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265 results on '"Horváth, Ivan"'

1. Dirac Spectral Density in N$_f$=2+1 QCD at T=230 MeV

Author

Alexandru, Andrei, Bonanno, Claudio, D'Elia, Massimo, and Horváth, Ivan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Theory, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

We compute the renormalized Dirac spectral density in $N_f = 2+1$ QCD at physical quark masses, temperature $T = 230$ MeV and system size $L_s = 3.4$ fm. To that end, we perform a point-wise continuum limit of the staggered density in lattice QCD with staggered quarks. We find, for the first time, that a clear infrared structure (IR peak) emerges in the density of Dirac operator describing dynamical quarks. We also provide numerical evidence that a component of this peak, which becomes dominant in the thermodynamic limit, is due to a non-trivial accumulation of near-zero modes. Features of this structure are consistent with those previously attributed to the recently-proposed IR phase of thermal QCD. Our results (i) provide the only complete first-principles evidence that these IR features exist and are physical; (ii) improve the upper bound for IR-phase transition temperature $T_{\mathrm{IR}}$ so that the new window is $200 < T_{\mathrm{IR}} < 230\,$MeV; (iii) are consistent with non-restoration of anomalous U$_{\mathrm A}$(1) symmetry (chiral limit) below $T = 230$ MeV., Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures; v2: 8 pages, 7 figures, added results on the topological nature of the peak, other results and conclusions unchanged, version to appear in PRD

Published
2024

2. Localized Modes in the IR Phase of QCD

Author

Alexandru, Andrei, Horváth, Ivan, and Bhattacharyya, Neel

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Theory, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

Infrared (IR) dimension function $d_\text{IR}(\lambda)$ characterizes the space effectively utilized by QCD quarks at Dirac scale $\lambda$, and indirectly the space occupied by glue fields. It was proposed that its non-analytic behavior in thermal infrared phase reflects the separation of QCD system into an IR component and an independent bulk. Here we study the ``plateau modes" in IR component, whose dimensional properties were puzzling. Indeeed, in the recent metal-to-critical scenario of transition to IR phase, this low-dimensional plateau connects the Anderson-like mobility edge $\lambda_\text{IR}=0$ in Dirac spectrum with mobility edges $\pm \lambda_\text{A}$. For this structure to be truly Anderson-like, plateau modes have to be exponentially localized, implying that both the effective distances $L_\text{eff} \propto L^\gamma$ and the effective volumes $V_\text{eff} \propto L^{d_\text{IR}}$ in these modes grow slower than any positive power of IR cutoff $L$. Although $\gamma=0$ was confirmed in the plateau, it was found that $d_\text{IR}\approx 1$. Here we apply the recently proposed multidimension technique to the problem. We conclude that a plateau mode of pure-glue QCD at UV cutoff $a \!=\! 0.085\,$fm occupies a subvolume of IR dimension zero with probability at least 0.9999, substantiating this aspect of metal-to-critical scenario to a respective degree., Comment: 5 pages, 7 figures; v2: minor improvements, published version

Published
2023

3. Separation of Infrared and Bulk in Thermal QCD

Author

Meng, Xiao-Lan, Sun, Peng, Alexandru, Andrei, Horváth, Ivan, Liu, Keh-Fei, Wang, Gen, and Yang, Yi-Bo

