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COVID-19 outbreak is global disease that impact most of industries in the world. Tourism is one of industry shocked by COVID-19. Curfew policy and social distance caused most of tourism sector such as tourism, hotel, and restaurant were closed. The purpose of this study is to analyze financial statement of tourism industries in Indonesia and Türkiye using financial ratio analysis. We employ financial analysis of credit (risk) analysis and profitability analysis during lockdown. We employ 27 financial statements of tourism firms in both countries in 2020. Based on the result, we found that profitability ratio that have significant differences in both countries such as ROA, ROE, and net margin. Although other measurement such as, current asset ratio, quick ratio, asset turn over, debt to equity ratio, and short term debt to equity ratio have no significant. The result informs that tourism of listed firms in Indonesia and Türkiye have significantly difference in profitability ratio. However, capability of managing liquidity, utilizing asset and managing capital structure and solvency has no significant difference. The result implies that tourism industries both in Indonesia and Türkiye have similar issues in liquidity, utilizing asset, and solvency, because they have to face diminishing income during COVID-19. Hence, it will effect on the liquidity.

There is no doubt that coronavirus has succeeded in crippling businesses and people worldwide. It has led to unprecedented economic crisis in countries around the world. The tourism sector isn’t an exception to its devastating impacts. The virus has succeeded in affecting not just the economy. In addition to such, job opportunities, and regional developments in local communities have been greatly affected. Tourism throughout the world has been stagnant since the month of April 2020 due to the advent of COVID-19. Given this temporary problem, economies and employment rates have been affected to a great extent. Also, local communities around the world are struggling to survive. In most countries, 50% the revenue generated from exports is contributed by tourism. This means it is a major contributor of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) as well as employment. The major aim of this paper is to carry out an objective review that can enable researchers and experts understand as well as manage the impacts of COVID-19 on tourism. For this to be achieved, this paper discussed the transformational opportunities presented by COVID-19 including questions that it raises. The paper attempts to identify pre-assumptions, institutions, and fundamental values which the tourism industry including other academia need to challenge for development to be achieved. Furthermore, the paper discusses the major impacts, experiences and behaviors being experienced by the 3 stakeholders in the tourism industry – social cost, supply, and demand. Just as measures have been adopted by countries to ameliorate the situation, recommendations have been put forward to ensure speedy recovery of the sector.

The purpose of this study is to determine the reasons; “why are chefs always male” in the kitchens of hotels. Food cultures of countries, cooking techniques, eating styles are some of the subjects in the study area of gastronomy science. Chefs are one of the primary elements that contribute to the development of food culture. Cook chefs are at the center of the present study. The scientific discipline “Workforce in Working Life” continues to do research about Cook Chefs. In this study, the gender and reasons of chefs working in the kitchens of 4 and 5 star hotels serving in the field of tourism in the world were researched demographically. Four continents, five countries from each continent, two cities from each country and ten international 4 and 5 star chain hotels in each city were selected. In the first section of the study, it was observed that most of the chefs working in hotels were male. In the second section, the reasons why most of the chefs are male were examined scientifically. As a result, it was determined that the working conditions of chefs are difficult for women hence the high number of male chefs.

Tourism industry has been recognised as one of the important industries which contributed to the country’s economic growth. Thus, it has become essential to investigate the aspects which could strengthen the service provision in the hotel industry in Malaysia. The motive of this paper is to investigate the effects of managerial coaching (MC) on the willingness of frontline service employees to practise service-oriented citizenship behaviours (SOCB) using employees’ commitment to service quality (ECSQ) as mediator. A total of 398 questionnaires have been completed and were applied for data analysis. Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was employed to test the hypotheses. Results indicated MC and ECSQ significantly affect frontline service employees’ SOCB. Moreover, the results show that ECSQ has partially mediated the relationship between MC and SOCB.

In the realm of film tourism, film-induced effects have been identified to be integral factors in the formation of intentions of a viewer to visit a destination. Grounded on the stimulus-organism-response (SOR) model, the present study aims to examine how Korean film-induced effects (visual, vocal, and celebrity) influence viewers’ intention to visit South Korea. Furthermore, it investigates the intervening role of country image on the relationship between film-induced effects and intention to visit South Korea. The respondents were Filipino viewers of Korean movies and dramas, and they were selected using the river sampling technique. Using variance-based (partial least squares) path modelling, the results revealed that film-induced effects significantly and positively influence viewers’ intention to visit South Korea, and visual effect largely contributes to the formation of these intentions. Country image was also found to significantly influence intention to visit, and act as a mediator on the link between film-induced visual effect and intention to visit South Korea. The present study addresses the gap in literature as it showed the indirect role of country image on the relationship between film-induced visual effect and intention to visit South Korea.

This study aims to explore air passengers’ relational behaviours in terms of advocacy and openness by considering the overall airport environment, perceived image, and memorable experience in the context of international airports. The data was gathered from 879 respondents who are experienced airport users. This study employs partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) to verify the validity and accuracy of the research model. The overall airport environment was established with the second-order formative construct of six dimensions, namely, information and layout, terminal ambience, security, passenger facilities, gate area, and leisure and entertainment. Findings enhance knowledge of the formation process of airport image and memorable travel experience and provide insights into tourism and airport literature, particularly from the perspectives of air passengers. This study also discusses practical implications.

