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Umme Laila Urmi,1 Shamsun Nahar,1 Masud Rana,1 Fahmida Sultana,1 Nusrat Jahan,1 Billal Hossain,1 Mohammed Shah Alam,2 Abu Syed Md Mosaddek,3 Judy McKimm,4 Nor Azlina A Rahman,5 Salequl Islam,1 Mainul Haque6 1Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; 2Department of Microbiology, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; 3Department of Pharmacology, Uttara Adhunik Medical College, Uttara, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 4Medical Education, Strategic Educational Development, Leadership for the Health Professions, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, UK; 5Department of Physical Rehabilitation Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia; 6Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaCorrespondence: Salequl IslamDepartment of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, BangladeshTel +880-1715029136Fax +880-2-7791052. Email salequl@juniv.eduMainul HaqueFaculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kem Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaTel +60 10 926 5543Email runurono@gmail.comIntroduction: Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) belongs to the Group-A β-lactamases that incorporate serine at their active site and hydrolyze various penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. Metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) are group-B enzymes that contain one or two essential zinc ions in the active sites and hydrolyze almost all clinically available β-lactam antibiotics. Klebsiella pneumoniae remains the pathogen with the most antimicrobial resistance to KPC and MBLs.Methods: This research investigated the blaKPC, and MBL genes, namely, blaIMP, blaVIM, and blaNDM-1 and their phenotypic resistance to K. pneumoniae isolated from urinary tract infections (UTI) in Bangladesh. Isolated UTI K. pneumoniae were identified by API-20E and 16s rDNA gene analysis. Their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was examined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, followed by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination. blaKPC, blaIMP, blaNDM-1, and blaVIM genes were evaluated by polymerase chain reactions (PCR) and confirmed by sequencing.Results: Fifty-eight K. pneumoniae were identified from 142 acute UTI cases. Their phenotypic resistance to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, cephalexin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, and imipenem were 98.3%, 100%, 96.5%, 91.4%, 75.1%, respectively. Over half (31/58) of the isolates contained either blaKPC or one of the MBL genes. Individual prevalence of blaKPC, blaIMP, blaNDM-1, and blaVIM were 15.5% (9), 10.3% (6), 22.4% (13), and 19% (11), respectively. Of these, eight isolates (25.8%, 8/31) were found to have two genes in four different combinations. The co-existence of the ESBL genes generated more resistance than each one individually. Some isolates appeared phenotypically susceptible to imipenem in the presence of blaKPC, blaIMP, blaVIM, and blaNDM-1 genes, singly or in combination.Conclusion: The discrepancy of genotype and phenotype resistance has significant consequences for clinical bacteriology, precision in diagnosis, the prudent selection of antimicrobials, and rational prescribing. Heterogeneous phenotypes of antimicrobial susceptibility testing should be taken seriously to avoid inappropriate diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.Keywords: Klebsiella pneumoniae, blaKPC, blaIMP, blaNDM-1, blaVIM, co-resistance, heteroresistance, urinary tract infections, Bangladesh

Abstract Examining the condition of groundwater resources and the impact of droughts is valuable for effective water resources management. Today, machine learning (ML) models are recognized as one of the useful tools in time series predictions. In this study, the groundwater condition of one of the most important aquifers in northwest Iran was investigated using MODFLOW, followed by estimating the groundwater resource index (GRI) utilizing the multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) and least squares support vector regression (LSSVR) for a period between 2001 and 2019. Meteorological and hydrological drought indicators along with precipitation and flow rate were used as input variables for prediction. The simulation results revealed a groundwater level decrease since the aquifer withdrawal amount is more than the recharge amount. Besides, results showed that there is a limited interaction between surface water and groundwater resources, mainly caused by the decrease in the river flow and aquifer groundwater level drop. Both ML models performed well in GRI estimation, using groundwater flow, streamflow drought index, standardized precipitation index, and runoff as input variables. The performance of the MARS model with RMSE, MAE, and NSE error evaluation criteria of 0.37, − 0.19, and 0.83, respectively, exerted slightly better results than LSSVR with RMSE, MAE, and NSE of 0.48, − 0.06, and 0.80, respectively. The findings reveal the appropriate performance of both models in forecasting drought indicators, highlighting the necessity of using ML models in hydrology and drought prediction problems.

