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Putrescine plays a distinct role in various types of biological functions in all living organisms, as well as environmental stress. The aim of the study is to effect of exogenous putrescine on the physiological condition of the rice seeds investigated. Salt treatment resulted in the reduction of speed of germination, germination, germination energy, germination energy percentage, final germination percentage, shoot and root length, and plant dry weight, where proline content was remarkably increased. Among the rice varieties, BRRI 48 was affected maximum by way of salinity in case of germination and growth, and GHORIAL become least affected in comparison to other varieties. However, exogenous putrescine treatment significantly enhances rice seeds germination, as well as shoot and root length in all varieties. Our findings reveal that plant putrescine tremendously reduced rice salt tolerance.

BackgroundAnti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury (AT-DILI) in tuberculosis (TB) patients has been linked to polymorphisms in genes encoding drug metabolism enzymes and proteins.ObjectiveThis study aimed to monitor polymorphisms of NAT2, PXR, ABCB1, and GSTT1 genes in TB patients from three states (Manipur, Tripura, and Nagaland) in the North Eastern Region of India.MethodsGenomic DNA was isolated from the whole blood samples of TB patients (n=219; Manipur:139; Tripura: 60; Nagaland: 20). The TaqMan allelic discrimination assay and statistical tools were used to investigate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) patterns in NAT2, PXR, ABCB1, and GSTT1 genes.ResultsIn the study population, ten distinct genotypes of the NAT2 gene and single variation in the PXR, ABCB1, and GSTT1 genes were identified. A strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) was observed between rs1801280 and rs1799931 of the NAT2 gene. Majority of the study populations were intermediate (~46.1%), rest were either slow acetylators (~35.6%) or fast acetylators. Interestingly, ~55% of the TB patients in Tripura were slow acetylators and majority in Manipur and Nagaland were of intermediate acetylator genotypes. For all of the markers investigated, the population had a greater prevalence of ancestral alleles and genotypes. According to a combinational study of the genotypes linked to AT-DILI, ~26.1% of the population possessed the risk genotypes.ConclusionThese TB patients from north eastern states of India were found as carriers of the ancestral alleles and genotypes. And the risk for AT-DILI during TB treatment is low. Expanding such studies with additional markers and larger sample sizes will be useful to generate precise population-specific pharmacogenomics details for efficient TB management.

The novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 has emerged at the end of 2019, which causes coronavirus disease (COVID-2019). Recent case reports of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals have revealed the onset of Parkinson's disease (PD) symptoms in patients who do not have a family history of the PD.. However, till recently, no genetic impact or mechanisms that may induce Parkinsonism inCOVID-19 patients or after COVID-19 have been found.. This study aimed to detect the commonly dysregulated genes, transcriptional regulators, and pathways between PD and SARS-CoV-2 infections. We integrated genome-wide transcriptomic datasets from PBMC samples from COVID-19 and PD and associated pathways. Our study revealed 81 upregulated and 48 downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shared between PD and SARS-CoV-2 infections. These dysregulated genes were involved in key pathways "mitochondrion structure organization", "cell activation in immune response", and "signalling by interleukins". Our analysis showed RELA, TP53 and SP1 TFs that may regulate the upregulated DEGs. We have discovered key dysregulated genes and characterized the biological processes of commonly dysregulated in SARS-CoV-2 infections and PD, which could be used for the design of personalized treatment of PD following COVID-19.

Diurnal variation in biofluid metabolome as observed in a healthy human may alter in perturbed conditions. Biofluids like urine are rich in molecular constituents including metabolites, and infectious disease conditions like tuberculosis (TB) may influence diurnal differences for which limited reports are available in the literature. In this study, we present an optimized gas chromatography coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to analyze processed and trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatized urine metabolites. Urine samples were collected at four time points (0, 6, 12 and 24 hours) of study subjects [n=15; mean age 37 (24-70) in years] including controls [n=7; mean age 29.3 (24-35) years] and culture-confirmed active TB patients [ATB; n=8; mean age 43.7 (25-70) years] receiving treatment in the intensive phase. Global urine metabolite profiling was carried out using the optimized GC-MS method. Higher urine analyte diversity was observed in ATB patients (74) than in controls (36) during the day. Diurnal variations of the parent anti-TB drugs and their breakdown products (pyrazinamide, pyrazinoic acid, 5-hydroxy pyrazinoic acid, isonicotinic acid and alpha amino butyric acid) were observed with maximum abundance at 6 h. Interestingly, urine of ATB subjects at 6 h showed the highest metabolic diversity, whereas it was at 12 h in controls. Many analytes including glycine and alanine amino-acids showed diurnal variation in ATB and controls. These changes could be attributed to the altered host metabolic activities due to disease, treatment-associated decrease in total body bacterial burden and gut microbiota dysbiosis. And the optimized spiked-in internal standard, urine sample volume and GC-MS method could be used for global urine metabolome analysis in healthy and different perturbed conditions.“For Table of Contents Only”

Over the past decades, drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains have presented a significant challenge, with inadequate diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) cases. Here, we report the draft whole-genome sequence of drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strain S7, which was isolated from a patient from Tripura, India, who was diagnosed with pulmonary TB.

