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Littoral rims built by the coralline rhodophyte Lithophyllum byssoides are a particularly precise archive of relative sea-level histories (Laborel et al., 1983, 1994). Their vertical precision, in the microtidal environment, comes from the restricted environmental conditions of the alga as their living range is constrained around sea-level (Pérès and Picard, 1952, 1964). The temporal component is obtained through 14C dating. For construction of precise geochronologies from marine-derived carbon samples accurate calibration of radiocarbon dates is needed. In order to approach the 14C reservoir effect of the alga different studies have been engaged using samples of known age from museum collections (Faivre et al., 2015, 2019). The corrections of the marine radiocarbon reservoir effect (MRE) and local R (deviations from global average marine reservoir age of ocean surface waters) are fundamental particularly for the short, late Holocene sea- level and palaeoenvironmental chronologies. The Elafiti islands are located along the southern part of the eastern Adriatic coast between Dubrovnik and the Pelješac peninsula (Fig. 1). The island group consists of five major islands including the studied Lopud and Koločep islands. Studying algal rims together with tidal notches and Lithophaga lithophaga borehole upper limits, two elevated palaeoshorelines have been distinguished on Lopud, Koločep and Grebeni islands and islets. Detailed survey of relative sea-level markes allowed the distinction of seismotectonically uplifted sectors of coast. The established high-resolution geochronology based on 77 radiocarbon dates, enables to separate coseismic uplift events from periods of interseismic subsidence. Two successive major earthquakes affected approximately 5 km of coasts, in the Pelješac- Dubrovnik fault zone, with an uplift amplitude between 40 and 80 ± 15 cm per event (Fig. 2). The earlier, older events, caused larger displacements (60-80 cm), while the later, younger events, revealed on average lower displacements (40-55 cm) corresponding to the 1520 AD quake and the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake (Fig. 2). The cumulative offsets increase from 0.57 ± 0.15 m at Lopud (Faivre et al., 2021a) to 1.00- 1.25 ± 0.15 m at Koločep and Grebeni (Faivre et al., 2021b). After correction for local coseismic displacements, the sea-level trends were quantified with full consideration of the available uncertainty at Lopud island (Faivre et al., 2021a) what allow us to approach the drivers of relative sea-level change in the Southern Adriatic. This high-resolution study confirmed the precision of L. byssoides bioconstructions not only in studies of relative sea-level variations but also in the studies of palaeoearthquakes in seismotectonically active areas. Also, thanks to high resolution geochronology of algal rims, we were able to approach the morphogenesis and trace the evolution of tidal notches in the studied area. This research was supported by Croatian Science Foundation project HRZZ-IP-2019-04-9445 – Relative sea-level change and climate change along the eastern Adriatic coast – SEALeveL.

Among fixed biological indicators, bio- constructions formed by the alga Lithophyllum byssoides, are one of the best sea-level indicators on rocky coasts. Their vertical precision (±10 cm) in microtidal environment comes from the restricted environmental conditions of the alga as its living range is constrained around sea level. In order to approach the 14C reservoir effect which could have an important influence on the final 14C results we engaged different studies of marine radiocarbon reservoir effects (MRE) of the alga and shells in the Adriatic and in the other parts of the Mediterranean using samples of known age from museum collections. The corrections of MRE and local R are fundamental particularly for the short, late Holocene sea- level and palaeoenvironmental chronologies. Here we present examples of precise relative sea-level (RSL) reconstructions for the past 3000 yrs based on the studies of Lithophyllum rims from Istrian peninsula in the northern, and from Lopud Island in the southern Adriatic. The chronologies were based on 47 (in Istria) and 23 (at Lopud Island) radiocarbon dates which were accurately calibrated in order to provide precise relative sea-level curves, to relate sea-level changes to periods of climate changes and to try to distinguish land- level changes in the studied area. The RSL reconstructions were quantitatively analysed using an error in-variables integrated Gaussian process (EIV-IGP) model to identify sea-level trends with full consideration of the available uncertainty. The high-resolution geochronology obtained at Lopud Island allows us to distinguish the effects of coseismic movements on RSL histories what confirmed the precision of L. byssoides bioconstructions not only in the studies of relative sea-level variations but also in the studies of palaeoearthquakes in seismotectonically active areas. Also, it confirmed the importance of precise determination of marine radiocarbon reservoir age of the alga as the geomorphologic consequences of known AD 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake could be accurately determined. Consequently, the study of algal rims could also allow assessment of palaeoseismicity. This research was supported by Croatian Science Foundation project: HRZZ-IP-2019- 04-9445 – Relative sea-level change and climate change along the eastern Adriatic coast – SEALeveL.