Köpük silindir (KS) ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar incelendiğinde, özellikle nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden faydalanılarak bu çalışmaların tasarlandığı görülmektedir. Ancak nicel yöntemlerle, psikolojik açıdan bir konunun derinlemesine incelemesi pek mümkün olmamaktadır. Dolayısıyla KS’nin nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden faydalanılarak etkilerinin incelenmesi, uygulama sonrası bireylerde oluşturduğu duygu durumu ve hissin derinlemesine araştırılmasını mümkün kılacaktır. Bu bağlamda bu araştırmanın amacı düzenli antrenman yapan ve sürekli gecikmiş kas ağrılarına maruz kalan fitness sporcularının toparlanmasında KS’nin etkilerini nitel bir yöntemle incelemektir. Nitel veri toplama teknikleri ile ele alınan bu araştırmada, yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma grubuna dahil edilen katılımcılar amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden ölçüt örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Katılımcılar antrenmandan hemen sonra köpük silindir ile kendi kendine miyofasyal gevşeme (KSMG) tekniğini uygulamışlardır ve 72 saat sonra katılımcılar ile görüşme yapılarak veriler toplanmıştır. Bu araştırmada altı adımlı tematik analiz tekniği kullanılarak ses kayıt dökümleri üzerinden analiz yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda KSMG uygulamalarının sporcuların gecikmiş kas ağrılarının zirve noktasında ağrı şiddetini ciddi derecede azalttığı belirlenmiştir. Buna ek olarak, sporcuların akut olarak yorgunluğunu azalttığı da belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca toparlanma açısından oldukça etkili olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak KSMG’nin sporcuların akut yorgunluğunu ve gecikmiş kas ağrılarının zirve noktasında ağrı şiddetini ciddi derecede azalttığı ve toparlanma kapasitelerini olumlu etkilediği söylenebilir., When the studies on foam roller (FR) are examined, it is seen that these studies were designed especially by using quantitative research methods. However, with quantitative methods, it may not be possible to examine a subject in depth from a psychological point of view. Therefore, examining the effects of FR by using qualitative research methods will make it possible to investigate in depth the mood and feeling it creates in individuals after the application. In this context, the aim of this research is to examine the effects of FR on the recovery of fitness athletes who regularly train and are constantly exposed to delayed muscle pain, with a qualitative method. In this study, which was carried out using qualitative data collection techniques, semi-structured interview technique was used. The participants included in the research group were determined by the criterion sampling method, one of the purposive sampling methods. The participants applied the self-myofascial release (SMR) technique with a foam roller immediately after the training, and data were collected by interviewing the participants 72 hours later. In this research, analysis was made on audio recordings by using the six-step thematic analysis technique. As a result of the research, it was determined that SMR applications significantly reduced the peak point of delayed muscle soreness of the athletes. In addition, it has been determined that athletes' fatigue acutely reduces. It has also been found to be very effective in terms of recovery. As a result, it can be said that SMR significantly reduces the acute fatigue of athletes and the severity of pain at the peak of delayed muscle pain, and positively affects their recovery capacity.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the heading skills of virtual reality training in 12–13 years old child football players. 24 child football players between the ages of 12-13, licensed by the Turkish Football Federation as amateur athletes, participated in this study. 24 volunteer participants participated in the 8-week training process in 3 groups. Each group has 8 players. These groups are as follows; first, the VR group which performs football heading shoot skill only with virtual technology method, second, VR and traditional method group which uses virtual reality and traditional methods in a mixed way, third, the control group which uses only traditional methods. The instructional design model carried out in the research is five-stage instructional design model developed by Kalkan and Çamlıyer (2020). The performance test of the research was carried out as a pre-test, mid-test, and post-test. As a result, it was concluded that virtual reality technology can be used as an effective training method in the development of heading skills in football., Bu çalışmanın amacı, 12-13 yaş arası çocuk futbolcularda sanal gerçeklik antrenmanının kafa vuruşu becerisinin etkisinin değerlendirilmesidir. Araştırmaya 12-13 yaş arasında, Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu tarafından amatör sporcu lisansına sahip 24 çocuk futbolcu katılmıştır. 24 gönüllü katılımcı, sadece sanal gerçeklik teknolojisi yöntemi ile futbol kafa vuruşu becerisini uygulayan SG grubu, sanal gerçeklik ve geleneksel yöntemlerin karma bir şekilde kullanıldığı SG ve geleneksel yöntem grubu ve sadece geleneksel yöntemlerle antrenman yapan kontrol grubu olarak, 3 ayrı gruba 8’er kişi olarak ayrılarak 8 haftalık antrenman sürecine katılmışlardır. Araştırmada, Kalkan ve Çamlıyer (2020) tarafından geliştirilen beş aşamalı öğretim tasarım modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın performans testi ön-test, ara-test ve son test olmak üzere gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucu olarak elde edilen bulgular sanal gerçeklik teknolojisinin futbolda kafa vuruşu becerilerinin geliştirilmesinde etkili bir antrenman yöntemi olarak kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Geçiş dönemleri, bireylerin içinde bulundukları statü ve durumun değişmesi anlamına gelmektedir. Tören ise kültüre yer etmiş kuşaktan kuşağa aktarılarak getirilen, içinde eğlence ve gastronomi uygulamalarının bulunduğu zamana denir. Evlenme törenleri bir geçiş evresi olup içinde de çok sayıda gastronomi ritüelini barındırmaktadır. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın amacı, Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde yer alan illerdeki evlenme törenlerinde yapılan gastronomi uygulamalarını belirlemektir. Kültürel, tarihî, doğal çekicilikleri ve zenginlikleri nedeniyle Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi araştırma alanı olarak belirlenmiştir. Nitel araştırma yaklaşımı çerçevesinde veri toplama tekniği olarak görüşme yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Örneklemin belirlenmesinde amaçlı örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu amaçla bölgede yer alan illerde elli (50) yaş ve üzeri altmış üç (63) kültür aktarıcılarıyla yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu üzerinden araştırma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında evlilikle ilgili söz kesme, nişan, çeyiz alma-serme, düğün hamamı, kına gecesi, düğün ile ilgili araştırmaya katılmaya gönüllü kişilerden görüşme yöntemiyle veri toplanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde betimsel analiz kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuca istinaden kuşaktan kuşağa aktarılarak getirilen kültürel değerlerin her geçen gün önemini yitirdiği bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu durumun ortaya çıkmasında ise aile yapısındaki değişim, teknoloji, kentleşme, yoğun iş yaşamı, sosyoekonomik unsurların etkili olduğu ortaya koyulmaktadır. Çalışmada tüm bunların ışığı altında uygulamacılara ve gelecek araştırmalara çeşitli yönlerden katkı sağlaması için öneriler sunmak amaçlanmaktadır., Transition periods mean that the status and situation of individuals change. The ceremony, on the other hand, is called the time when entertainment and gastronomy practices were brought from generation to generation, embedded in the culture. Marriage is both a transitional phase and includes many gastronomic rituals. In this context, the aim of the study is to determine the gastronomic practices made in marriage ceremonies in the provinces in the Southeastern Anatolia Region. Southeastern Anatolia Region has been determined as a research area due to its cultural, historical, natural attractions and riches. The interview method was used as a data collection technique within the framework of the qualitative research approach. Purposive sampling method was used to determine the sample. For this purpose, the research was carried out through a semi-structured interview form with sixty-three (63) cultural transmitters aged fifty (50) years and over in the provinces in the region. Within the scope of the study, data were collected from people who volunteered to participate in the research about marriage, engagement, dowry receiving-spreading, wedding bath, henna night, wedding. Descriptive analysis was used to evaluate the data. According to the result obtained, it has been found that the cultural values brought by being transferred from generation to generation lose their importance day by day. It is revealed that the change in family structure, technology, urbanization, intense business life and socioeconomic factors are effective in the emergence of this situation. In the light of all these, it offers suggestions to contribute to practitioners and future research in various aspects.

The halal industry has developed rapidly in recent times. This development is seen in different areas such as halal travel, halal food, halal clothing, halal tourism. The fact that the concept of halal takes place in different subjects within the industry is important in terms of eliminating the shortcomings in other fields. The concept of halal recreation was identified in order to fill the gap in this context. In addition, this research examines the historical process of the concept of leisure in order to reveal the concept of halal recreation, and it has been determined in which religions the concepts of halal and haram are. As a result of these examinations, the concept of halal recreation briefly; The individual can participate freely, without any profit motive, individually or as a group, actively, passively or semi-actively, within the time period remaining from external obligations, adhering to the norms and values of the society of which he/she is a member, having fun, rest, physical, physical, mental and it can be expressed as activities in which he/she participates in order to renew himself/herself spiritually.

Last decade witnessed an increase in usage of internet which led to increase in smartphone usage with various applications developed for making the life of people easy, resulting in dynamic change in the lifestyle of people. One such dynamic change taken place in India is in the area of transport, especially rail travel application started by Indian Railways, namely, Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) portal. Present paper tries to identify the reason why people consider the IRCTC application as the most reliable application. Model was proposed by adopting the factors from Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) along with an addition of perceived trust as an influencing factor. Data from 193 usable questionnaires was collected from Goa and were tested against the research model. Result indicated that habit, hedonic motivation, performance expectancy, and perceived trust were the main predictors of behavior intention to adopt and use IRCTC application. The proposed model was able to explain 65% variance on behavior intention. The study also provides valuable insight for the management to improve the IRCTC application in order to motivate customers to adopt and continuously use the services of this application.

Bu araştırma, öğrenci toplulukları üyesi öğrencilerin boş zaman tutumları ve örgütsel bağlılıklarını belirlemek amacı taşımaktadır. Araştırmanın çalışma evrenini, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi öğrenci topluluklarına bağlı üye öğrenciler oluşturmaktadır. Örneklem grubunu ise, araştırma evreni içerisinden gönüllü katılım sağlayan 362 üye öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak, kişisel bilgi formu, Akgül ve Gürbüz (2011) tarafından Türkçe uyarlaması yapılan “Boş Zaman Tutum Ölçeği” ile Ergün ve Çelik (2019) tarafından Türkçe uyarlaması yapılan “Örgütsel Bağlılık Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada, iki bağımsız değişken arasındaki farkın ortaya konmasında T-Testi ve ikiden fazla değişkenler arası farkın belirlenmesinde ise One-Way ANOVA testleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca değişkenler arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesinde ise Korelasyon testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgulara göre, kadınların erkeklere göre bilişsel tutum alt boyut puanının daha yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. Sağlık bilimleri alanında öğrenim gören öğrencilerin fen bilimlerinde öğrenim gören öğrencilere göre bilişsel tutum alt boyut puanının daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmaya katılan erkek üyelerin kadın üyelere göre zoraki bağlılıklarının daha yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. Üye öğrencilerin boş zamana yönelik tutumları bilişsel, duyuşsal ve davranışsal alt boyutlar ile örgütsel bağlılık alt boyutlarından çıkarcı ve ahlaki alt boyut ile pozitif yönde ilişki görülürken, bilişsel ve duyuşsal alt boyut ile zoraki bağlılık alt boyutunda ise negatif yönde ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, öğrenci topluluklarına katılarak faaliyette bulunan öğrencilerin üniversite eğitimi ve öğretimi döneminde boş zamana yönelik farkındalıklarının arttığı, kişisel gelişim, sosyalleşme ve gönüllülük faaliyetlerine yönelmelerine katkı sağladığı söylenebilir., The aim of this research is to determine the leisure time attitudes and organizational commitment of students who are members of student communities. The population of the research consists of student communities of Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, and the sample consists of 362 member students who participate in the study voluntarily. “The Personal Information Form”, “Leisure Attitude Scale” which was adapted into Turkish by Akgül and Gürbüz (2011) and "Organizational Commitment Scale” which was adapted into Turkish by Ergün and Çelik (2019) were used as data collection tools. In the study, the t-test was used to determine the difference between the two independent variables and One-Way ANOVA to determine the difference between more than two variables. In addition, the correlation test was used to determine the relationship between the variables. The findings of the study showed that women had higher cognitive attitude sub-dimension scores than men. The “cognitive attitude” sub-dimension score of the students studying in the field of health sciences was higher than the students studying in the sciences. It was observed that the “forced commitment” of the male members participating in the research was higher than the female members. Positive relationships were found among the cognitive, affective, and behavioural attitudes of the member students towards leisure and their calculative and moral commitment. In addition, a negative relationship was found in the cognitive and affective sub-dimension and the alienative commitment sub-dimension. As a result, it can be said that the awareness of the students participating in the student communities about leisure time increased during the university education and training period, and it contributes to their encouragement towards personal development, socialization, and volunteering activities.