A diet derived agent Curcumin (Diferuloylmethane), demonstrated its clinical application in inflammation, infection and cancer conditions. Nevertheless, its impact on the proteome of epithelial cells of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is yet to be explored. We employed a stable isotope labeling method for cell culture (SILAC) based relative quantitative proteomics and informatics analysis to comprehend global proteome change in A549 cells treated with curcumin and/or Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Pretreated A549 cells were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain to monitor bacterial load. With exposure to curcumin and LPS, out of the 1492 identified proteins, 305 and 346 proteins showed deregulation respectively. The expression of BID and AIFM1 mitochondrial proteins which play critical role in apoptotic pathway were deregulated in curcumin treated cells. Higher mitochondria intensity was observed in curcumin treated A549 cells than LPS treatment. Simultaneous treatment of curcumin and LPS neutralized the effect of LPS. Curcumin and/or LPS pretreated A549 cells infected with H37Rv, showed successful bacterial internalization. LPS treated A549 cells after infection showed increased bacterial load than curcumin compared to non-treated infected cells. However, simultaneous treatment of curcumin and LPS neutralized the effect of LPS. This study generated molecular evidence to deepen our understanding of the anti-inflammatory role of curcumin and may be useful to identify molecular targets for drug discovery.

Background and objectives: Alzheimer&rsquo, s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that results in severe dementia. Having ischemic strokes (IS) is one of the risk factors of the AD, but the molecular mechanisms that underlie IS and AD are not well understood. We thus aimed to identify common molecular biomarkers and pathways in IS and AD that can help predict the progression of these diseases and provide clues to important pathological mechanisms. Materials and Methods: We have analyzed the microarray gene expression datasets of IS and AD. To obtain robust results, combinatorial statistical methods were used to analyze the datasets and 26 transcripts (22 unique genes) were identified that were abnormally expressed in both IS and AD. Results: Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses indicated that these 26 common dysregulated genes identified several altered molecular pathways: Alcoholism, MAPK signaling, glycine metabolism, serine metabolism, and threonine metabolism. Further protein&ndash, protein interactions (PPI) analysis revealed pathway hub proteins PDE9A, GNAO1, DUSP16, NTRK2, PGAM2, MAG, and TXLNA. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional components were then identified, and significant transcription factors (SPIB, SMAD3, and SOX2) found. Conclusions: Protein&ndash, drug interaction analysis revealed PDE9A has interaction with drugs caffeine, &gamma, glutamyl glycine, and 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-7H-xanthine. Thus, we identified novel putative links between pathological processes in IS and AD at transcripts levels, and identified possible mechanistic and gene expression links between IS and AD.

PURPOSE Detailed understanding of host pathogen interaction in tuberculosis is an important avenue for identifying novel therapeutic targets. Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) like exosomes that are rich in proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, act as messengers and may show altered composition in disease conditions. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this case control study, small EVs are isolated from serum of 58 subjects (all male, 33 (15-70) in years) including drug naive active tuberculosis (ATB: n = 22), non-tuberculosis (NTB: n = 18), and healthy subjects (n = 18). Serum small EVs proteome analysis is carried out using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) experiments and an independent sample (n = 36) is used for validation. RESULTS A set of 132 and 68 proteins are identified in iTRAQ-I (ATB/Healthy) and iTRAQ-II (ATB/NTB) experiments, respectively. Four proteins (KYAT3, SERPINA1, HP, and APOC3) show deregulation (log2 -fold change > ±0.48, p

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a dynamic degeneration of the brain with progressive dementia. Considering the uncertainties in its molecular mechanism, in the present study, we employed network-based integrative analyses, and aimed to explore the key molecules and their associations with small drugs to identify potential biomarkers and therapeutic agents for the AD. First of all, we studied a transcriptome dataset and identified 1521 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Integration of transcriptome data with protein-protein and transcriptional regulatory interactions resulted with central (hub) proteins (UBA52, RAC1, CREBBP, AR, RPS11, SMAD3, RPS6, RPL12, RPL15, and UBC), regulatory transcription factors (FOXC1, GATA2, YY1, FOXL1, NFIC, E2F1, USF2, SRF, PPARG, and JUN) and microRNAs (mir-335-5p, mir-26b-5p, mir-93-5p, mir-124-3p, mir-17-5p, mir-16-5p, mir-20a-5p, mir-92a-3p, mir-106b-5p, and mir-192-5p) as key signaling and regulatory molecules associated with transcriptional changes for the AD. Considering these key molecules as potential therapeutic targets and Connectivity Map (CMap) architecture, candidate small molecular agents (such as STOCK1N-35696) were identified as novel potential therapeutics for the AD. This study presents molecular signatures at RNA and protein levels which might be useful in increasing discernment of the molecular mechanisms, and potential drug targets and therapeutics to design effective treatment strategies for the AD.

There is a tremendous unmet need to discover more potent and safe drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Reduced cholinergic activity and oxidative stress have been recognized as a major contributing factor in the pathogenesis of AD.

A bacterium was isolated from the natural source. Gram staining & spore staining showed that the organism is gram positive and forms spore during adverse condition in the growth medium. After various tests it was suggested and the features agreed with the description of Bacillus sp in Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology [24]. It was also identified as Bacillus sp with 99.9% identity by API 50 CHB. In growth curve determination showed that the growth of the organism is increased with the increase of incubation period and the growth reached maximum at around 24 hours of incubation and the protease activity was the maximum of the 26 hours culture. This microbe has grown at high temperature and pressure. Its optimum pH and temperature were 8.5 and 60°C. It secretes an extracellular protease in the growth medium. The enzyme hydrolyses a number of proteins including azocasein which suggests that that it is an extracellular protease. The enzyme seems to be alkaline protease which is capable of De-Hairing from skin and hides. A number of companies such as NOVO chemicals started to produce NOVOzymes for tannery industries. The potential for use of microbial enzymes in leather processing lies mainly in areas in which pollution-causing chemicals are being used.