Search

Soliton solutions play a crucial role in modeling stable phenomena across optical communications, fluid dynamics, and plasma physics, owing to their stability and persistence in solving nonlinear equations. This study centers on the extended Sakovich equation, emphasizing the importance of soliton solutions in predicting and controlling localized wave behaviors, which advances nonlinear dynamics and its various applications due to its integrable properties and flexible soliton characteristics. This equation is applicable across diverse fields such as fluid dynamics, nonlinear optics, and plasma physics, where it effectively models nonlinear wave phenomena, including solitons and shock waves. Additionally, it provides crucial insights into wave propagation in biological systems and acoustics, making it a valuable tool for analyzing complex wave dynamics. Additionally, we investigate bifurcation and modulation instability within this equation, employing the improved Sardar subequation method and the ℛ′ℛ,1ℛ\left(\phantom{\rule[-0.75em]{}{0ex}},\frac{{ {\mathcal R} }^{^{\prime} }}{ {\mathcal R} },\frac{1}{ {\mathcal R} }\right) method to derive solitary wave solutions. These methods yield a diverse range of waveforms – hyperbolic, trigonometric, and rational functions – validated rigorously using Mathematica software for accuracy. Graphical representations vividly display various soliton patterns, such as singular, multi-singular, periodic singular, kink, anti-kink, bell-shaped, Kuznetsov–Ma Breather, and parabolic-shaped, highlighting their effectiveness in revealing innovative solutions. Furthermore, a comparative analysis verified the novelty of our derived soliton solutions. This research significantly contributes to advancing soliton solutions for the Sakovich equation, promising diverse applications across scientific disciplines.

Rohingya influx in Bangladesh destructed about 3200 ha of the reserved forest of Cox's Bazar South Forest Division for the construction of housing, other utilities, and firewood collection. To reduce soil erosion, the degraded sites were intervened with different slope management initiatives (without terrace, earthen terrace, bamboo terrace). Restoration initiatives were intensified in 2019 and 291.90 ha of degraded forest areas were brought under plantation. A soil quality baseline study was conducted in 2020. The present study monitored the changes in soil properties (bulk density, organic carbon, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and potassium) after four years in the restored sites. Comparatively, higher bulk density (1.61±0.03 g/cm3) and organic carbon (2.45±0.09 %) were observed for the control site soil and bamboo terrace, respectively. Similar pH (4.94±0.07 to 5.14±0.14) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) (109.99±38.17 µS/cm to 122.60±13.13 µS/cm) were observed for the soil of all slope management interventions. In the case of nutrients, higher concentrations of total nitrogen (0.09 %) and available potassium (94.79±22.63 µg/g) were detected for the soil of the bamboo terrace. Similar concentrations of available phosphorus were observed for all slope management interventions. The present study showed a significant (P(T

Abstract Two types of cells targeting Peptides, TAMS-1 (CSPGAKVRCY {Lys (Biotin)}) and MDSC-peptide (Biotin {PEG4}-MEWSLEKGYTIK), were synthesized for targeting CD206 M2 macrophage and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), respectively. Each peptide was coaxially electro sprayed where PCL (Polycaprolactone) is the core, and the peptide is the sheath to create a PCL nanoparticle with peptides. Electro spraying parameters included applying a voltage of 44 kV, humidity between 35–44%, tip to collector distance at 160 mm, core flow rate of 0.5 ml/hr, and a sheath flow rate of 0.7 ml/hr. UV–VIS (Ultraviolet–Visible) spectrometry, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) imaging, and in vivo biodistribution techniques were used to study the morphology and performance of the PCL-peptide nanoparticles. Peak absorbance values for PCL were found at around 275 nm. Peptides absorbance value was observed between 230 and 250 nm. Scanning Electron Microscope image shows nanoparticles as small as 100 nm and agglomerates as large as 1 µm. In-vivo biodistribution of PCL and CD206 M2 macrophage targeting peptide (TAMS-1) nanoparticles after intravenous injection in the tumor mice model showed uptake to the tumors. On the other hand, MDSC peptide did not show any uptake to the site of tumors. Most activity is shown in the intestine indicating excretion of the agents through the hepato-biliary system.

Floods are major Extreme Weather Events (EWEs) that are more frequent and intense. Floods has multifarious dire impacts on human health, but health implications of floods are limitedly examined from a gender lens, particularly in the context of developing countries, like Bangladesh. Floods periodically hit in Bangladesh. The 2017 was a catastrophic year for Bangladesh. The year experienced two consecutive floods that were more catastrophic in the last couple of decades and direly affected 24 districts of the country. The floods resulted in health stress and intensifying exposure to manifold health vulnerabilities. Our study aimed to investigate gendered health complications caused by the floods and the impacts of the confluence of the floods and vulnerabilities relating to water, sanitation, health care facilities on reproductive health. To explore gendered dimensions of health, we conducted 280 household surveys, 4 Focus Group Discussions, 4 In-Depth Interviews, and 6 Key Informant Interviews within the framework of mixed-method research in a northern flood-prone district named Jamalpur. Our findings showed that 84.6% of the respondents stated water gets polluted during floods, and 69.6% identified polluted water as a major challenge while collecting water during floods. Due to living with polluted floodwater, fever (66.4%) and diarrheal diseases (55.4%) were most common among women. In respect to reproductive health, 75% of the females reported improper menstrual management causing mental shocks and vaginal infections; over 66.4% females noted remaining without any measures. To mitigate health vulnerability, majority of the rural women (78.6%) encountered challenges – including the dearth of available medicine and poor transportation and communication. Health vulnerability also increased when poor communities failed to afford the cost of medicine because of poor economic condition and food insecurity. Consequently, our study recommends for fostering health education and the immediate deployment of health care facilities on an emergency basis to reduce health complications, especially among marginal groups (e.g., women and children). Future research can explore how the intersection of economic insecurity and flood whet differential health complications among poor and non-poor.