Fixed sea-level indicators represent one of the best lines of evidence of RSL change as they always occur within a restricted elevation range with respect to the surface of the sea. The coralline alga Lithophyllum byssoides can, in favourable conditions, construct algal rims revealed to be a good proxy record suitable for reconstructions of relative sea-level change. The vertical precision of L. byssoides in the microtidal environment comes from the restricted environmental conditions of the alga, while the 14C dating allowed precise geochronological control since the marine radiocarbon reservoir effect was determined. A detailed survey of Lopud Island allowed the distinction of seismotectonically uplifted sector of coast. The established high-resolution geochronology enables to separate coseismic uplift events from periods of interseismic subsidence. Consequently, we provide the first reconstruction of assumed number, timing, and displacements of past seismic events. The most important uplift occurred in well-known AD 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake. After correction for local coseismic displacements, the sea-level trends were quantified with full consideration of the available uncertainty. This high-resolution study confirmed the precision of L. byssoides bioconstructions not only in studies of RSL variations but also in the studies of palaeoearthquakes in seismotectonically active areas. This research was supported by Croatian Science Foundation project HRZZ-IP-2019-04-9445 – Relative sea-level change and climate change along the eastern Adriatic coast – SEALeveL.

U članku analiziramo model uspjeha koji se temelji na doprinosu sreće i truda, s posebnim naglaskom na ulogu sreće u uspjehu najuspješnijih ljudi.

Coralline algae are the most significant framework builders outside the coral-reef belt (Blanc and Molinier, 1955 ; Huvé, 1970). Among them, littoral rims built by the coralline rhodophyte Lithophyllum byssoides are a particularly precise archive of relative sea-level histories (Laborel et al., 1994). Their vertical precision, in the microtidal environment, comes from the restricted environmental conditions of the alga as their living range is constrained around sea-level (Pérès and Picard, 1952, 1964). The temporal component is obtained through 14C dating, consequently vertical and temporal components allow the construction of precise geochronologies. Their potential has been up to now underutilized due to the unresolved question of size of the marine radiocarbon reservoir effect (MRE), prerequisite for accurate calibration of dates obtained from marine-derived carbon samples. In order to approach the 14C reservoir effect different studies of MRE of the alga and shells in the Adriatic and in the other parts of the Mediterranean have been engaged using samples of known age from museum collections (Faivre et al., 2015, 2019a). The corrections of MRE and local R are fundamental particularly for the short, late Holocene sea-level and palaeoenvironmental chronologies. This have been demonstrated in the study of RSL change in Istria in the northern Adriatic (Faivre et al., 2019b) and confirmed in the study of Lopud Island in the southern Adriatic (Faivre et al., 2021). On the Istrian peninsula the high resolution relative sea-level (RSL) reconstruction, based on 47 radiocarbon dates, has been done for the past 1500 yr (Faivre et al., 2019b) what allows to relate sea-level changes to periods of climate changes and to distinguish land-level changes in the studied area. To identify sea-level trends with full consideration of the available uncertainty, the RSL reconstruction was quantitatively analysed using an error in- variables integrated Gaussian process (EIV-IGP) model based on Cahill et al. (2015). A detailed survey of Lopud Island in the Southern Adriatic allowed the distinction of seismotectonically uplifted sector of coast. The established high-resolution algal rim geochronology (based on 23 AMS radiocarbon dates) enable to separate the Late Holocene transgression periods from seismically triggered regression events. Consequently, we distinguished local tectonic uplift (the local non-linear component of RSL change) and provide the first reconstruction of assumed number, timing, and displacements of past seismic events. The most important uplift occurred in well-known AD 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake (Faivre et al., 2021). After correction for local coseismic displacements the sea-level trends with full consideration of the available uncertainty were quantified using an Errors-In- Variables Integrated Gaussian Process model, like in Istria, what allow us to approach the drivers of relative sea-level change and to compare the results. This high-resolution geochronology obtained at Lopud Island allows us to distinguish the effects of coseismic movements on RSL histories what confirmed the precision of L. byssoides bioconstructions not only in the studies of RSL variations but also in the studies of palaeoearthquakes in seismotectonically active areas. This research was supported by Croatian Science Foundation project HRZZ-IP-2019-04-9445 – Relative sea-level change and climate change along the eastern Adriatic coast – SEALeveL.