Cruise tourism and tourism routes directed to the natural and cultural landscape areas of the region constitute the paradigm of this study, which is considered as an alternative tourism type in the Black Sea basin. With this paradigm developed for international port cities that have coasts on the Black Sea basin, each dynamic of the cultural, social, and economic values of the cities at national and international levels are approached as a phenomenon in this study. In this study, the results obtained by correlating the cognitive states of individuals resulting from the "natural sociability-social experience-social environment" approach in touristic travel with the cruise tourism type in the Black Sea basin are examined with empirical methods. In addition to correlation and regression analysis, landscape planning and design criteria are also used in route planning to reveal the causal relationships between cruise tourism experiences and people's destination loyalty. Both the sustainability of the attraction of natural and cultural landscape areas in destination loyalty and the positive conscience gained from the tourism experiences the people are examined with proactive solution suggestions in this study. In this context, with cruise tourism, which is suggested as an alternative tourism type for cities on the coast of the Black Sea basin, a management model for touristic routes is developed by providing opportunities both for the people to experience different tourism activities and the development of regional tourism.

This dynamic structure has also shown itself in tourism studies, which have been carried out on current issues. This study examined articles published in hospitality journals in the last 40 years. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, and International Journal of Hospitality Management in SSCI were selected as case studies. Five thousand three hundred and ninety-five articles in the journals were analyzed using the content analysis method. MAXQDA and VOSviewver programs were used as analysis tools. Comparative content analysis was made. The changes in the word frequencies of the studies were revealed in 10-year periods. Keywords of the articles, author collaborations, and country collaborations were analyzed. The study results show that the main themes of the research are similar, but different words come to the fore over time. The keywords Satisfaction, Hotels, Hospitality, and Tourism were used more. Themes such as social media, social customer, social life, social management, customer, value, communication, and the brand were used more, especially after the 2000s. The United States, Hong Kong, and China are first-in cooperation countries. The most productive authors are Hua, N., Kim, H., Han, H., Matilla, A. S., and Law, R..

Tourism has developed in Nevşehir and Antalya, two of the most significant destinations of today’s Turkey, in 1960s. In line with the previous study in the related literature, it is possible to mention that the tourism activities in those regions have been triggered by the visits of the hippies. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the contribution of the hippies to the development of tourism in Cappadocia (Nevşehir), Side and Alanya (Antalya), which have become significant tourism destinations in Turkey. For this purpose, the transcripts of the interviews of the Turkey Tourism History Project, which describes the tourism development and history in these regions, were subjected to document analysis. The impact of hippies on Turkey’s tourism has been explained within the framework of Social Exchange Theory. As a result, it has been determined that all stages of the social exchange theory have been observed between hippies and local people. The local people, who initially approached hippies with prejudice, changed their perspective towards hippies in a positive way with the effect of many externalities.

The study aims to examine postgraduate dissertations in the areas of social entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship in tourism and entrepreneurship in tourism published in Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States through bibliometric analysis. In the study, a total of 126 doctoral dissertations published between 2015-2020 were reached through Proquest Dissertations, YÖK National Dissertations Center, EThOS British Library and EBSCO Dissertations databases. Theses published since 2015 are included in the scope since social entrepreneurship has started to be recognized in doctoral dissertations. The obtained dissertations were discussed in line with parameters of country where the dissertations were prepared, type of the dissertations, publication year of the dissertations, university where the dissertations were prepared, field of study of the dissertations, and research method used in the dissertations. In conclusion, it was found that Turkey was behind the United Kingdom and the United States in terms of quantity of doctoral dissertations published about social entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship in tourism. Social entrepreneurship in tourism has been found to be a current issue that needs to be researched and has a literature gap for all three countries.

This research aims to characterize and compare job satisfaction levels of workers in the tourism sector among a representative sample of male and female employers in Eskişehir which has a great domestic and international tourist potential, being a province that was chosen the Capital of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2013 by UNESCO. This research is a survey-based, descriptive study. Within the study, an online self-completion survey and a cover letter were given to 80 male and 32 female employees in the tourism industry of the city. Respondents were asked for rating their work happiness on a 5-point Likert scale that had been previously constructed and tested as a measure. The data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS; Version 24.0). Findings show that women have a higher level of job satisfaction than men, similarly to the literature. However, this difference is not at a meaningful degree, statistically. As a result, unlikely the previous studies, neither a correlation nor statistically significant relationship between gender and the job satisfaction in tourism sector is found in Eskişehir province.

Bu çalışmanın amacı bazı değişkenlere göre Kovid-19 pandemisinin neden olduğu korku ve egzersize katılım motivasyonu düzeylerini belirlemek ve bu iki değişken arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Betimsel ve ilişkisel tarama modeli ile gerçekleştirilen çalışmada toplam 240 gönüllü katılımcı yer almıştır. Verilerin toplanması için kişisel bilgi formu, Kovid-19 Korku ölçeği ve Rekreasyonel Egzersize Motivasyon Ölçeğinden oluşan üç bölümlü anket kullanılmıştır. Verilerin çözümlenmesinde ise ikili karşılaştırma ve ilişki testleri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; kadınların Kovid-19 korku düzeyi, erkeklerin ise egzersize katılım motivasyonlarının bazılarının daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Daha önce hastalık geçirsin ya da geçirmesin tüm katılımcıların Kovid-19 korku düzeyleri ve egzersiz motivasyonları benzerdir. Açık veya kapalı alanlarda spor yapma durumuna göre Kovid-19 korku düzeyinde farklılık bulunmazken, kapalı alanlarda spor yapanların bazı egzersize katılım motivasyonlarının daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca katılımcıların yaşı arttıkça Kovid-19 korku düzeyinde kısmen de olsa yükseliş görülürken, yaş azaldıkça egzersize katılım motivasyonları ise kısmen de olsa artmıştır. Son olarak daha önce hastalık geçirmemiş olan katılımcıların bazı egzersize katılım motivasyonları arttıkça Kovid-19 korku düzeylerinde kısmen de olsa anlamlı düşüşler görülmüştür.

With the rapid development of digital media, consumer awareness has also soared. People who do not refrain from asking questions and doing research share their complaints not only with institutions but also through online tools. Today, with the increase in complaint channels, the complaint rate is also increasing. In this study, the document analysis was conducted to examine 317 complaints written by hotel business customers on the sikayetvar.com portal, one of the channels through which complaints can be reported online. In the study, consumer complaints were evaluated by expressing a complaint, waiting for a solution, and warning. It also analyzed complaint issues in staff, location, physical facilities, fees, and activity management. The study found that the most common purpose of the complaints was to express grievances. In the analysis of the subject of complaints, the variety of activities, the inadequacies of the animation areas, and the behavior of the staff was identified as the most problematic issues.

Fuzzy method has been widely used in time series forecasting. However, the current fuzzy time models have not accommodated the holiday effects so that the forecasting error becomes large at certain moments. Regarding the problem, this study proposes two algorithms, extended of Chen’s and seasonal fuzzy time series method (FTS), to consider the holiday effect in forecasting the monthly tourist arrivals to ancient human Sangiran Museum. Both algorithms consider the relationship between Eid holidays as the effect of calendar variations. The forecasting results obtained from the two proposed algorithms are then compared with those obtained from the Chen’s and the seasonal FTS. Based on the experimental results, the proposed method can reduce mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) obtained from Chen’s method up to 61%, 61%, and 58%, respectively. Moreover, compared to that obtained from the seasonal FTS, the proposed method can reduce the MAE, RMSE, and MAPE values up to 35%, 36%, and 29%, respectively. The method proposed in this paper can be implemented to other time series with seasonal pattern and calendar variation effects.

This paper presents the results of a multidisciplinary research project carried on during the Covid-19 Pandemic and supported by TÜBİTAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey). The results are gathered from six months of field and office work, as the project was limited with this period. The archaeological site of Letoon in Muğla/Turkey has been chosen as the test area, specifically the triple temples of Leto, Apollo, and Artemis. Photogrammetric reconstruction of the current situation, as well as archaeologically accurate 3D models, have been created and converted into interactive immersive VR content to measure consumer behaviour and experience. These two different types of 3D content are integrated into the VR environment both separately and as a single content with switching from one to the other. After the creation process, the content was experienced by the visitors with different demographic characteristics and a survey was conducted to measure this experience.