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

New thermal phase of QCD, featuring scale invariance in the infrared (IR), was proposed to exist both in the pure-glue (N$_f$=0) and the ``real-world" (N$_f$=2+1) settings. Among key aspects of the proposal is that the system in this {\it IR phase} separates into two independent components: the scale-invariant IR part and the non-invariant bulk. Such scenario requires non-analyticities in the theory and, in case of pure-glue QCD, they were found to arise via Anderson-like mobility edges in Dirac spectra ($\lambda_\fir \!=\! 0$, $\pm \lambda_\text{A} \!\neq\! 0$) manifested in dimension function $d_\fir(\lambda)$. Here we present first evidence that this mechanism is also at work in ``real-world QCD" (N$_f$=2+1 theory at physical quark masses and $a\!=\!0.105\,$fm), supporting the existence of the proposed IR regime. Indeed, at $T\!=\!234\,$MeV, we find the dimensional jump between zero modes and lowest near-zero modes very close to unity ($d_\fir\!=\!3$ to $d_\fir \!\simeq \!2$), exactly like in pure-glue QCD in IR phase. However, no jump is found at $T\!=\!187\,$ MeV which is in the intermediate region between chiral crossover at $T_c \approx 155\,$MeV and the onset $T_\fir$ of IR phase, originally estimated at $200 < T_\fir < 250\,$MeV., Comment: 11 pages, 11 figures, results at 187 MeV updated

Published
2023

4. Topological Dimensions from Disorder and Quantum Mechanics?

Author

Horváth, Ivan and Markoš, Peter

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks, High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Theory, Nuclear Theory, Quantum Physics
Abstract

We have recently shown that critical Anderson electron in $D=3$ dimensions effectively occupies a spatial region of infrared (IR) scaling dimension $d_\text{IR} \approx 8/3$. Here we inquire about the dimensional substructure involved. We partition space into regions of equal quantum occurrence probability, such that points comprising a region are of similar relevance, and calculate the IR scaling dimension $d$ of each. This allows us to infer the probability density $p(d)$ for dimension $d$ to be accessed by electron. We find that $p(d)$ has a strong peak at $d$ very close to 2. In fact, our data suggests that $p(d)$ is non-zero on the interval $[d_\text{min}, d_\text{max}] \approx [4/3,8/3]$ and may develop a discrete part ($\delta$-function) at $d=2$ in infinite-volume limit. The latter invokes the possibility that combination of quantum mechanics and pure disorder can lead to emergence of topological dimensions. Although $d_\text{IR}$ is based on effective counting of which $p(d)$ has no a priori knowledge, $d_\text{IR} \ge d_\text{max}$ is an exact feature of the ensuing formalism. Possible connection of our results to recent findings of $d_\text{IR} \approx 2$ in Dirac near-zero modes of thermal quantum chromodynamics is emphasized., Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures

Published
2022
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6. Low-Dimensional Life of Critical Anderson Electron

Author

Horváth, Ivan and Markoš, Peter

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks, High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

We show that critical Anderson electron in 3 dimensions is present in its spatial effective support, which was recently determined to be a region of fractal dimension $\approx \! 8/3$, with probability 1 in infinite volume. Hence, its physics is fully confined to space of this lower dimension. Stated differently, effective description of space occupied by critical Anderson electron becomes a full description in infinite volume. We then show that it is a general feature of the effective counting dimension underlying these concepts, that its subnominal value implies an exact description by effective support., Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures; v2: fixes minor glitches; v3: published version

Published
2022
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7. Counting-Based Effective Dimension and Discrete Regularizations

Author

Horváth, Ivan, Markoš, Peter, and Mendris, Robert

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice, Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks, High Energy Physics - Theory, Mathematical Physics, Quantum Physics
Abstract

Fractal-like structures of varying complexity are common in nature, and measure-based dimensions (Minkowski, Hausdorff) supply their basic geometric characterization. However, at the level of fundamental dynamics, which is quantum, structure does not enter via geometry of fixed sets but is encoded in probability distributions on associated spaces. The question then arises whether a robust notion of fractal measure-based dimension exists for structures represented in this way. Starting from effective number theory, we construct all counting-based schemes to select effective supports on collections of objects with probabilities and associate the effective counting dimension (ECD) with each. We then show that ECD is scheme-independent and, thus, a well-defined measure-based dimension with meaning analogous to the Minkowski dimension of fixed sets. In physics language, ECD characterizes probabilistic descriptions arising in a theory or model via discrete ``regularization''. For example, our analysis makes recent surprising results on effective spatial dimensions in quantum chromodynamics and Anderson models well founded. We discuss how to assess the reliability of regularization removals in practice and perform such analysis in the context of 3d Anderson criticality., Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure; v2: published version