The approach to the η′−η complex employing chirally well-behaved quark-antiquark bound states and incorporating the non-Abelian axial anomaly of QCD through the generalization of the Witten-Veneziano relation is extended to finite temperatures. Employing the chiral condensate has led to a sharp chiral and UA(1) symmetry restoration, but with the condensates of quarks with realistic explicit chiral symmetry breaking—which exhibit a smooth, crossover chiral symmetry restoration in qualitative agreement with lattice QCD results—we get a crossover UA(1) transition with a smooth and gradual melting of anomalous mass contributions. In this way, we obtain a substantial decrease in the η′ mass around the chiral transition temperature, but no decrease in the η mass. This is consistent with current empirical evidence.

Accurate age determination is a crucial variable in the study of past global environmental changes, which contributes to our ability to predict future changes. Growing interest in predicting relative sea level changes and identifying causes requires precise knowledge about past changes. Coralline algae are the most significant framework builders outside the coral- reef belt. Among them, littoral rims built by the coralline rhodophyte Lithophyllum byssoides are a particularly precise archive of relative sea- level histories in the microtidal environment. Their potential has been underutilized due to the unresolved question of the size of the marine radiocarbon reservoir effect (MRE), which is needed for accurate calibration of dates obtained from marine-derived carbon samples. Because this intertidal alga is submerged during high tide and exposed to the atmosphere during low tide there are questions regarding the source of the carbon it uses and the level of MRE. Previous research assumes that rim building alga Lithophyllum byssoides do not appear to be subject to any kind of reservoir effect. However, today it is generally accepted that all organisms containing marine carbon demonstrate some form of radiocarbon reservoir effect. Consequently, here we provide direct evidence regarding the L. byssoides MRE based on samples of known age from museum collections and of the importance of the precise knowledge of the MRE (or R(t)) of the organism in the studies of relative sea- level change. The latest research on relative sea-level change along the eastern Adriatic has been centred on algal rims. Here we present new precise relative sea-level reconstruction for the past 1500 yr based on the study of four algal rims from the Istrian peninsula. The chronology is based on 47 radiocarbon dates which were accurately calibrated in order to provide precise relative sea-level curve, to relate the sea level changes to periods of climate changes and to try to distinguish land-level changes in the studied area. The relative sea-level reconstruction was quantitatively analysed using an error in- variables integrated Gaussian process (EIV-IGP) model to identify sea-level trends with full consideration of the available uncertainty. The data from the algal rims enabled the quantification of the relative sea-level rates through the studied period and the distinction of four phases of relative sea- level changes. Furthermore, L. byssoides 18O records show that those periods of different sea-level changes can be related to changes in temperature and to periods of rapid climate changes. This research was supported by the Croatian Science Foundation (project no. HRZZ- IP-11- 2013-1623, Reconstruction of the Quaternary environment in Croatia using isotope methods – REQUENCRIM) and by University of Zagreb Grants. We would also like to thank the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris, especially Bruno de Reviers, for providing algal samples from its collections. We also thank Universitat Hamburg, Biozentrum Klein Flottbek und Botanischer Garten, Dr. Matthias Schultz (curator at Herbarium Hamburgense) as well as Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien (Dr. Anton Igersheim, Curator of the Cryptogamic Collection) for kindly providing samples without which this study could not be effectuated.

The approach to the η′−η complex employing chirally well-behaved quark-antiquark bound states and incorporating the non-Abelian axial anomaly of QCD through the generalization of the Witten-Veneziano relation is extended to finite temperatures. Employing the chiral condensate has led to a sharp chiral and UA(1) symmetry restoration, but with the condensates of quarks with realistic explicit chiral symmetry breaking— which exhibit a smooth, crossover chiral symmetry restoration in qualitative agreement with lattice QCD results—we get a crossover UA(1) transition with a smooth and gradual melting of anomalous mass contributions. In this way, we obtain a substantial decrease in the η′ mass around the chiral transition temperature, but no decrease in the η mass. This is consistent with current empirical evidence.

Up to the scale of the spontaneous breaking of Peccei-Quinn symmetry, the axion mass M_a is determined by the QCD topological susceptibility χ(T) at all temperatures T. Using an approach tying the U_A(1) and chiral symmetry breaking, we calculate χ(T) for an effective Dyson-Schwinger model of nonperturbative QCD and obtain a good agreement with lattice results for χ(T), and thus also for M_a(T), for T as high as twice the chiral restoration temperature. The axion mass follows the dictate of the QCD topological susceptibility from vanishing T over the chiral phase transition to hight T where the chiral and U_A(1) symmetries are restored. Our prediction is additionally supported by the fact that our topological susceptibility yields the T-dependence of the U_A(1) anomaly- influenced masses of η' and η mesons which is consistent with experimental evidence.