Abstract Background: Varicocele is an abnormal dilation and enlargement of the scrotal venous pampiniform plexus that impairs normal blood drainage and finally leads to infertility if not treated. Objective: This study aimed to figure out the impact of mitochondria status through the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assessment and its correlation with semen parameters to illuminate the impact of sperm mitochondria healthiness on normal sperm functionality. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted with 100 men including 50 cases in the normozoospermic group (normal) and 50 in an infertile group with the non-varicocelectomy operation (varicocele) referring to Infertility Research and Treatment Center, ACECR Khuzestan, Iran. Routine semen analysis was performed according to World Health Organization guidelines, DNA fragmentation index, the MMP assay, ATP content, and apoptosis were carried out for all samples. Results: The results showed that the concentration, progressive motility, normal morphology, MMP, and ATP contents of sperm in varicocele were significantly lower than the normal group. In addition, the sperm DNA fragmentation index was significantly higher in the varicocele group in comparison with the normal group. Conclusion: Reduction in MMP and ATP contents, besides the loss of sperm parameters quality and increase in sperm DNA fragmentation, were seriously implicating sperm mitochondria dysfunctionality in varicocele men.

Abstract Examining the condition of groundwater resources and the impact of droughts is valuable for effective water resources management. Today, machine learning (ML) models are recognized as one of the useful tools in time series predictions. In this study, the groundwater condition of one of the most important aquifers in northwest Iran was investigated using MODFLOW, followed by estimating the groundwater resource index (GRI) utilizing the multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) and least squares support vector regression (LSSVR) for a period between 2001 and 2019. Meteorological and hydrological drought indicators along with precipitation and flow rate were used as input variables for prediction. The simulation results revealed a groundwater level decrease since the aquifer withdrawal amount is more than the recharge amount. Besides, results showed that there is a limited interaction between surface water and groundwater resources, mainly caused by the decrease in the river flow and aquifer groundwater level drop. Both ML models performed well in GRI estimation, using groundwater flow, streamflow drought index, standardized precipitation index, and runoff as input variables. The performance of the MARS model with RMSE, MAE, and NSE error evaluation criteria of 0.37, − 0.19, and 0.83, respectively, exerted slightly better results than LSSVR with RMSE, MAE, and NSE of 0.48, − 0.06, and 0.80, respectively. The findings reveal the appropriate performance of both models in forecasting drought indicators, highlighting the necessity of using ML models in hydrology and drought prediction problems.

Abstract Background Biotechnology provides a cost-effective way to produce nanomaterials such as silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag2ONPs), which have emerged as versatile entities with diverse applications. This study investigated the ability of endophytic bacteria to biosynthesize Ag2ONPs. Results A novel endophytic bacterial strain, Neobacillus niacini AUMC-B524, was isolated from Lycium shawii Roem. & Schult leaves and used to synthesize Ag2ONPS extracellularly. Plackett–Burman design and response surface approach was carried out to optimize the biosynthesis of Ag2ONPs (Bio-Ag2ONPs). Comprehensive characterization techniques, including UV–vis spectral analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering analysis, Raman microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis, confirmed the precise composition of the Ag2ONPS. Bio-Ag2ONPs were effective against multidrug-resistant wound pathogens, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (1–25 µg mL−1). Notably, Bio-Ag2ONPs demonstrated no cytotoxic effects on human skin fibroblasts (HSF) in vitro, while effectively suppressing the proliferation of human epidermoid skin carcinoma (A-431) cells, inducing apoptosis and modulating the key apoptotic genes including Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Caspase-3 (Cas-3), and guardian of the genome (P53). Conclusions These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of Bio-Ag2ONPs synthesized by endophytic N. niacini AUMC-B524, underscoring their antibacterial efficacy, anticancer activity, and biocompatibility, paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies.

The linguistic symbols present in a particular work can convey a multitude of meanings contingent upon the mystic's spiritual experiences, temporal conditions, status, and life. A primary objective and methodology of semiotics is to investigate this horizon of meaning and reveal the process of creating meaning. Umberto Eco, through his mastery of various methods of semiotic analysis and the unique qualities of each method, has attempted to develop a synthetic and interpretative theory of semiotics. In this article, Ṣafwat al-Ṣafā, written by Ibn Bazzāz, has been chosen as the primary source for the study and research of dream and spiritual phenomena. Ṣafwat al-Ṣafā is a collection of the spiritual experiences of Sheikh Ṣafī al-Dīn Ardabīlī and his mentor, Sheikh Zāhed Gīlānī. This research aims to elucidate the process of producing spiritual phenomenon and its comprehension and interpretation. The research findings indicate that, although spiritual phenomena are typically considered as a message for the spiritual wayfarer (sālik) from the realm of archetypes (ʿālam maʿnā), from the perspective of the theory of "sign creation" and spiritual phenomenon, it is a coin which on one side is the path of communication between the spiritual wayfarer and the world of archetypes, and on the other side is message from the world of the archetypes to the spiritual wayfarer. The spiritual wayfarer is the recipient of this message; however, he is not able to comprehend the meaning of the message. They can only convert the message to linguistic signs. The pīr(spiritual guide) is the interpreter of the spiritual phenomenon, and it is the pīr who reveals the primary message of the phenomenon to the spiritual wayfarer. Furthermore, spiritual phenomena are signs that have different functions, such as the endeavor to "find the Truth" and "educational functions."