Information symmetry is a critical antecedent to tourists’ consumptive decision-making and conative behaviour, especially in times of crisis and uncertainty. The present study is novel in its interrogation of whether COVID-19 induced perceived risk has an intervening effect in the destination media profile - travel intentions nexus of tourists. The quantitative study adopted a cross-sectional approach. Data was generated via an online survey of a purposive-convenient sample. The respondent-driven snowball sampling approach resulted in a final international sample of 323 potential tourists. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, linear regressions, and simple and parallel mediation analyses were employed. As it emerged from the study, a destination's media profile, directly and indirectly, influences the conative behaviour of tourists. At the same time, destination media profile has an apparent direct effect on perceived risk-oriented information symmetry. A partial diminishing intervening effect of COVID-19 induced risk is also established in the indirect relationship between destination media profile and tourists’ post-crisis travel intentions.

The current research aimed to search the impacts of restaurant attributes on satisfaction, and the impacts of satisfaction on storytelling in restaurants. The data was obtained from 226 academicians and administrators of 8 universities which were both public and private in Gaziantep, Hatay, Şanlıurfa, and Adana provinces of Turkey. The results revealed that food attributes, employees, and physical environment positively affect customer satisfaction. The results also revealed that satisfaction is a significant determinant of storytelling intention.

Studies which focused on relations between the perception of leisure and well-being concepts are observed frequently in literature. Studies that measure the relationship between “life satisfaction” and “leisure satisfaction” concepts are prominent within these studies. The aim of this study was to get a cumulative result by integrating the findings of the studies examining the same concepts through meta-analysis. For this purpose, academic studies published between 1999 and 2019 were screened and included from several databases. As a result, 21 studies were found fulfilling the inclusion criterion, set by the researchers, in order to retrieve studies presenting a correlation coefficient between variables “life satisfaction” and “leisure satisfaction”. This search resulted with a sample size of 83,632. The overall sample consisted of women, disabled individuals, residents of a defined district, university students, immigrants, and adults from various countries. Studies were analyzed by the free trial version of Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software 2.0 (CMA 2.0). Findings indicated that leisure satisfaction and life satisfaction showed a positive relationship with a medium level of effect size. Future researchers who will address these concepts in their studies would benefit from conducting moderating analyses to explore how concepts in issue vary depending on the characteristics of the study, such as the sample characteristics.

The purpose of this study is to determine how a local government hosts and manages a large-scale festival from the perspectives of stakeholders, including the organizing committee members, government entities, academics, businesses, tourists, and residents. The study investigates the way International Manisa Mesir Paste Festival (hereafter Mesir Festival) is managed and detects how different entities explain the reasons of the success or failure of the public festival as well as providing recommendations to increase success. The research applies a qualitative method to explore the determinants of the success of this festival organization. In this study, researchers conducted 22 semi-structured interviews with different stakeholders. The findings reveal that public administration is prevalent and dominant in deciding the content and administration of the Mesir Festival. Three significant main themes were determined: shortcomings, benefits or contributions, and recommendations. The results indicate that the festival did not achieve any notable economic, social, or cultural gains, thus, shortcomings of the festival exceed its benefits. This research provides valuable insights into the study of festival management by extending our understandings of government-hosted and managed festivals.

The main purpose of the research is to examine the communication levels of the employees in hotel businesses with the Johari Window model, to determine the communication dimension they are in, and to compare the average scores of demographic variables in terms of Self-Disclosure and Feedback. The data were obtained from the employees in 5-star hotel businesses in Antalya through hand-off and face-to-face questionnaires. As a result of the analyzes made, it was found that there was a concentration of employees in the open area. In terms of gender, marital status, age, working time variables, there is no significant difference in the dimension of self-disclosure, but there is a significant difference in terms of educational status. In the feedback dimension, there is a significant difference in terms of marital status, age, and educational status variables, but there is no significant difference in terms of gender and working time., Araştırmanın temel amacı, otel işletmelerinde işgörenlerin iletişim düzeylerini Johari Penceresi modeli ile incelemek, bulundukları iletişim boyutunu tespit etmek, Kişisel Açılım ve Geri Bildirim açısından demografik değişkenlere ait puan ortalamalarını karşılaştırmaktır. Veriler Antalya’da 5 yıldızlı otel işletmelerindeki işgörenlerden elden bırakma ve yüz yüze olarak anket formu aracılığıyla elde edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda işgörenlerin açık alan içerisinde bir yoğunlaşma olduğu bulunmuştur. Cinsiyet, medeni durum, yaş, çalışma süresi değişkenleri açısından kişisel açılım boyutunda anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamaktadır fakat öğrenim durumu açısından anlamlı bir farklılık vardır. Geri bildirim boyutunda ise medeni durum, yaş, öğrenim durumu değişkenleri açısından anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmaktadır fakat cinsiyet, çalışma süresi açısından anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamaktadır.

Ülke imajı tüketicilerin satın alma davranışlarını etkileyen faktörlerden biridir. Bir ülkenin sahip olduğu imaj, turistlerin o ülkeye seyahat etme niyetine etki etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Güney Amerika’da algılanan Türkiye imajının ortaya konulması ve olumlu bir imaj oluşturulması için yapılması gerekenlerin saptanmasıdır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Arjantin, Paraguay ve Uruguay ülkelerindeki turizm paydaşları oluşturmaktadır. Örneklem, olasılığa dayalı olmayan örnekleme türlerinden amaçlı örnekleme ile tespit edilmiş 20 katılımcıdan oluşmaktadır. Nitel araştırma yönteminin kullanıldığı araştırmada yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat tekniği ile yüz yüze görüşmeler yapılarak veriler elde edilmiştir. Veriler, MAXQDA bilgisayar destekli nitel veri analiz sistemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Bölgede Türkiye’nin fazla bilinmediği, ülke imajının olumlu yönde olmadığı, Türkiye’nin turizm hareketlerinde tercih edilen bölgeler arasında ön sıralarda yer almadığı sonucuna ulaşılmış; bölgede Türkiye tanıtımlarının artırılması, Türk Havayolları’nın bölgede daha aktif rol alması, büyükelçiliklerin ve kültür ataşeliklerinin artırılması önerilerinde bulunulmuştur., Country image is one of the factors affecting the purchasing behavior of consumers. The image of a country affects the intention of tourists to travel to that country. The aim of this study is to reveal the perceived image of Turkey in South America and to determine what needs to be done to create a positive image. The working group of the research consists of tourism stakeholders in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. The sample consists of 20 participants who were determined by purposive sampling from non-probability sampling types. In this research in which qualitative research method was used, the data were obtained by conducting face-to-face interviews with the semi-structured interview technique. The data were analyzed with the MAXQDA computer aided qualitative data analysis system. It has been concluded that Turkey is not well known in the region, the image of the country is not positive, and Turkey is not among the preferred regions in tourism activities; Suggestions were made to increase the promotion of Turkey in the region, Turkish Airlines to take a more active role in the region, and to increase the embassies and cultural attachés.

Çalışma, rehber akademisyenlerin rehberlikten akademiye geçme motivasyonlarını belirlemek ve hem rehberlik hem de akademisyenlik mesleklerine yönelik iş doyumlarını ölçmek amacıyla nicel olarak tasarlanmıştır. Araştırma evrenini temsil eden 52 akademisyenden gönüllülük esası ile 36 akademisyene ulaşılıp, katılımcılara anket uygulanmıştır. Örneklem sayısının az olması sebebiyle parametrik olmayan Mann Whitney U ve Spearman korelasyon testlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Akademiye geçme gerekçeleri ile kategorik değişkenler arasındaki ilişki ise Ki-kare test ile incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, akademiye geçme gerekçelerinde en fazla yer verilen ifadelerin bilim insanı olma arzusu, gençlere öğretme arzusu ve özlük hakları olduğu, en yüksek etki puanına sahip olan ifadenin ise gençlere öğretme arzusu ifadesi olduğu görülmüştür. Genel iş doyum ve memnuniyetlerinin ise akademisyenlik mesleğinde daha yüksek puanlara sahip olduğu saptanmıştır. Bununla birlikte iş doyumu ve iş memnuniyetleri arasındaki ilişki incelendiğinde, genel doyum ve iş memnuniyetleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır., The research, which was designed in order to determine the reasons for passing of the guidance academics from guidance to academy and to measure job satisfaction and contentedness of them, was designed quantitatively. A total of 36 academics were reached on a voluntary basis from 52 academics representing the research universe and a survey technique was applied. Due to the low number of samples, non-parametric Mann Whitney U and Spearman correlation tests were used. The relationship between the reasons for passing to the academy and the categorical variables was examined with Chi-square test. As a result of the research, it was seen that the most frequently used expressions on the grounds of passing to the academy were the desire to be scientists, the desire to teach young people and their personal rights, and the expression with the highest impact score was the desire to teach young people. General job satisfaction and satisfaction were found to have higher scores in the academician profession. However, when the relationships between the job satisfaction and job satisfaction were examined, the meaningful relation between global satisfaction and job satisfaction.