We express the QCD topological susceptibility χ(T) through quark condensates calculated in two effective Dyson-Schwinger models of nonperturbative QCD. They exhibit the correct chiral behavior, including the dynamical breaking of chiral symmetry and its restoration at high temperature T. This is reflected in the U_A(1) symmetry breaking and restoration through χ(T), which yields the T-dependence of the U_A(1)-anomaly-influenced masses of η' and η mesons consistent with experiment. This in turn supports our prediction for the T- dependence of the axion mass. Another support is a rather good agreement with the pertinent lattice results.

We express the QCD topological susceptibility χ(T) through quark condensates calculated in two effective Dyson-Schwinger models of nonperturbative QCD. They exhibit the correct chiral behavior, including the dynamical breaking of chiral symmetry and its restoration at high temperature T. This is reflected in the U_A(1) symmetry breaking and restoration through χ(T), which yields the T-dependence of the U_A(1)-anomaly-influenced masses of η' and η mesons consistent with experiment. This in turn supports our prediction for the T- dependence of the axion mass. Another support is a rather good agreement with the pertinent lattice results. This agreement is not spoiled by our varying u and d quark mass parameters out of the isospin limit.

One of the best sea-level indicators on rocky coasts in the microtidal environment are bio- constructions formed by the alga Lithophyllum byssoides, called Lithophyllum rims. Their vertical precision (±10 cm) comes from the restricted environmental conditions of the alga as their living range is constrained around sea level. The alga thus creates the highest biogenic build-up in the Mediterranean. Consequently, the latest research on relative sea-level change along the eastern Adriatic has been centred on algal rims. Here we present new precise relative sea-level (RSL) reconstruction for the past 1500 yr based on the study of four algal rims on the Istrian peninsula. The chronology is based on 47 radiocarbon dates which were accurately calibrated in order to provide precise relative sea-level curve, to relate sea level changes to periods of climate changes and to try to distinguish land-level changes in the studied area. The RSL reconstruction was quantitatively analysed using an error in-variables integrated Gaussian process (EIV-IGP) model to identify sea- level trends with full consideration of the available uncertainty. The data from the algal rims enabled the distinction of four phases of relative sea- level (RSL) changes. The rims from the southern Istrian coast show that RSL was almost stable during the Early Middle Ages. After AD 1000, during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) the RSL rise at a rate of 0.8 mm/y. The following Little Ice Age period, LIA I interval, is again characterised by the relative sea level stability which allows the rims at the southern coast to reach the width of 40 to 80 cm at its highest parts. After AD 1600 on the southern coast the major rim building phase is stopped. On the other side, along the eastern coast of Istria the rim building favourable conditions are achieved only after AD 1400 but the growth is very limited as favourable periods are obviously very short. Between AD 1600 and 1750, during the colder LIA II interval, algal rims do not form. From the second part of the 19th century the RSL rise again. Following the correction for estimated land- level changes during the MCA the sea level rise at a rate of 0.5 mm/y assumed to be a consequence of the Medieval warmth. This increased RSL rise during the MCA was already previously observed in the Central Adriatic. Furthermore, L. byssoides δ18O records show that those periods of different sea-level changes are generally consistent with changes in temperature and with periods of rapid climate changes. This research was supported by the Croatian Science Foundation (project no. HRZZ-IP-11- 2013-1623, Reconstruction of the Quaternary environment in Croatia using isotope methods – REQUENCRIM) and by University of Zagreb Grants.

U ovom radu rekonstruirana je relativna promjena morske razine na području Istre. Analizirane su četiri algne strukture na tri lokacije, dvije strukture na području južne Istre i dvije na području istočne istarske obale. Dobiveni podaci omogućuju distinkciju četiriju osnovnih faza promjena morske razine koje možemo povezati s fazama brzih klimatskih promjena. Dobiveni su rezultati potom povezani s drugim indikatorima promjena morske razine u Jadranu.

The approach to the η'-η complex using chirally well-behaved quark-antiquark pseudoscalar bound-state solutions and incorporating the non-Abelian axial anomaly of QCD through the generalization of the Witten-Veneziano relation, is extended to finite temperatures. Employing the chiral condensate has led to a sharp chiral and U_A(1) symmetry restoration. However, with the condensates of quarks with realistic explicit chiral symmetry breaking, which exhibit a smooth, crossover chiral symmetry restoration in qualitative agreement with lattice QCD results, we get a crossover U_A(1) transition, with smooth and gradual melting of anomalous mass contributions. This way we obtain a substantial drop of the η' mass around the chiral transition temperature, but no η mass drop, in agreement with the present empirical evidence.