In this study, we examined the concentration and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organic matter pollution in sediments from Al Hoceima Bay on the Mediterranean coast of Morocco, and we also conducted a health risk assessment. In total, the samples were collected in 2019, 2020, and 2021 from 16 sampling sites and analyzed in the laboratory. The achieved results showed 18 types of PAHs and the average concentrations of PAHs and Organic matter were estimated at 14.2069 μg kg−1 ±30. and 1.73 % ± 0.24, each. The highest concentration of OM was recorded in S14 (3.85 % ± 4.07), mainly in 2020 and 2021 (1.95 % ± 2.47 and 1.88 % ± 0.88, respectively; p > 0.05). The highest concentrations of PAHs were recorded in S15 (22.56 μg kg−1±22.43), S13 (18.48 μg kg−1±20.85), and S8 (16.33 μg kg−1±14.85), mainly in 2019 (4.75 μg kg−1±1.39). The concentration of PAHs was significantly superior in September (16.09 μg kg−1 ±12.31) compared to March (10.62 μg kg−1±10.46). PAH, Naph, and Naph-2-m were the most dominant with concentrations of 99.09 μg kg−1±91.99 and 92.59 μg kg−1±91.08, respectively. Correspondence Analysis (CA) showed that in March and September of 2019, six sites (S1, S2, S10, S11, S14, and S16) showed a higher concentration of PAHs, in September 2020 two sites (S3 and S9) showed a higher concentration of PAHs, while in March 2021, (S4, S5, S6, S7 and 15) showed the highest concentration of PAHs. Sites S1 and S14 were characterized by Fle, Acy, Chy, BaA, Flu, Pyr, BbF, Bghip, DBahA, and IcdP, S2, S11, and S12 were associated with Phe, BaP, Ant, and BkF, and S3, S4, S7, S8, S9, S13, S15, and S16, were dominated by Naph, Naph-1-m, and Naph-2-m. In contrast, S5, S6, and S10 were dominated by Ace. These findings are suggested to offer a reference for future investigations. The gathered data in this study should be used as a baseline reference concentration and for risk assessment by policy and decision-makers to monitor biodiversity, sediment–water quality, and economic activities along the Moroccan Mediterranean coastal zones. The Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) values indicate a significant concern for human health, especially in September, with dermal contact being the primary exposure route. Furthermore, continued long-term monitoring is necessary to minimize human exposure to PAHs throughout the year.

Abstract Background and aims Hyperglycemia, also known as diabetes, is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the bloodstream. It can lead to the prolonged dysfunction, injury, and deterioration of several organs. In addition, dengue is a viral illness transmitted by mosquitoes that has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. In this article, we focused on the severity of comorbidities, difficulties in managing them, and preventive measures meant to lessen the risks associated with comorbidities in diabetic patients with dengue infection. Methods We explored a number of databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library, for this review article using various related keywords. Results The findings of this review article indicate that elderly dengue patients with diabetes should be admitted to the hospital for close observation and early management using fluid therapy. An observed association exists between dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and diabetes, indicating a possible consequence in this specific group. Additionally, patients with diabetes who contract dengue show elevated levels of inflammatory markers. Diabetes mellitus deteriorates the immune system, which exacerbates the progression of dengue fever. Cutting‐edge technology and scientific research may assist in addressing the challenges that diabetes and dengue viruses pose in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Implementing innovative diabetic care management is essential to ensuring consistency of care, improving a healthy lifestyle, and lowering patient risk factors and comorbidities. Conclusion Dengue fever has spread to epidemic levels throughout the world. Inflammatory markers increase and the prevalence of DHF is greater in diabetes individuals with dengue infection. Given the continued growth of dengue in Asian nations, it is imperative that we concentrate our efforts and resources on providing more precise and effective treatment for this emerging issue.

There are often outbreaks of infectious diseases on farms, which not only disrupt production but also cause significant economic losses. Vaccines are given to prevent the spread of these infectious diseases, but they produce only systemic antibodies or antibodies in the mucosa of a particular system. So, a new mucosal vaccination route is needed where the vaccine will produce antibodies in the systemic circulation as well as in the mucosa of many systems. In our study, the cloaca was targeted because it is associated with the mucosa of many systems. Whole-mount and routine histological staining show both lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissues in the lamina propria of cloaca. These lymphatic tissues are made up of Bu-1+ B-cells, CD3+ T-cells, and KUL01+ macrophages and monocytes. So, this is a new mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, named cloaca-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT). The CALT contains antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, MHC II molecules, and T cells) and is equipped with blood vessels and high endothelial venules, which indicate its functional status. More antibodies were produced in the treatment group compared to the vehicle control group after administration of the infectious bursal disease (IBD) and the Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine through cloaca. In addition, the cloaca-associated route produces a higher number of antibodies than the other traditional routes, which reveals the uniqueness of this route. Cloacal-vaccinated chickens showed less damage to the follicle and epithelium of the bursa of Fabricius compared to other groups, indicating its lower cytotoxic effect. Therefore, the cloaca-associated mucosal vaccination route produces more antibodies than other mucosal vaccination routes, which will protect the chickens on the farm to a greater extent.

Primary pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a very rare presentation of MALT lymphoma. The presence of a completely negative autoimmune and inflammatory background makes it a real challenge and very rare presentation (probably the second reported case in the literature). We report a case of primary pulmonary MALT lymphoma with negative autoimmune background, demonstrating as multifocal bulky variceal masses causing significant clinical symptoms.

Today, in many countries of the world, including Iran, defense industries are facing the challenge of financing, and on the other hand, these industries have many capacities that non-defense sectors can benefit from. Based on this, both defense and non-defense industries and the national innovation ecosystem in general benefit from the commercialization and transfer of defense technologies. The main goal of this article is to identify the most important challenges, requirements and methods of commercialization of defense technologies, meanwhile, political approaches and factors affecting the commercialization of these technologies are also mentioned.In order to achieve this goal, a systematic review approach was used to integrate previous research, and after the necessary screenings, 24 articles were selected for analysis according to their purpose and topic. By comparing and categorizing the extracted codes, it is concluded that in order to develop the commercialization of defense technologies, the challenges of this field such as legal barriers and low agility of the defense industries must be solved first, then by committing to certain requirements Because the non-linear view of commercialization and attention to the complexities of the process, the attention to the dissemination of military technologies and the dual-purpose approach, the allocation of subsidies and the incentives that stimulate the dissemination in defense organizations, increasing flexibility, helping to Creation of intermediary institutions, development of dual-purpose infrastructure, creation of ecosystem and parallel commercialization structures, a suitable commercialization method among methods such as dual-purpose, licensing, strategic partnership, company He chose reproductive and mediating technologies.