Consumers who believe that protecting nature is Through consuming green products, can purchase this products in their daily lives. The main purpose of this study is to examine how behavioral intentions of consumers will affect their green purchasing intentions and the mediating effect of control beliefs in the light of planned behavior theory. It’s realized that there is no study on this subject in the tourism sector. The research is restricted who have stayed in eco-friendly hotels or know about this hotel practices. Purposeful sampling method and online questionnaire technique was used to collect data. In the findings, attitude towards green purchasing has a positive effect on green purchase intention and more subjective norms and perceived behavioral control have positive effect on green purchase intention. In addition, the effect of control beliefs on green purchase intention was negative and there is no mediation effect of control beliefs in the effect of perceived behavioral control on green purchase intention., Doğayı korumanın yeşil ürünleri tüketmekten geçtiğine inanan tüketiciler, günlük hayatlarında satın alma davranışlarına bu doğrultuda yön verebilmektedir. Buradan hareketle araştırmanın temel amacı, planlanmış davranış teorisi çerçevesinde tüketicilerin davranışsal niyetlerinin yeşil satın alma niyetlerine etkisinde kontrol inançlarının aracılık etkisini araştırmaktır. İlgili alan yazın incelendiğinde davranışsal niyet ve kontrol inançlarının yeşil satın alma davranışı üzerindeki etkisini turizm sektöründe inceleyen çalışmaya rastlanılmamış olması araştırmanın sağlayacağı katkısı itibariyle önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırma, daha önce çevre dostu otellerde konaklayan veya çevre dostu otel uygulamaları ve yeşil otelcilik konusunda bilgisi olan kişilerle sınırlandırılmıştır. Tesadüfi olmayan örneklem yöntemlerinden biri olan amaçlı (kasıtlı) örnekleme yöntemi, araştırma için en uygun örneklem seçim yöntemi olarak görülmüştür. Verilerin toplanmasında online anket formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre, yeşil satın almaya yönelik tutumun, öznel normların ve algılanan davranış kontrolünün yeşil satın alma niyeti üzerinde pozitif yönde etkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Diğer taraftan algılanan davranış kontrolünün yeşil satın alma niyeti üzerindeki etkisinde kontrol inançlarının aracılık etkisine ilişkin anlamlı bir etki bulunamamıştır.

With the increasing demand for accommodation in countries with touristic potential, online reservation channels have started to be preferred more and more. The Airbnb system, which is the digital form of the home boarding system, is one of the alternative accommodation options preferred in recent years. Bringing a new understanding of the Airbnb system to the accommodation market may have positive results, as well as negative consequences due to legal loopholes and security problems. Globally developing standards and the pandemic process have changed consumer expectations. This situation has increased the competitive environment of all enterprises. In an intensely competitive environment, businesses need to think more strategically and make the necessary planning. In this context, SWOT analysis is a strategic method for businesses to achieve their future goals. Within the scope of the study, SWOT analysis of Airbnb business was made and it was aimed to contribute to the literature for different researches. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the system brought a new dimension to the accommodation sector, but it had legal and security gaps. In addition, since the implemented online platform is a system that can be copied as well as creating potential for new business opportunities, the necessity of continuous updating has been revealed., Turistik potansiyeli olan ülkelerde konaklamaya olan talebin her geçen gün artmasıyla çevrimiçi rezervasyon kanalları daha çok tercih edilmeye başlanmıştır. Ev pansiyonculuğu sisteminin dijital platforma taşınmış şekli olan Airbnb sistemi de son yıllarda tercih edilen alternatif konaklama seçeneklerindendir. Küresel düzeyde gelişen standartlar ve yaşanan pandemi süreci tüketici beklentilerini değiştirmiştir. Bu durum tüm işletmelerin rekabet ortamını arttırmıştır. Yaşanan yoğun rekabet ortamında işletmeler daha stratejik düşünmeli ve gerekli planlamaları yapmalıdır. Bu bağlamda SWOT analizi işletmeler için geleceğe yönelik hedeflere ulaşabilmek adına uygulanan stratejik bir yöntemdir. Çalışma kapsamında, Airbnb işletmesinin SWOT analizi yapılmış ve farklı araştırmalar için literatüre katkı sağlaması amaçlanmıştır. Analiz sonucunda sistemin konaklama sektörüne yeni bir boyut kazandırdığı ancak yasal ve güvenlik boşluklarının olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca uygulanan çevrimiçi platform, kopyalanabilen ve yeni iş fırsatları için potansiyel yaratan bir sistem olduğundan, sürekli güncellenmesi gerekliliği tespit edilmiştir.

Bu çalışmada turizm alanında son 3 yıl içerisinde yayımlanan dokümanların performansı ve entelektüel yapısı belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla WoS veri tabanında bulunan 4755 doküman bibliyometrik yöntemle analiz edilmiştir. Vosviewer yazılımı kullanılarak bibliyometrik eşleme ve kelime ortaklığı analizleri yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları 2019-2021 yılları arası en verimli ve etkin ülke, yazar, kurum ve dokümanlarını göstermektedir. Ayrıca alanın en baskın konuları ve geleceğe yönelik araştırma alanlarına ilişkin çıkarımlar sunulmaktadır., This study presents the performance and intellectual structure of the tourism field in the period of the last three years. In the line with this purpose, 4755 documents in the WoS database were analyzed by bibliometric method. Bibliometric coupling and co-word analyze were performed using Vosviewer software. The results of the research show the most efficient and effective countries, authors, institutions, and documents of the field in the last 3 years. In addition, the most dominant topics of the field and implications for future research areas are presented.

This article aims to present the evolution of online travel agencies, the main themes, authors, and methodologies, through a systematized review. The analysis has focused on 61 papers published from 2009 until 2020. The research was limited by the journal ranking in the subject category tourism, leisure and hospitality management in the Scimago Journal and Country Rank. Field research is the most frequent in studies in the area. However, the interest in experiments and content analysis grows, using the content generated by customers in the online travel agencies. This study helps to collaborate in the authors’ decision-making regarding the methodology to be used and which authors are being negotiated in future research. The results showed how the theme has evolved, changes in approaches, the way online travel agencies report to their partners (often in a conflictual way) and customers, pointing out new trends to be studied. There was no literature review about online travel agencies published in the journals used for this research, to the best of our knowledge. Cover many years and expand the search to other academic journals is our suggestion for future research.

Participation in travel is continuously increasing throughout the world. Seeking novelty, particularly novel cuisine, is one of the motivating factors underlying travel. Image is one of the most important factors that affect intention to visit a country and experience the cuisine. This study examines the mediating effects of Turkish cuisine image on the relationship between novelty seeking and intention to visit. In this regard, Turkish cuisine image and its effect on individuals from the United Kingdom (U.K.) who had eaten at Turkish restaurants was analyzed. Individuals at Turkish restaurants were asked to fill out self-administered questionnaires with 78 questions. An online platform of people was also utilized. It was seen that cuisine image has a significant mediating role on the intention to visit Turkey.

Discussing the eating-out experience is long-lasting among people around the world, and with the advent of the internet, customers change the way of sharing dining experience online. This study aims to identify the dominant topics and emotional dimensions on Facebook status updates of large-scale individual accounts, as well as the topic variance by users’ age and gender. With an adaption of the myPersonality dataset on Facebook, topic modeling and emotion analysis are conducted. Findings indicate that five primary topics are composed of food, happy time, dining experience, coffee time, and people. Males and females demonstrate a significant difference in the theme of people. Positive emotional dimensions generally show stronger extents than the negative ones. This study is a pioneer of exploring Facebook individual accounts in the hospitality and tourism field and expands industry practitioners’ comprehension of dominant dining-out themes and emotional responses among distinct consumer groups.