Published
2022
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8. Super-Universality in Anderson Localization

Author

Horváth, Ivan and Markoš, Peter

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks, High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

We calculate the effective spatial dimension $d_\text{IR}$ of electron modes at critical points of 3D Anderson models in various universality classes (O,U,S,AIII). The results are equal within errors, and suggest the super-universal value $d_\text{IR} \!=\! 2.665(3) \!\approx\! 8/3$. The existence of such a unique marker may help identify natural processes driven by Anderson localization, and provide new insight into the spatial geometry of Anderson transitions. The recently introduced $d_\text{IR}$ is a measure-based dimension of Minkowski/Hausdorff type, designed to characterize probability-induced effective subsets., Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures; v2: minor changes, published version

Published
2021
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9. Anderson Metal-to-Critical Transition in QCD

Author

Alexandru, Andrei and Horváth, Ivan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice, Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks, High Energy Physics - Theory, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

A picture of thermal QCD phase change based on the analogy with metal-to-insulator transition of Anderson type was proposed in the past. In this picture, a low-$T$ thermal state is akin to a metal with deeply infrared (IR) Dirac modes abundant and extended, while a high-$T$ state is akin to an insulator with IR modes depleted and localized below a mobility edge $\lambda_{\text A} > 0$. Here we argue that, while $\lambda_{\text A}$ exists in QCD, a high-$T$ state is not an insulator in such an analogy. Rather, it is a critical state arising due to a new singular mobility edge at $\lambda_{\text IR}=0$. This new mobility edge appears upon the transition into the recently proposed IR phase. As a key part of such a metal-to-critical scenario, we present evidence using pure-glue QCD that deeply infrared Dirac modes in the IR phase extend to arbitrarily long distances. This is consistent with our previous suggestion that the IR phase supports scale invariance in the infrared. We discuss the role of Anderson-like aspects in this thermal regime and emphasize that the combination of gauge field topology and disorder plays a key role in shaping its IR physics. Our conclusions are conveyed by the structure of Dirac spectral non-analyticities., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures; v2: minor improvements, published version

Published
2021
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10. Unusual Features of QCD Low-Energy Modes in IR Phase

Author

Alexandru, Andrei and Horváth, Ivan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice, Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks, High Energy Physics - Theory, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

It was recently proposed that there is a phase in thermal QCD (IR phase) at temperatures well above the chiral crossover, featuring elements of scale invariance in the infrared (IR). Here we study the effective spatial dimensions, $d_{IR}$, of Dirac low-energy modes in this phase, in the context of pure-glue QCD. Our $d_{IR}$ is based on the scaling of mode support toward thermodynamic limit, and hence is an IR probe. Ordinary extended modes, such as those at high energy, have $d_{IR}=3$. We find $d_{IR}<3$ in the spectral range whose lower edge coincides with $\lambda_{IR}=0$, the singularity of spectral density defining the IR phase, and the upper edge with $\lambda_A$, the previously identified Anderson-like non-analyticity. Details near $\lambda_{IR}$ are unexpected in that only exact zero modes are $d_{IR}=3$, while a thin spectral layer near zero is $d_{IR}=2$, followed by an extended layer of $d_{IR}=1$ modes. With only integer values appearing, $d_{IR}$ may have topological origin. We find similar structure at $\lambda_A$, and associate its adjacent thin layer ($d_{IR} >\approx 2$) with Anderson-like criticality. Our analysis reveals the manner in which non-analyticities at $\lambda_{IR}$ and $\lambda_A$, originally identified in other quantities, appear in $d_{IR}(\lambda)$. This dimension structure may be important for understanding the near-perfect fluidity of the quark-gluon medium seen in accelerator experiments. The role of $\lambda_A$ in previously conjectured decoupling of IR component is explained., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures; v2: minor changes, published version