In recent decades, there have been initiatives to incorporate carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) into cement composites, particularly graphene oxide (GO), carbon nanotubes, graphite (GP), and mild carbon (MC). Nevertheless, little is known about how these CNMs interact with the cement matrix itself. In this research, the impact of CNM incorporation at high temperatures (250, 500, 750, and 1,000°C) on cement’s mechanical characteristics and microstructure was investigated. Nine mixes were created with the CNM content (0.1 and 0.3%) being taken into consideration. The microstructure of the CNM composites was further investigated using X-ray diffractometry, thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry, digital microscopy, and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Based on research observations, the study demonstrated that the mechanical properties of most specimens could be enhanced through the introduction of CNMs. The recommended proportions of GP-0.1, GO-0.1, and MC-0.1, in accordance with the weight of the binder, and the impact of the CNMs on the elastic modulus were also assessed. As a consequence, the CNM’s porous structure and apparent crack pattern were identified using microstructure analysis.

The primary causes of low sesame production are a lack of high-yielding varieties, an inability to adjust to environmental challenges, and a poor response to enhanced crop management. The potential for improving sesame has been investigated using a variety of breeding approaches, including mutation and recombination breeding; however, these methods have only produced a minor increase in productivity. Recombination and mutant breeding have recently been proposed as novel, cutting-edge approaches to overcome the limitations of conventional breeding practices. This study was conducted to assess the recurrent mutagenesis efficacy of sesame crosses, followed by the isolation and evaluation of superior breeding lines that could be released as varieties in the future. In the F4M4 generation, the populations were grown in a randomized block design (RBD), and the efficacy of recurrent mutagenesis was assessed in terms of variability parameters such as the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. During the F5M5 generation, the materials were grown in three separate trials in Compact Family Block Design to evaluate the between-family and within-family variations, followed by the isolation of improved breeding lines based on per se performance. The improved breeding lines were further advanced to the F6M6 generation for evaluation in three separate trials in an RBD. In the F6M6 generation, ANOVA, correlation, regression, path coefficient, and Mahalanobis’s D 2 analysis were computed, followed by the construction of selection indices to select superior lines. The results showed the importance of three or four EMS treatment cycles for sesame improvement in the F4M4 generation. Twenty of the top lines based on per se performance (with a selection intensity of 27%) from each category in the F5M5 generation were carried forward to the F6M6 generation. In the F6M6 generation, the top six breeding lines (with a selection intensity of 30%) from each category, for a total of 18 breeding lines, were chosen based on these index scores. These high-yielding micromutant lines could be subsequently released as varieties through multiplication trials with standard checks. After a thorough evaluation, these lines have the potential to replace the current varieties and increase production, productivity, and adoption of sesame in India.

Nevertheless, the growing salt stress in arable areas poses a significant threat to agricultural production. The current study utilised zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using an extract obtained from the leaves of Moringa oleifera (MOLe). The purpose was to reduce the detrimental effect of salinity on the Vicia faba L. (VF) cultivar (Nubaria 3). The biochemical and molecular characteristics of plants grown in saline settings were assessed 60 days after planting. The expression levels of plant defence genes polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POX) in VF leaves were analysed at different time points. The synthesised NPs improve osmotic protection in plants under salt stress by elevated levels of pigments involved in photosynthesis. In addition, there was a significant increase in the levels of biochemical parameters, such as total phenol, proline, and antioxidant enzyme activities. In addition, the use of MOLe and MOLe@ZnONPs on the plants resulted in an increase in ion content and a considerable rise in the expression of Vf POX and Vf PPO genes when exposed to salt conditions. The findings suggest that the use of MOLe and MOLe@ZnONPs was more efficient in aiding the plant to recover from the negative impact of salt stress.

Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important vegetable cum spice crops grown throughout the world. Evaluation of genotypes based on morphological and yield contributing traits provides the opportunity to assess variability and select superior genotypes. The present investigation was carried out from April 2018 to November 2018 in the summer season and from December 2018 to June 2019 in the winter season in a net house and field, respectively, in the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh. A set of 30 qualitative and 13 quantitative characteristics developed by Biodiversity International were recorded to evaluate the genotypes for morphological and yield-contributing traits. The estimated Shannon–Weaver diversity for qualitative traits ranged from 0 to 1.334, where the maximum diversity was recorded for fruit color at an intermediate stage, stem color after transplanting, fruit surface, stigma position, calyx margin shape, and fruit set, while the minimum diversity (H′ = 0) was observed for the traits corolla shape and anthocyanin spots, indicating no diversity of these traits. Thirteen quantitative traits were also analyzed for the selection of the genotypes with the greatest yield. The quantitative traits also exhibited a wide range of variability according to descriptive statistics and analysis of variance. Moreover, the present study revealed a high heritability for almost all of the quantitative traits, which was confirmed by the values of genotypic coefficient of variation, phenotypic coefficient of variation, h 2 b, and GA for both the summer and winter seasons. This suggests that these traits are predominantly governed by additive genes, making them highly amenable to effective selection. The heatmap analysis based on the morphological quantitative traits revealed five clusters for both the summer and winter seasons for the studied chili genotypes, four distinct clusters in the summer season, and three distinct clusters in the winter season for the parameters studied. Using the multi-trait genotype–ideotype distance index based on multiple trait information, the genotypes R-06, R-07, C0525-2, BARI (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute) Morich-2, Tengakhali, and Rcy 002 were selected as promising for both the summer and winter seasons. Hence, they are recommended for commercial cultivation or use as parent materials in future breeding for the development of new cultivars adaptable to climate change.