Odağı genellikle insan davranışı üstünde olan sosyal bilimlerin hem öznesi hem nesnesi durumunda bulunan insanın, doğa bilimlerindeki hâkim klasik anlayışla incelenmesi geleneği halen devam etmektedir. Ancak; maddi, değişmez ve evrensel kanunlar tarafından yönetildiği düşünülen, öngörülebilir, tahmin edilebilir mekanik bir evren anlayışının daha doğrusu Newton tarafından ortaya konulan fizik kanunları temel alınarak işleyişi anlaşılmaya çalışılan sosyal dünyada oluşan bazı anomaliler, tuhaflıklar veya klasik limitler klasik Newton fiziğine dayalı sosyal bilimler tarafından açıklanamamaktadır. Bir taraftan doğanın parçası diğer taraftan özellikle bilinç sahibi olmasından dolayı doğadakilerden farklı olduğu iddia edilen insanın anlaşılması, açıklanması ve tahmin edilmesinin o kadar kolay olmaması bakış açısında değişim sürecini ve yeni arayışları tetiklemiştir. Her şeyin sabit, sürekli, kesin ve ölçülebilir olduğunu savunan klasik mantık ve Newton fiziğine dayalı hâkim yöntemlerin yeterliliği/yetersizliği konusunda devasa bir tartışma literatürü bulunmakla birlikte özellikle yaşamın olumsal olduğu, hiçbir şeyin sabit, kesin, sürekli ve tam anlamıyla ölçülebilir olmadığını benimseyen kuantum mekaniği alanındaki yeni gelişmelere dayanarak sosyal bilimlerde çoğu şeyin belirsiz, süreksiz ve kolay kolay anlaşılamayacak durumda olduğunu, bu nedenle sosyal bilimlerde klasik yaklaşımın düşünüldüğü kadar sağlam temellere dayanmadığını savunanların sesleri giderek yükselmektedir. Bir zamanlar evrendeki en küçük yapı taşının atom olduğunu savunan klasik inanca karşın kuantum mekaniğiyle atomun da parçaları, parçaların da parçaları bulunduğunun, özellikle de evrenin en küçük yapı taşının atom değil enformasyon olduğunun keşfedilmesiyle sil baştan yeniden yazılmak durumunda kalan fizik biliminde olduğu gibi kuantum mekaniğindeki yeni keşifler sosyal bilimlerde mevcut bildiklerimizin de muhtemelen sil baştan yeniden yazılmasını zorunlu kılabilir. Salt davranışa odaklan ve bunu yaparken bugünü yarına uzatarak, yani yarını bugünün tekrarı görüp gelecek körlüğüne düşerek, davranışı kesin tahmin edebilmeyi amaçlamış, insanın ne varlık ne de oluş haliyle yeterince ilgilenmeyen, kesinlik ve zorunluluk saplantısından dolayı giderek katılaşan sosyal bilimlerin esneme kapasitesini yitirdiğini düşünmekteyim. Sosyal bilimlerdeki hakim klasik yaklaşımın pekte güçlü olmayan, aksine çelimsiz, temellerine dikkat çekenlerin işaret ettiği gibi (örn., Aerts, Gabora, ve Sozzo, 2013; Bhaskar, 1998, 2010, 2017; Haven ve Khrennikov, 2017; Kirby, 2011; Pylkkänen, 2014; Wendt, 2015; Zohar, 1996, 2017) kuantum mekaniğinin ortaya koyduğu yeni manzaranın ne anlama geldiğinin tartışılması alanımızdaki özellikle genç bilim insanlarının yanlış geleneklere kapılmasının önüne geçilmesine ve de skor odaklı bilim insanının kendisinden muhafaza edilmesine imkan sağlayabilir. Bu genel gayeyle ele alınan üç parçalı bu çalışmanın birinci kısmında klasik fizik ve klasik mantık kurallarına tabi olarak yapılan bilimsel araştırmaların temel varsayımları arasında yer alan materyalist evren anlayışı; determinizm; mekanik nedensellik ve yerellik; zaman ve mekan; özne ve nesne ayrımıyla birlikte tecritçi ve indirgemeci ceterus paribus geleneği (diğer tüm durumlar/değişkenler sabitken - kapalı sistem) ele alınacaktır. Günlük yaşamdaki muhtemel kuantum durumlarına örneklerin verilmesiyle son bulan birinci bölümü, klasik yaklaşımın “insan gerçekliğinin” incelenmesindeki yeterliği ve geçerliğinin kuantum mekaniği ve mantığıyla karşılaştırılarak tartışıldığı ikinci bölüm takip edecektir. Bu karşılaştırma birini diğerine üstün göstermek için değil aksine iç içe olan bu iki dünyanın kesiştiği, birbirlerini tamamlayabilecekleri noktaların bulunabilmesi içindir. Klasik insan ve kuantum insan karşılaştırmasıyla hem bütünsel hem ayrımlı bununla birlikte sabit bir varlık olmayan “kendini yeniden yaratan, oluşturan” insanı tartışmaya yeniden açmak adına üçüncü bölüm, özellikle turizm akademisyenlerince henüz dikkate alınmayan Barad’ın faili realite (agential realism) ve Bhaskar’ın yokluğun/eksikliğin ve olayların altında yatan doğurgan mekanizmaları varlığını da benimseyen çok katmanlı eleştirel gerçekçilik (critical realism) önerilerinden istifade edilecektir. Bu üç bölümle, teknik yoğun bilimsel araştırmalarımızda gittikçe birbirine karıştırılan ve epistemenin hareketli yapısından dolayı yeniden ele alınması gereken gerçekliğin karmaşık yapısı beliriş (emergence), görünüş (appearance), fenomenolojik gerçeklik (phenomenological reality), gerçek (realitas) ve hakikat (veritas) vb. kavramlara işaret edilerek tartışılacaktır.

This study examined the effect of customer incivility and employee incivility on depersonalization as well as the mediation role of forgiveness in the effects of customer incivility and employee incivility on depersonalization. The study was conducted with 352 employees of five-star hotels in Antalya, Turkey. The results show that customer incivility and employee incivility increase hotel employees’ depersonalization while forgiveness partially mediates the impact of customer incivility and employee incivility on depersonalization. These findings indicate that hotel managers should encourage employees’ tendency to forgive, increase managerial support and training for employees, and learning about different cultures.

The tourism industry has been one of the sectors most affected by the Coronavirus (Covid-19). Hospitality businesses constitute an important part of the tourism industry. In the new era, it is vital producing safe service under Covid-19 to the hotel customers. In the study, it was examined the effect of service quality given under Covid-19 conditions on guest satisfaction and the effect of the “Safe Tourism” certificate on buying behavior of tourists towards hotels. In the first part of the study, there are two questions about the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants. In the second part, the reasons why the customers prefer the hospitality establishments were asked. In the third part, the perceived quality level of the customers about the service of the hospitality business was measured. In the fourth part, there are five dependent variables based on a five-point It was found in the study that the quality of the service provided in the hospitality establishments and the level of satisfaction provided under Covid-19 conditions affect the intention to revisit the establishments. It was also found that the “Safe Tourism” certificate used by travel operators for marketing had a positive effect on choosing/buying hospitality establishments for holidays.

In the research, it is aimed to determine the applicability of robot technology and the importance of technological innovations in the tourism industry. The populatin of the research consists of academicians, managers and students in the tourism industry. In the research, the "convenience sampling" method was used, in which everyone who participated in the research could be included in the sample. The research data was collected from tourism students, academicians and managers who participated in the Mersin University Faculty of Tourism Career Days and the IVth International Eastern Mediterranean Tourism Symposium held in 2019. The Cronbach Alpha test was applied for the reliability of the scale, along with the frequency distributions, percentiles, mean values, standard deviations and correlation coefficients from the descriptive statistics of the obtained data. In the research findings, it is accepted that airports, housekeeping activities, tour operator and travel agency services and hotel receptions are the most applicable areas of robot technology in the tourism industry.

The objective of the current study is to overview the British Food Journal publications from 2010 to 2020. To address our purpose, bibliometric and visualization analyses were used. Firstly, a total of 1892 documents published from 2010 to 2020 in the British Food Journal (BFJ) was obtained from the Web of Science database (WoS). Then, the analyses were made by running VOS viewer software. In the process of analyzing data, we have principally considered some bibliometric indicators such as the number of annual publications, the most productive organizations, the most cited papers, the most contributing countries, the most productive authors, the co-occurrence of author keywords, the co-authorship of countries, and the co-citation of authors. The results show that BFJ is one of the leading and prominent journals with the number of publications increasing each year according to the basic indicators mentioned above. Further to this, the most productive and contributing authors, institutions, and countries are mainly from European countries. The most common researched fields according to the co-occurrence of author keywords are listed as “consumer behavior, food safety, food products, food industry, food, nutrition, organic food, sustainability, and consumer”.

The objective is to analyze the importance of the Rota das Emoções in the development of Piauí's territory. Piauí is studied in the context of the Northeast of Brazil, geographical space of Piauí and public tourism policies, with a focus on the Programa de Regionalização do Turismo (Tourism Regionalization Program) that suggests itineraries with the emergence of the Rota das Emoções (Route of Emotions), a regional route that comprises the Brazilian states of Piauí, Ceará and Maranhão. The relevance is given by the significant growth acquired by tourism in contemporary society. Governmental actions that promote territorial tourism diffusion are examined in Brazil, especially in Piauí. Private policies that regulate and establish tourist services that generate formal and informal jobs and trigger transformations with a multiplier effect. However, infrastructural transformations do not meet social objectives, directed to the market and to people's well-being.

“Right to health” is a fundamental human right and it is protected by international laws, also it turns over to states in three areas. Quality health care, affordability and the availability of necessary facilities and equipment’s form part of the reasons why individuals in need of these services migrate to countries that fortunately have upgraded facilities ready to serve the needs of patients worldwide. The purpose of this study is to examine the perceptions of health practitioners, tourist agents (travel agents) and hotel managers, to determine if they are aware of the present condition of medical tourism in North Cyprus, and to discover the most sought-after procedure in the country. Thereafter the status of the most sought-after procedure was analyzed and strategies for improving this sub-sector alongside medical tourism were proposed. The study aims to provide insight for stakeholders, administrators and public officials in designing their strategies for improving this sub-sector of tourism, and to highlight the contribution of medical tourism to the development of the Turkish Republic of North Cyprus. The study is based on surveys given to participants selected by a snowball sampling and convenience sampling technique. Collected data were analyzed using basic coding methods of qualitative analysis. Results from the first part of the study revealed that the most sought-after medical procedures in TRNC were invitro fertilization treatments, and in the latter part of the study, the push-pull motivators and status quo of this sector were determined.