Today, in many countries of the world, including Iran, defense industries are facing the challenge of financing, and on the other hand, these industries have many capacities that non-defense sectors can benefit from. Based on this, both defense and non-defense industries and the national innovation ecosystem in general benefit from the commercialization and transfer of defense technologies. The main goal of this article is to identify the most important challenges, requirements and methods of commercialization of defense technologies, meanwhile, political approaches and factors affecting the commercialization of these technologies are also mentioned.In order to achieve this goal, a systematic review approach was used to integrate previous research, and after the necessary screenings, 24 articles were selected for analysis according to their purpose and topic. By comparing and categorizing the extracted codes, it is concluded that in order to develop the commercialization of defense technologies, the challenges of this field such as legal barriers and low agility of the defense industries must be solved first, then by committing to certain requirements Because the non-linear view of commercialization and attention to the complexities of the process, the attention to the dissemination of military technologies and the dual-purpose approach, the allocation of subsidies and the incentives that stimulate the dissemination in defense organizations, increasing flexibility, helping to Creation of intermediary institutions, development of dual-purpose infrastructure, creation of ecosystem and parallel commercialization structures, a suitable commercialization method among methods such as dual-purpose, licensing, strategic partnership, company He chose reproductive and mediating technologies.

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, during January to June 2019 to find out the effect of rice straw mulch and organic amendments on yield and yield attributes of Boro rice under dry direct seeded system. The experiment comprised two sets of treatments viz., (a) Mulch: (i) Rice straw mulch (M1) and (ii) no mulch (M2) and (b) organic amendments: (i) Control (Recommended Doses of Fertilizers, RDF) (T1), (ii) RDF + Farm Yard Manure, FYM (T2); (iii) RDF + Mustard Oil Cake, MOC (T3); (iv) RDF + FYM + Trico-compost (T4); (v) RDF + Trico-compost + MOC (T5); (vi) RDF + FYM + MOC (T6) and (vii) RDF + Trico-compost (T7) in a splitplot design with three replications. The results showed that rice straw mulch did not have significant effect on yield and yield attributes of rice. The interaction between rice straw mulch and organic amendment was not significant for grain yield and any other characters. Based on the study results it is concluded that maximum yield of BRRI dhan28 in Boro season under dry direct seeded system could be achieved through organic amendment with Mustard Oil Cake @ 0.5 tha-1 or Farm Yard Manure @ 5 tha-1 + Trico-compost @ 3 tha-1 or Trico-compost (TC) @ 3 tha-1 in addition to the application of recommended doses of fertilizers (RDF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The labor market is always found very complex due to multiple influential factors. Saudi Arabia and Bangladesh are closely involved in the labor market since 1976. This paper has attempted to figure out the impact of manpower export in Bangladesh to Saudi Arab respect to the change of crude oil price, gross domestic product and total labor force, etc. Secondary data was employed in this research. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis, Granger's causality, Johansen's test, vector auto-regression model, and econometric model were applied to measure the extent of the impact of the variables. Factor analysis indicates that gross domestic product per capita is the most potential variable for manpower export. Granger's causality reveals that there is a unidirectional relationship between variables. Johansen's test demonstrates the long-run association between employment, crude oil price, gross domestic product per capita, and total labor force. The vector auto-regression model discloses that total labor impacts employment in the long run. The econometric model explores that the total labor force influences manpower export in a major and favorable way. Scholars, the government, policymakers, and development organizations will be able to make more informed decisions on the country's economic performance with the help of these insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: All over the world pressure ulcer is a significant health care problem due to high morbidity and mortality rates and also high health care cost. This study was carried out with the objectives to identify the characteristics and associated factors of pressure ulcer among the critically ill patients admitted in a tertiary military hospital. Few studies have been conducted on pressure ulcer in Bangladesh and very few in military hospitals. Methodology: This was a cross sectional study conducted among purposively selected 53 critically ill admitted pressure ulcer patients in CMH Dhaka from 01 July 2018 to 31 December 2018 and data were collected by face to face interview and checklist. Results: Among the study population half (50.9%) were aged between 61-80 years with the mean age 69.13 years. The most common anatomical site of pressure ulcer were buttock (51.9%) followed by sacrum (38.5%) and 30.2% had multiple pressure ulcer. Among the critically ill patients, 81.1% had developed pressure ulcer after admission into hospital. The most common place of pressure ulcer was geriatric HDU (30.2%) and officers ward (18.9%). Among the pressure ulcer patients 79.2% were male. Most common stage of pressure ulcer were stage II (66.0%) followed by stage I (18.9%), stage III (13.2%) and stage IV (1.9%). All of them were bedridden and half (50.9%) were completely immobile. According to Braden Scale, about half (50.9%) had high risk for development of pressure ulcer followed by moderate risk (26.4%) and there were none beyond risk. About three fourth (73.6%) of pressure ulcer patients had hypertension & cerebrovascular diseases. Age group of 60-90 years, SSC & above educational group, male sex, immobility, low Braden score group patients are statistically significant (p < 0.05), and hypertensive and cerebrovascular diseased patients are not statically significant (p > 0.05) but having clear trends to be associate factors of pressure ulcer. Conclusion: The number of pressure ulcer were increasing with the increase of age. The higher age, male sex, immobilization, low Braden score, hypertension, and cerebrovascular diseased patients were more prone for development of pressure ulcer among the critically ill patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]