Abstract Pain-insomnia-depression syndrome (PIDS) is a complex triad of chronic pain, insomnia, and depression that has profound effects on an individual's quality of life and mental health. The pathobiological context of PIDS involves complex neurobiological and physiological mechanisms, including alterations in neurotransmitter systems and impaired pain processing pathways. The first-line therapeutic approaches for the treatment of chronic pain, depression, and insomnia are a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies. In cases where patients do not respond adequately to these treatments, additional interventions such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be required. Despite advances in understanding and treatment, there are still gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed. To improve our understanding, future research should focus on conducting longitudinal studies to uncover temporal associations, identify biomarkers and genetic markers associated with PIDS, examine the influence of psychosocial factors on treatment responses, and develop innovative interventions that address the complex nature of PIDS. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of these components and to discuss their underlying pathobiological relationships.

Abstract This study examines the relationship between macroeconomic variables and stock price indices of four prominent OPEC oil-exporting members. Bayesian model averaging (BMA) and regularized linear regression (RLR) are employed to address uncertainties arising from different estimation models and variable selection. Jointness is utilized to determine the nature of relationships among variable pairs. The case study spans macroeconomic variables and stock prices from 1996 to 2018. BMA findings reveal a strong positive association between stock price indices and both consumer price index (CPI) and broad money growth in each analyzed OPEC country. Additionally, the study suggests a weak negative correlation between OPEC oil prices and the stock price index. RLR results align with BMA analysis, offering insights valuable for policymakers and international wealth managers.

Ethics in interaction with law as a normative system overseeing behavior and social relations, controls humans in their individual and social life within the framework of reason and logic. Compensation for damages is one of the most important issues in the field of civil liability, and the method and quality of compensation has important personal and social effects and the discussion of moral foundations in the method of compensation strengthens the general acceptance and the perspective of realizing social justice. the approach of playing the role of the cause of damage in compensating all types of damage (material, spiritual, physical) with the acceptance and satisfaction of the victim is a secondary agreement in choosing the method and quality of objective compensation that replaces the primary damage. and by examining and conforming it to moral principles such as justice, fairness, goodwill and negation of difficulty and embarrassment, it is preferable and superior to any method and quality of compensation, including monetary method which is studied in the present research with a descriptive-analytical method of moral foundations, with a comparative view of French and English law. the compliance of this approach with the aforementioned ethical principles is as follows with the description of the information and nobles of the perpetrator of the loss and the victim on the amount of damage and the proportional compensation method, on the one hand, all the damages caused to the victim will be compensated. on the other hand, according to the condition of the person causing the loss and the facilities of the person causing the loss, the mentioned difficulty and embarrassment will be avoided.

Background: The quality and manner of couples’ communication in sexual matters is one of the most important and effective variables on the couples’ sexual health and satisfaction. The aim of this study was to discover the factors affecting the couples’ sexual communication from the perspective of couples’ therapists, couples, and research.Methods: The present study was conducted qualitatively using the grounded theory method that has three statistical population. In the research section, electronic resources, books, dissertations, and valid journals were used. In interviewing all the Iranian couple therapists and interviewing all couples who were referred to counseling centers in Mashhad, purposeful sampling was used. Data were collected using semi-structured and interactive interviews. For the validity of the data, after saturation, 2 more people were added, and the interview continued. Finally, 13 couple therapists and 21 couples were interviewed. MAXQDA20 software was used for data analysis.Results: In the text analysis of the interviews with couple therapists, in open coding 62 categories and in axial coding 14 categories; in interviews with couples, in open coding 56 categories and in axial coding 14 categories; and in qualitative analysis of research, in open coding 42 categories and in axial coding 13 categories were obtained. Finally, with the use of triangulation, three main categories of couple, individual, and situation were identified.Conclusion: According to the results obtained, couple therapists are advised to have a combination of multidimensional attitudes towards the couples’ sexual communication and pay attention to it in therapeutic and educational sessions.

In this study, we evaluated the pollution in Al Hoceima Bay (Southwestern Mediterranean, Morocco) by microplastics. Nine stations were investigated in 2019, 2020, and 2021, using the Manta net and the microplastics were identified and quantified with Raman Spectroscopy. The obtained results showed that fibers, fragments, pellets, and films were the predominant types of microplastics. The dominant size of microplastics ranged from 0.15 to5 mm while 0.3–0.5 mm was the most prevalent with 46.97 %. Seven colours counting white and blue as dominant items were recorded. The abundance of microplastics was 1–15 items/m3, with an average of 4.70 ± 4.50 items/m3. Four polymers dominated by Polyethylene (67.4 %), Polypropylene (23.2 %), Polystyrene (7.1 %), and Polyethylene Terephthalates (2.3 %) were identified. The spatial distribution of microplastics was variable. The abundance of microplastics was not related to the distance separating potential sources from the sampled stations. Our study provided the initial data on microplastics and their distribution along the Mediterranean coasts of Morocco, recommended for future investigations of marine pollution in the Mediterranean basin.

Introduction: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder affecting a substantial portion of the global population. While the prevalence of IBS is well-documented worldwide, limited research has explored its occurrence and associated factors among medical students in Bangladesh, a population exposed to high academic stress. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of IBS among medical students and investigate its potential association with stress levels and the dormitory lifestyle. Methods: Data were collected from 402 medical students using a self-administered questionnaire covering sociodemographic information, academic stress, lifestyle factors, and the Rome III Criteria for diagnosing IBS. Statistical analysis included bivariate and logistic regression analyses to identify significant associations and predictors of IBS prevalence. Results: This study among 402 university students found an overall irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) prevalence of 22.88 %, with 35.87 % diarrhea-predominant, 26.08 % constipation-predominant, and 38.04 % mixed subtype. Hostel residents had 2.11 times higher adjusted odds of IBS (95 % CI: 1.05–4.25, p 3 years of hostel stay. Age 23–28 years (OR = 1.86, p = 0.030), lack of senior support (OR = 2.36, p = 0.05), second study phase (OR = 2.43, p = 0.002), inadequate exercise (OR = 2.11, p = 0.036), and frequent fatty food intake (OR = 2.98, p = 0.03) increased IBS risk. Higher academic stress (OR = 2.03, p = 0.002) predicted IBS, with 54.44 % vs. 43.78 % (p = 0.035) high stress among hostel residents who exercised less (48.23 % vs. 51.77 %) and consumed more fatty foods (53.33 % vs. 46.67 %). Mediation analysis revealed dormitory living impacts stress, physical activity, and diet - established IBS risk factors. Conclusion: The high prevalence of IBS among medical students in Bangladesh highlights the need for interventions to address changeable factors like academic stress, dormitory living conditions, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy eating habits to improve their health and wellness.