This study aimed to discover the relationship between countermovement jump, squat jump, visual reaction, sprints (10m, 30m) and agility (zig-zag test) parameters in amateur soccer league players players. Twenty-eight male soccer players of age(years) 24.14±4.29, standing height (cm) 180.86±5.59, body weight (kg) 76.07±7.31, body fat ratio (%) 15.45±4.16 and body mass index (kg/m2) 23.31±3.01 from a soccer team in Regional Amateur League participated in this study. Statistical analysis of the data obtained were carried out by Pearson Correlation Test as the data was parametric. According to the results, highly positive significant correlation was found between counter movement jump and squat jump (p 0.05). As a result; Vertical jump parameter is independent of reaction time, sprint and agility parameters in football players playing in the Regional Amateur League. In order to improve reaction time, vertical jump, sprint, and agility performance levels of the soccer players in this league, it is recommended that athletic performance coaches and sports scientists working in these leagues design their training plans, being aware of this situation., Bu çalışmanın amacı; futbolcularda aktif sıçrama, skuat sıçrama, görsel reaksiyon, 10m sprint ve 30m sprint, çeviklik (zig- zag testi) parametreleri arasındaki ilişkilerinin ortaya koyulmasıdır. Bu çalışmaya Bölgesel Amatör Ligde oynayan bir erkek futbol takımından yaş (yıl) 24.14±4.2, boy uzunluğu (cm) 180.86±5.59, vücut ağırlığı (kg) 76.07±7.31, vücut yağ yüzdesi (%) 15.45±4.16, BKİ (kg/m2) 23.31±3.01 olan 28 oyuncu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Yapılan istatistiksel analizlerde verilerin normal dağılım değerlendirmeleri Shapiro-Wilk testi ile, varyans homojenitesi Levene testi ile yapılmıştır. Veriler parametrik özellik gösterdiği için elde edilen verilerin istatistiksel analizinde pearson korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. İstatiksel anlamlılık (p0.05). Sonuç olarak; Bölgesel Amatör Ligde oynayan futbolcularda dikey sıçrama parametresinin, reaksiyon zamanı, sprint ve çeviklik parametrelerinden bağımsız olduğu görülmektedir. Bu ligdeki futbolcuların reaksiyon zamanı, dikey sıçrama, sprint ve çeviklik performans düzeylerinde gelişim sağlayabilmek için bu liglerde görev alan atletik performans antrenörleri ve spor bilimcilerin bu durumun farkında olarak antrenman planlarını dizayn etmeleri önerilmektedir.

This study aims to explore the tourism potential of Altındağ in the light of the tourism values embraced by Altınköy which is one of both rural and recreational tourism areas, and to reveal the perspectives of local community and visitors on the rural tourism area in the region. In addition, to reveal in which leisure timeframe the visitors and staff in Altınköy are involved within the framework of the Theory of Leisure time by Dumazedier, who is one of the leisure-time theorists, is among the recreation-based purposes of the current study. The study was conducted in Altınköy located in Altındağ, Ankara, which is considered to be one of the potential rural tourism areas in Turkey, a qualitative interview technique, with 103 individuals in total. The findings obtained as a result of the analyses point to important results supported by the suggestions in the conclusion section on the contribution to the development of rural tourism in the region, the promotion and branding of the region. According to research results, the staff in Altınköy are “half-free time” users according to Dumazedier's leisure time theory. On the other hand, Altınköy visitors meet the four basic characteristics highlighted in Dumazedier’s leisure time theory and acts following the characteristics of “free time” user during recreational activities.

The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of perception of social media users on travel Influencer advertisements on attitude and destination. The questionnaire used for the research was administered to 836 participants. The data obtained from these questionnaires were interpreted by using the SPSS 25.0 and Lisrel 8.80 package software. Descriptive statistics, explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model were used to analyze the data. At the end of the research, the perception of social media users about travel Influencer advertisements was found to have an effect on attitudes and destination. According to the results of the hypothesis obtained using structural equation modeling, these factors are interrelated.

Bu çalışma da, spor eğitimi alan öğrencilerinin sporda bilinçli farkındalık ile mutluluk düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma grubunu Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu (114 kişi) ve Bitlis Ziya Eren Spor Lisesinde (133 kişi) öğrenim gören 78’i kadın (%31,6), 169’u erkek (%68,4) olmak üzere toplam 247 sporcudan oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırma da veri toplama aracı olarak, “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Sporcu Bilinçli Farkındalık Ölçeği” ve “Mutluluk Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Araştırma da verilerin analizi SPSS 22 istatistik paket programı ile yapılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular cinsiyet, okul türü, spor branşı ve sportif başarı değişkenlerine göre analiz edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; sporcuların yaşlarının mutluluk ile sporcu bilinçli farkındalık ve alt boyutlarını anlamlı düzeyde yordamadığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca sporcuların mutluluk ölçeği ile sporcu bilinçli farkındalık ölçeğinin “yargılamama” boyutundan elde edilen puanlar arasında pozitif yönlü düşük düzeyde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki saptanmış olup, sporcuların mutluluk düzeyleri arttıkça yargılamama düzeyleri de artmaktadır., In this study, it was aimed to examine the relationship between mindfulness in sports and the happiness levels of students receiving sports education. The research group consisted of 78 women (31.6%) and 169 men (68.4%) studying at Bitlis Eren University Bachelor program in Physical Education and Sports (114 people) and Bitlis Ziya Eren Sports High School (133 people). It consists of 247 athletes. Relational screening model was used in the research. “Personal Information Form”, “Athlete Mindfulness Scale” and “Happiness Scale” were used as data collection tools in the research. The analyses of the data in the research were made with the SPSS 22 statistical package program. The findings obtained from the research were analyzed according to the variables of gender, school type, sports branch and sporting success. In conclusion, it has been determined that the age of the athletes does not significantly predict happiness and athlete mindfullness and its sub-dimensions. In addition, a positive low level statistically significant relationship was found between the happiness scale of the athletes and the scores obtained from the "non-judgmental" dimension of the athlete mindfulness scale, and as the happiness levels of the athletes increase, the level of non-judgment also increases.

Bu araştırmada, sporcuların profesyonelizm düzeyini geçerli ve güvenilir olarak ölçebilen bir ölçme aracının geliştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Araştırma karma desende modellenerek, 2021 yılında Ankara ilinde sportif kariyerlerini devam ettirmekte olan 614 sporcu ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Madde havuzu oluşturulmadan önce açık uçlu sorular yardımıyla katılımcıların özellik hakkındaki görüşleri elde edilerek içerik analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapı geçerliği ile ilgili analizler ölçme aracının psikometrik özelliklerini belirleyebilmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapı geçerliğinin tespit edilebilmesi amacıyla, Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) uygulanmış, AFA sonucunda ortaya çıkan yapının doğrulanabilmesi amacıyla da Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) yapılmıştır. Araştırmada açımlayıcı (AFA) ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri (DFA) veri setinin iki gruba bölünmesi ile farklı iki grup üzerinden gerçekleştirilmiştir. AFA sonucunda özellik %38.25 ile açıklanmakta, 11 madde ve tek boyutlu yapı ortaya konulmaktadır. AFA sonucu ortaya konulan yapı DFA ile doğrulanmıştır. Bununla beraber, madde toplam test korelasyonu ve toplam puan üzerinden madde ayırt edicilik indeksi ile madde puan ortalamaları arasında fark olup olmadığı maddelerin ayırt ediciliğinin belirlenmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Cronbach Alpha iç tutarlık katsayısı ve test-tekrar test teknikleri ile ölçme aracının güvenirliği incelenmiş ve ölçme aracının yüksek düzeyde güvenilir olduğuna dair sonuç elde edilmiştir. Sporcular İçin Profesyonelizm Ölçeği (SPÖ)’nin psikometrik özellikleri değerlendirildiğinde, geçerli ve güvenilir bir veri toplama aracı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Dolayısıyla, ölçme aracının sporcuların profesyonelizm seviyelerini ölçebilme yeterliğine sahip olduğu ifade edilebilir., In this research, it is aimed to develop a measurement tool that can measure the professionalism level of athletes in a valid and reliable way. The research was modeled in a mixed design and was carried out with 614 athletes who were continuing their sportive careers in Ankara in 2021. Analyzes of construct validity were carried out in order to determine the psychometric properties of the measurement tool. In order to determine the construct validity, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was applied; Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was applied in order to verify the structure that emerged as a result of EFA. Explanatory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyzes (CFA) in the research were carried out on two different groups by dividing the data set into two groups. With the completion of EFA and CFA, a structure consisting of 11 items and one dimension was obtained, which could explain 38.25% of the total variance. In addition, the item-total test correlation and 27% over-the-top method over the total score were used to determine whether there was a difference between the item score averages or not, to determine the discrimination of the items. The reliability of the measurement tool was examined with the Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient and test-retest techniques, and a result was obtained that the measurement tool was highly reliable. When the psychometric properties of the Professionalism Scale for Athletes (SPÖ) were evaluated, it was determined that it was a valid and reliable data collection tool. In addition, it can be stated that the measurement tool has the ability to measure the professionalism levels of the athletes.

