to ethical guidelines and standards. On the other hand, to gain suitable outcomes, it is important to check the appropriate validation of animal models. In this regard, the present review would discuss about the development and validation of appropriate AD animal models in the field of regenerative medicine.

Cell therapy is one of the most hopeful technologies of regenerative medicine approaches. Among various cells, human skin fibroblasts have been progressively used for wound healing as cell-based therapy purposes. By increasing the age, the number of skin fibroblasts' abilities including cell migration, growth, collagen production, etc. decreases. Hence, use of the fetal source is more beneficent. In this respect, this chapter covers the manufacturing of human fetal skin-derived fibroblasts for clinical application.

Background Among different kinds of cells involved in the wound healing process, fibroblasts play a pivotal role in the proliferation phase of this procedure wherein they induce the production of local growth factors and cytokines. Fetal fibroblasts with low immunogenic property and different wound healing process could be considered as a suitable alternative to neonatal foreskin cell based products in regenerative medicine and cell therapy. Cell therapy is an almost newly introduced method in the medical field and is also a challenging issue, which should assure the safety of the final product and the absence of viral or bacterial contamination with minimal immunogenic response. Therefore, based on current GMP (cGMP) principles, it is a matter of great importance to monitor raw materials’ quality and the conformity of all production procedures including cell culture, collection, and cryopreservation with validated standard operating procedures (SOPs). In the current study, we demonstrated the GMP-compatible and clinical-grade fetal fibroblast cells banking to be used for clinical applications.Methods All steps of isolation and culturing and cryopreservation of fetal fibroblast cells were performed under the sterile condition according to cGMP guidelines in the clean room. During the cell culture procedures, bacteriological investigation was performed in order to identify the probable contamination of the samples.Results Isolated fetal dermal fibroblasts were harvested and stored at early passages. The viability of fibroblasts was ≥ 98%, indicating successful establishment of fibroblast banking. Flow cytometry analysis has revealed the high purity of isolated and cultured fibroblastic population Karyotyping of fibroblasts at the 10th subculture shows a normal diploid male pattern.Conclusions The manufactured cells, according to the highest level of safety are considered as the most appropriate treatment option for cellular therapy. Based-on the current evidence, clinical-grade fetal fibroblasts throw new light on efficient and prompt healing of acute and chronic wounds of any etiology.

Skin as the outer layer covers the body. Wounds can affect this vital organ negatively and disrupt its functions. Wound healing as a biological process is initiated immediately after an injury. This process consists of three stages: inflammation, proliferation, remodeling. Generally, these three stages occur continuously and timely. However, some factors such as infection, obesity and diabetes mellitus can interfere with these stages and impede the normal healing process which results in chronic wounds. Financial burden on both patients and health care systems, negative biologic effect on the patient's general health status and reduction in quality of life are a number of issues which make chronic wounds as a considerable challenge. During recent years, along with advances in the biomedical sciences, various surgical and non-surgical therapeutic methods have been suggested. All of these suggested treatments have their own advantages and disadvantages. Recently, cell-based therapies and regenerative medicine represent promising approaches to wound healing. Accordingly, several types of mesenchymal stem cells have been used in both preclinical and clinical settings for the treatment of wounds. Adipose-derived stromal cells are a cost-effective source of mesenchymal stem cells in wound management which can be easily harvest from adipose tissues through the less invasive processes with high yield rates. In addition, their ability to secrete multiple cytokines and growth factors, and differentiation into skin cells make them an ideal cell type to use in wound treatment. This is a concise overview on the application of adipose-derived stromal cells in wound healing and their role in the treatment of chronic wounds.

Skin as the outer layer covers the body. Wounds can affect this vital organ negatively and disrupt its functions. Wound healing as a biological process is initiated immediately after an injury. This process consists of three stages: inflammation, proliferation, remodeling. Generally, these three stages occur continuously and timely. However, some factors such as infection, obesity and diabetes mellitus can interfere with these stages and impede the normal healing process which results in chronic wounds. Financial burden on both patients and health care systems, negative biologic effect on the patient’s general health status and reduction in quality of life are a number of issues which make chronic wounds as a considerable challenge. During recent years, along with advances in the biomedical sciences, various surgical and non-surgical therapeutic methods have been suggested. All of these suggested treatments have their own advantages and disadvantages. Recently, cell-based therapies and regenerative medicine represent promising approaches to wound healing. Accordingly, several types of mesenchymal stem cells have been used in both preclinical and clinical settings for the treatment of wounds. Adipose-derived stromal cells are a cost-effective source of mesenchymal stem cells in wound management which can be easily harvest from adipose tissues through the less invasive processes with high yield rates. In addition, their ability to secrete multiple cytokines and growth factors, and differentiation into skin cells make them an ideal cell type to use in wound treatment. This is a concise overview on the application of adipose-derived stromal cells in wound healing and their role in the treatment of chronic wounds.

The purpose of the current study is to determine the impact of internal marketing on organizational effectiveness. The statistical population consists of managers and experts in Azad university branches in region 4 of Isfahan municipality. In order to collect data, we used 35 to capture ideas and perceptions of 120 managers and experts selected as the sample of the research. The conceptual model of the study was proposed based on literature review and examined through LIZREL software. The findings indicate that internal marketing has an indirect impact on organizational performance and through human resources'potential. In other words, human resources' improvement derived by internal marketing affects organizational effectiveness. The suitability of the model was confirmed by amount of goodness indexes (GFI=0.99, AGFI=0.96).