Deanna Yiu,* Prince Okong’o,* Humza Hossain* Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Buckingham Medical School, Buckingham, UK*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Deanna Yiu, Student Post Room, The University of Buckingham, Hunter Street Buckingham MK18 1EG, Buckingham, UK, Email deannayiu@gmail.com

The Maddhapara Granite Mine is a significant contributor to Bangladesh's economy, causing considerable environmental concern due to the discharge of untreated mine water. This water presents possible hazards to local ecosystems, agriculture, and public health. For this investigation, we obtained water samples from 15 distinct places in the vicinity of the granite mine. A comprehensive analysis of the physicochemical properties was conducted including pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and dissolved oxygen (DO) and an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer to quantify the heavy metals’ levels, specifically Ni, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu, and Cr, following the requirements set by the World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and Department of Energy (DoE) in Bangladesh. The study was carried out on various pollution indices i.e., Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI), Heavy Metal Evaluation Index (HEI), and Degree of Contamination (Cd). The pH of the samples varied from 6.27 to 8.86. Furthermore, the samples’ TDS and EC ranged from 36 mg/l to 392.56 mg/l and 102.78 μS/cm to 611.51 μS/cm, respectively. The HPI values exhibited substantial variation, with the highest HPI-a (WHO) measuring 52215.6, indicating a severe level of heavy metal contamination. Similarly, the HEI-a (WHO) reached a maximum value of 1252.45, while the highest contamination degree (Cd-a, WHO) was 1248.45 and these results are beyond the acceptable limits for human consumption and ecological balance. Immediate actions are required to develop treatment technologies and management strategies to prevent the potential health risks associated with using untreated mine wastewater.

Breast cancer emerges as one of the most prevalent malignancies in women, its incidence showing a concerning upward trend. Among the diverse array of breast cancer subtypes, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) assumes notable significance, due to lack of estrogen, progesterone, and HER-2 receptors. More focus has to be placed on creating effective therapy due to the high prevalence and rising incidence of TNBC. Currently, conventional passive treatments have several drawbacks that have not yet been resolved. On the other hand, as innovative immunotherapy approaches, cancer vaccines have offered promising prospects in combatting advanced stages of TNBC. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to utilize WT1 and NY-ESO-1 antigenic proteins in designing a multiepitope vaccine against TNBC. Initially, to generate robust immune responses, we identified antigenic epitopes of both proteins and assessed their immunogenicity. In order to reduce junctional immunogenicity, promiscuous epitopes were joined using the suitable adjuvant (50S ribosomal L7/L12 protein) and incorporated appropriate linkers (GPGPG, AAY, and EAAAK). The best predicted 3D model was refined and validated to achieve an excellent 3D model. Molecular docking analysis and dynamic simulation were conducted to demonstrate the structural stability and integrity of the vaccine/TLR-4 complex. Finally, the vaccine was cloned into the vector pET28 (+). Thus, analysis of the constructed vaccine through immunoinformatics indicates its capability to elicit robust humoral and cellular immune responses in the targeted organism. As such, it holds promise as a therapeutic weapon against TNBC and may open doors for further research in the field.

Salinity intrusion into the freshwater system due to climate change and anthropogenic activities is a growing global concern, which has made humans and domesticated animals more susceptible to diseases, resulting in less productivity. However, the effects of salinity on domesticated and wild birds, especially in terms of production and immunity, have not been fully elucidated yet. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the effects of salinity on the production and immunity of birds and the mechanisms by which immunity is compromised. Broiler chicks were subjected to different concentrations of salty water (control = normal water, treatment = 5 g/L, treatment = 10 g/L, and treatment = 15 g/L). The collected blood and organs from different groups of broilers were biochemically and histopathologically examined. Birds in salt-treated groups consumed significantly less feed than the control group, while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly higher. Body weight gain was significantly lower in salt-treated groups compared to control. Serum analysis revealed a lower systemic antibody titer in the salt-treated groups compared to the control. Primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bursa of Fabricius) were reduced in size in the salt-treated group due to cellular migration and depletion from these organs. Importantly, most of the parenchyma of lymphoid organs was replaced with fibrotic tissue. Gut microbes, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella spp., from salt-treated groups, showed less viability but developed antibiotic resistance. Levels of salinity were significantly and negatively correlated with feed intake, body weight gain, antibody titer, lymphoid organ size, and viable count of gut microbes, while FCR, fibrosis of lymphoid organs, and antibiotic resistance were significant positively correlated. In conclusion, increased salinity is a possible threat to food security and safety as it decreases body weight gain, reduces immunity, and influences the development of multi-drug resistance in gut microbes.