The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence of university students and their leadership orientation and determine predictive role of emotional intelligence on leadership. In the research in the relational screening model, opinions of 263 students at the Faculty of Sport Sciences of Trabzon University were taken. In the research, Leadership Orientation Scale developed by “Personal Information Form”, Bolman & Deal (1991) and adapted into Turkish by Dereli (2003), and Emotional Orientation Scale developed by Wong & Law (2002) and adapted to Turkish by Uslu (2019) Intelligence Rating Scale were used. Descriptive statistics, t-test, correlation, regression analysis were used evaluate data. Analyzes shows there is positive significant relationship between emotional intelligence and leadership orientation, and emotional intelligence is important predictor of leadership orientation. Moreover, it was observed emotional intelligence levels and leadership orientations of the participants were above mediumlevel. Moreover, when leadership orientation was examined, there was a significant difference according to gender, but no significant relationship was found according to age variable. Considering emotional intelligence scale, a significant relationship was found in terms of gender and age variables. According to the results obtained, it is possible to say individuals with emotional intelligence tend to exhibit leadership orientations. Therefore, since emotional intelligence is a very important element on leadership orientation, the inclusion of courses emotional intelligence in the curriculum; It is seen that it is important because it will benefit the training of successful leaders who care about people, empathize and express their feelings and thoughts., Araştırmada üniversite öğrencilerin duygusal zekaları ile liderlik yönelimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi ve duygusal zekanın liderlik üzerindeki yordayıcı rolünü tespit etmek amaçlanmıştır. İlişkisel tarama modelindeki araştırmada Trabzon Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi’ndeki 263 öğrencinin görüşü alınmıştır. Araştırmada “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” ile Bolman ve Deal (1991) tarafından geliştirilen Türkçe’ye uyarlaması Dereli (2003) tarafından yapılan Liderlik Yönelim Ölçeği ile Wong ve Law’ın (2002) geliştirdiği, Türk kültürüne uyarlamasını Uslu’nun (2019) yaptığı Duygusal Zeka Değerlendirme Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde betimsel istatistikler, t-testi, korelasyon testi ve regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Analizler, duygusal zeka ile liderlik yönelimi arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğunu, duygusal zekanın liderlik yönelimi üzerinde önemli bir yordayıcı olduğunu göstermektedir. Bunun yanında katılımcıların duygusal zeka düzeyleri ile liderlik yönelimlerinin orta seviyenin üzerinde olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca liderlik yönelimi incelendiğinde cinsiyet durumuna göre anlamlı farklılık görülürken, yaş değişkenine göre anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmemiştir. Duygusal zeka ölçeğine bakıldığında cinsiyet ile yaş değişkenleri açısından anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre duygusal zekaya sahip bireylerin liderlik yönelimlerini sergileme eğiliminde olduklarını söylemek mümkündür. Bu bağlamda duygusal zekanın liderlik yönelimi üzerinde oldukça önemli bir unsur olması sebebiyle duygusal zeka ile ilgili derslerin ders müfredatında yerini almasının; insanı önemseyen, empati kuran, duygu ve düşüncelerini ifade edebilen başarılı liderlerin yetişmesine fayda sağlayacağı için önemli olduğu görülmektedir.

Sports Management is one of the most important areas of the sport industry and covers many different areas. In any institution, manager/s involved in a private sector or public institutions may have difficulties making a right decision in favour of their institutions during a crisis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship among crisis management, decision-making styles, and self-confidence skills in decision-making among sport managers. The sample of the study consists of 226 managers working as sports managers in central and provincial institutions of the general directorate of sport services in Turkey. This study was conducted through a comprehensive literature review on the relevant subject and designed in line with the general thoughts and opinions of the managers working at the managerial level. The study is a descriptive study conducted via a relational survey model. During data analysis, the results obtained from correlation and regression analyzes were given along with discussions and interpretations. The initial result indicated that sports managers have high self-confidence in decision-making. According to regression analysis, only the internal-self-confidence was found to be a significant predictor of the decision-making style., Spor Yönetimi, spor endüstrisinin en önemli alanlarından biridir ve birçok farklı alanı kapsar. Herhangi bir yerde herhangi bir kurumda, özel sektör veya kamu kurumlarında yer alan yönetici veya yöneticiler, kriz anında kurumları lehinde doğru bir karar vermekte zorlanabilirler. Bu araştırmada spor yöneticilerinin kriz yönetimi beceri düzeyleri, karar vermede öz-saygı düzeyleri, karar verme stilleri ve öz-güven düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini Türkiye'de Spor Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğüne bağlı merkez ve taşra kurumlarında spor yöneticisi olarak görev yapan 226 yönetici oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma çalışmamız öncelikle konularımıza ilişkin kapsamlı literatür çalışmalarını içermiş, daha sonra yönetim kademesinde görev yapan yöneticilerin genel düşünce ve görüşleri doğrultusunda şekillenmiştir. Araştırma betimsel bir araştırma olup ilişkisel tarama modeli uygulanmıştır. Araştırma verilerinin analizinde korelasyon ve regrasyon analizleri yapılarak ulaşılan sonuçlar çalışmada verilmiş tartışma ve yorumları yapılmıştır. İlk sonucumuz spor yöneticilerinin karar vermede yüksek özgüvene sahip olduğunu gösterdi. Regresyon analizine göre sadece içsel özgüvenin karar verme stilinin anlamlı bir yordayıcısı olduğu bulunmuştur.

The contributions of tourism to the economic, social, and cultural development of rural areas have been attracting the attention of researchers since 2005. Nonetheless, the scopes and intellectual structures of those studies are uncertain. Therefore, this study presents the most influential research groups, journals, and the most effective inter-research associations in the field of rural tourism within the last 20 years, employing the bibliometric mapping method. To this end, Web of Science Core Collection database was used to retrieve relevant data for the period of 2000-2020. Also, the data are limited to the English language. Articles, books, book chapters, proceedings papers were included in the analysis. Analysis of co-citation was carried out using VOSviewer.The results of the Analysis of 864 documents indicate that rural tourism studies are categorized into 5 groups. Besides Tourism Management; Annals of Tourism Research and Journal of Sustainable Tourism are the most essential journals in the related field. Moreover, Richard Sharpley, Bernard Lane, Gunjan Saxena, and Collin Michael Hall are the most influential researchers in this field. The results of the study are crucial in that they reveal the line of progress and potential areas of improvement in this field to the researchers who are interested in rural tourism.

Turizm hızla büyüyen bir endüstri ve önemli bir istihdam kaynağıdır. Turizmin oluşturduğu istihdam neticesinde turizm alanında eğitime verilen önem de artmıştır. Dünyanın birçok yerinde özellikle turizm işletmeciliği alanında lisans ve lisansüstü eğitim programları bulunmakta olup turizm işletmeciliği alanında lisansüstü eğitime verilen önemin artması ile eğitim kalitesindeki rekabet de artmaktadır. Yürütülen bu araştırmanın amacı; Turizm İşletmeciliği Yüksek Lisans ve Doktora Programları için yeni ve özgün nitelikte bir ders programı önermektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda öncelikle literatür taraması yapılmış ve lisansüstü turizm eğitiminin önemi açıklandıktan sonra QS World University Rankings 2019 raporunda ilk 500’e giren üniversitelerden turizm işletmeciliği alanında lisansüstü eğitim veren üniversitelerin internet siteleri incelenerek, turizm işletmeciliği lisansüstü programları ile ilgili web sitelerinden elde edilen bulgular, nitel araştırma kapsamında belirli temalar altında sınıflandırılmıştır. Ulaşılan temalar, ortak alan ve tekrar sıklığına göre belirlenmiştir. Bu temalar; “Pazarlama”, “İşletme”, “Finans, Muhasebe ve Ekonomi”, “Sürdürülebilirlik”, “Politika ve Planlama”, “Araştırma Yöntemleri”, “Teori”, “İstatistik ve Veri Analizi”, “Seminer-Öneri-Tez Yazımı”, “Girişimcilik”, “Kültür/Miras”, “Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri”, “Genel Turizm” ve “Diğer” olmak üzere sınıflandırılmıştır. Sonuçlar doğrultusunda uluslararası standartlara uygun olarak Türkiye’deki lisansüstü programlar için ders programında yer alması gereken dersler önerilmiştir.