In the present study, we intend to evaluate the effect of temperature on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of tin oxide. For this purpose, tin oxide micro-flowers were prepared by the hydrothermal method at two different hydrothermal temperatures of 130 and 150°C. The synthesized samples were investigated and characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The XRD results showed that the synthesized samples have single-phase crystallinity with a rutile structure. The mean crystallite size for synthesized Micro- flowers was calculated by the Debby-Scherrer equation and the values were 21 and 28 nm for 130 and 150°C respectively. The results of FESEM showed the morphology of tin oxide is Micro-flower for both temperatures and increasing the temperature from 130 to 150°C caused the morphology of tin oxide samples to change from Micro-flowers consisting of nanoparticles to Micro-flowers consisting of nanoplates. The optical bandgap was increased, whereas the refractive index decreased by increasing temperature from 130 to 150°C.

Firms’ decisions are not independent of their peers. This study aims to assess the impact of peer pressure on firms’ dividend policy. In a sample of 29 firms from 2014–2020, this study employed a fixed effect regression model and revealed that Bangladeshi firms adjusted their dividend policy in response to their peers. Firms adjust the dividend payout ratio (DPR) by 5.6 percent as a response to their peers. Social learning theory, reputation-based model of peer influence, persuasion bias and rivalry-based theory of mimicking explain how peer influence affects a firm’s dividend policy. The findings of positive peer effects on dividend policy are robust to an alternative proxy of dividend policy – dividend yield. Therefore, the study implied that managers’ decisions regarding the dividend policy are not independent of their peer firms. Investors can adjust their expectations of a firm’s dividend policy based on the overall dividend policy in the industry.

The hunt for renewable and alternative fuels has driven research towards the biological conversion of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) into biofuels, including bioethanol and biohydrogen. Among the natural biomass utilization systems (NBUS), termites represent a unique and easy-to-access model system to study host–microbe interactions towards lignocellulose bioconversion/valorization. Termites have gained significant interest due to their highly efficient lignocellulolytic systems. The wood-feeding termites apply a unique and stepwise process for the hydrolysis of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose via biocatalytic processes; therefore, mimicking their digestive metabolism and physiochemical gut environments might lay the foundation for an innovative design of nature-inspired biotechnology. This review highlights the gut system of termites, particularly the wood-feeding species, as a unique model for future biorefinery. The gut system of termites is a treasure-trove for prospecting novel microbial species, including protists, bacteria, and fungi, having higher biocatalytic efficiencies and biotechnological potentials. The significance of potential bacteria and fungi for harnessing the enzymes appropriate for lignocellulosic biorefinery is also discussed. Termite digestomes are rich sources of lignocellulases and related enzymes that could be utilized in various industrial processes and biomass-related applications. Consideration of the host and symbiont as a single functioning unit will be one of the most crucial strategies to expedite developments in termite-modeled biotechnology in the future.

Abstract The mutual interplays between plate tectonic processes, orogenesis and continental uplift, high-flux magmatism, and high sedimentation rates can affect the geochemical signatures and composition of marine sediments. Here, we examine two major disconformities, the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary (CT-ES) and the middle Turonian (mT-ES) exposure surfaces, from the Upper Cretaceous sedimentary successions of the southeastern Neo-Tethys Ocean in the Zagros Basin (Iran). The disconformities are expressed as distinct positive peaks in rubidium (Rb) contents and 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratios of carbonates. The 87Sr/86Sr values of samples bracketing the disconformities in seven well cores give average age ranges of 94.4–93.6 Ma for the CT-ES and 91–86 Ma for the mT-ES. These ages fall in the timespan of forearc/ophiolite formation through subduction initiation in the Neo-Tethys realm (southern margin of Eurasia), high convergence velocities between Arabia and Eurasia, and blueschist exhumation. All these processes involved buckling of the Neo-Tethyan lithosphere, initiating the Neo-Tethys closure and a high erosion rate on the Eurasian margin. The first two mechanisms exerted considerable compressional forces on the adjacent carbonate platforms, reactivated basement faults, and led to the uplift and erosion of the Arabian Plate, which provided the high contents of Rb and the high 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the carbonates.

Foot and root rot is one of the most serious yield-reducing diseases in peas. Fusarium oxysporum and Sclerotium rolfsii are primarily responsible for the development of pea foot and root rot diseases. This study was conducted to test the fungicide of the Trichoderma group for the control of foot and root rot in peas. Bio-fungicidal treatments of the Trichoderma group-Decoprima (T2), Lycomax (T3), Dynamic (T4), Tricost (T5), Provax 200 (T6), and Trichoderma (T7)-were used to compare results with untreated control plots. Lycomax (T3) performed well in suppressing pea foot and root rot disease, as well as other growth traits across different days after sowing (DAS). Lycomax (T3) gave the highest yield (39.81 g/plot) at 92 DAS compared to other treatments and untreated plots (11.67 g/plot). Although the chemical treatment Provax 200 (T6) controlled pea foot and root rot disease and yielded 33.76 g/plot, it is not eco-friendly. Lycomax (T3) achieved the greatest results at 75 DAS in all traits, including surviving seedlings (64.67/plot), infected plants (4/plot), plant height (67.33 cm/plot), and root branches per plant (33.33/plot). The plot treated with Lycomax (T3) had the greatest root length (28.33 cm/plot), root nodules (30.33/plant/plot), and branches (33.33/plant/plot) at 82 days after sowing. The flowers (76/plot) and pods (12.33/plot) peaked at 65 and 75 DAS, respectively. The current study has demonstrated that Lycomax (generic name: Trichoderma) is the best bio-fungicide to treat pea foot and root rot disease in an eco-friendly manner and boost production by improving plant health.

Abstract Background and objectives Virtual reality dental simulators as an educational tool may create specific training conditions for dental students, allowing them to practice dental skills in a safe and controlled condition. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of virtual reality-based education in dental education compared to traditional education approaches. Methods In this systematic review, four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct) were searched until 2023 following PRISMA guidelines. The Quality assessment and risk of bias were assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration Tool for RCTs and GRADE, respectively. Inclusion criteria were restricted to randomized or quasi-randomized trials about virtual reality efficacy in dental education. Two authors independently evaluated the data and reviewed the overall risk of bias for all selected studies. Study design, sample size, hardware, onset time of intervention, duration, and number of procedures performed were among the data extracted. Results From the 703 titles, 48 full texts were chosen for review, yielding 14 articles for final inclusion. The review of these articles indicated the effective role of virtual reality dental simulators in improving students' knowledge and practical skills. Conclusions Based on our findings, adding haptic technology to virtual reality can improve students' practical skills, hand skills, theoretical knowledge, self-confidence, and learning environment. Although a fair amount of research needs to be done, notably on cost-effectiveness, student satisfaction, and other potentially adverse effects, virtual reality is a growing phenomenon with immense potential.

Objective: Insufficient sleep is linked to several health problems. Previous studies on the effects of sleep deprivation on cortical excitability using conventional transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) included a limited number of modalities, and few inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) and showed conflicting results. This study aimed to investigate the effects of sleep deprivation on cortical excitability through threshold-tracking TMS, using a wide range of protocols at multiple ISIs. Methods: Fifteen healthy subjects (mean age ± SD: 36 ± 3.34 years) were included. The following tests were performed before and after 24 h of sleep deprivation using semi-automated threshold-tacking TMS protocols: short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) at 11 ISIs between 1 and 30 ms, short interval intracortical facilitation (SICF) at 14 ISIs between 1 and 4.9 ms, long interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) at 6 ISIs between 50 and 300 ms, and short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) at 12 ISIs between 16 and 30 ms. Results: No significant differences were observed between pre- and post-sleep deprivation measurements for SICI, ICF, SICF, or LICI at any ISIs (p

We examine the key drivers behind management decisions on share repurchase from various theoretical perspectives, including the free cash flow theory and the signaling theory/hypothesis. Specifically, we investigate the relationship between share repurchase and three key drivers: surplus cash, undervaluation, and leverage, along with several control variables. Using a sample of UK-listed non-financial companies from 2012 to 2022, we apply logistic regression, standard OLS regression, and Tobit regression to identify the factors influencing share repurchase. Our findings reveal that firms repurchase shares to distribute cash to shareholders with surplus cash and Surplus investing cash flow. This study also finds that undervalued smaller firms with lower market-to-book ratios and lower leverage are more likely to repurchase shares. Our study highlights the key factors motivating companies’ share repurchases, such as undervaluation, surplus cash, and leverage, examined from various theoretical perspectives, including the free cash flow theory and signaling theory. Focusing on the UK context, as well as adding a new angle in regard to applying logistic regression, standard OLS regression, and Tobit regression in combination, this research contributes to the existing body of knowledge in corporate finance. The outcome of the study has plausible implications for financial managers and investors in selecting stocks. Its practical implications will help investors gain a better understanding of the factors and forces influencing share repurchase decisions.

Background: Fruit bats are natural carriers of Nipah virus (NiV). The primary objective of this study is to identify potential reservoir species in a selected geographic regions. It is necessary to determine an accurate species identification of the associated reservoir bat species distributed in a specific region. Results: In this study, we collected 20 different bat specimens from the NiV-prone area of the Kushtia district. Among these, 14 were tissue samples (BT-1–14) and six were fecal samples (BF-1–6). We used the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b, one of the most abundant and frequently used genetic markers, for polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing. Out of the 20 samples, 12 tissue samples and 2 fecal samples were successfully amplified and sequenced. However, two tissue samples and four fecal samples yielded chimeric sequences, rendering them unsuitable for annotation. The sequences of the successfully amplified samples were compared to those deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database using basic local alignment search tool to identify the bat specimen collected. The study identified six different bat species using both morphological and genetic data, which may carriers of the NiV. Conclusions: Our results suggest that additional research should be conducted to gather more information on fruit bats from different localities across the country. The study contributes to the establishment of appropriate measures for NiV carrying disease control and management.

ABSTRACT The emergence of oxacillin-susceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (OS-MRSA) has imposed further challenges to the clinical management of MRSA infections. When exposed to β-lactam antibiotics, these strains can easily acquire reduced β-lactam susceptibility through chromosomal mutations, including those in RNA polymerase (RNAP) genes such as rpoBC, which may then lead to treatment failure. Despite the increasing prevalence of such strains and the apparent challenges they pose for diagnosis and treatment, there is limited information available on the actual mechanisms underlying such chromosomal mutation-related transitions to reduced β-lactam susceptibility, as it does not directly associate with the expression of mecA. This study investigated the cellular physiology and metabolism of six missense mutants with reduced oxacillin susceptibility, each carrying respective mutations on RpoBH929P, RpoBQ645H, RpoCG950R, RpoCG498D, RpiAA64E, and FruBA211E, using capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis. Our results showed that rpoBC mutations caused RNAP transcription dysfunction, leading to an intracellular accumulation of ribonucleotides. These mutations also led to the accumulation of UDP-Glc/Gal and UDP-GlcNAc, which are precursors of UTP-associated peptidoglycan and wall teichoic acid. Excessive amounts of building blocks then contributed to the cell wall thickening of mutant strains, as observed in transmission electron microscopy, and ultimately resulted in decreased susceptibility to β-lactam in OS-MRSA.IMPORTANCEThe emergence of oxacillin-susceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (OS-MRSA) strains has created new challenges for treating MRSA infections. These strains can become resistant to β-lactam antibiotics through chromosomal mutations, including those in the RNA polymerase (RNAP) genes such as rpoBC, leading to treatment failure. This study investigated the mechanisms underlying reduced β-lactam susceptibility in four rpoBC mutants of OS-MRSA. The results showed that rpoBC mutations caused RNAP transcription dysfunction, leading to an intracellular accumulation of ribonucleotides and precursors of peptidoglycan as well as wall teichoic acid. This, in turn, caused thickening of the cell wall and ultimately resulted in decreased susceptibility to β-lactam in OS-MRSA. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in OS-MRSA and highlight the importance of continued research in developing effective treatments to combat antibiotic resistance.