Published
2021
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11. A Different Angle on Quantum Uncertainty (Measure Angle)

Author

Horváth, Ivan and Mendris, Robert

Subjects
Quantum Physics, High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Theory, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

The uncertainty associated with probing the quantum state is expressed as the effective abundance (measure) of possibilities for its collapse. New kinds of uncertainty limits entailed by quantum description of the physical system arise in this manner., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures. Talk at the 7th International Conference on New Frontiers in Physics (ICNFP2018), 4-12 July 2018, Kolymbari, Crete

Published
2019
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12. Possible New Phase of Thermal QCD

Author

Alexandru, Andrei and Horváth, Ivan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Theory, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

Using lattice simulations, we show that there is a phase of thermal QCD, where the spectral density $\rho(\lambda)$ of Dirac operator changes as $1/\lambda$ for the infrared eigenvalues $\lambda

Published
2019
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13. The Measure Aspect of Quantum Uncertainty, of Entanglement, and the Associated Entropies

Author

Horváth, Ivan

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks, High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Theory, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

Indeterminacy associated with probing of a quantum state is commonly expressed through spectral distances (metric) featured in the outcomes of repeated experiments. Here we express it as an effective amount (measure) of distinct outcomes instead. The resulting $\mu$-uncertainties are described by the effective number theory [1] whose central result, the existence of a minimal amount, leads to a well-defined notion of intrinsic irremovable uncertainty. We derive $\mu$-uncertainty formulas for arbitrary set of commuting operators, including the cases with continuous spectra. The associated entropy-like characteristics, the $\mu$-entropies, convey how many degrees of freedom are effectively involved in a given measurement process. In order to construct quantum $\mu$-entropies, we are led to quantum effective numbers designed to count independent, mutually orthogonal states effectively comprising a density matrix. This concept is basis-independent and leads to a measure-based characterization of entanglement., Comment: 14 pages; v2: typos fixed, minor improvements; v3: 18 pages, appendices added, published version

Published
2018
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14. Effective Number Theory: Counting the Identities of a Quantum State

Author

Horváth, Ivan and Mendris, Robert

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks, High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Theory, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

Quantum physics frequently involves a need to count the states, subspaces, measurement outcomes, and other elements of quantum dynamics. However, with quantum mechanics assigning probabilities to such objects, it is often desirable to work with the notion of a "total" that takes into account their varied relevance. For example, such an effective count of position states available to a lattice electron could characterize its localization properties. Similarly, the effective total of outcomes in the measurement step of a quantum computation relates to the efficiency of the quantum algorithm. Despite a broad need for effective counting, a well-founded prescription has not been formulated. Instead, the assignments that do not respect the measure-like nature of the concept, such as versions of the participation number or exponentiated entropies, are used in some areas. Here, we develop the additive theory of effective number functions (ENFs), namely functions assigning consistent totals to collections of objects endowed with probability weights. Our analysis reveals the existence of a minimal total, realized by the unique ENF, which leads to effective counting with absolute meaning. Touching upon the nature of the measure, our results may find applications not only in quantum physics, but also in other quantitative sciences., Comment: 19 pages, 1 figure; v2: some restructuring and presentation improvements, 15 pages, 1 figure; v3: published version

Published
2018
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15. Locality and Efficient Evaluation of Lattice Composite Fields: Overlap-Based Gauge Operators

Author

Alexandru, Andrei and Horváth, Ivan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

We propose a novel general approach to locality of lattice composite fields, which in case of QCD involves locality in both quark and gauge degrees of freedom. The method is applied to gauge operators based on the overlap Dirac matrix elements, showing for the first time their local nature on realistic path-integral backgrounds. The framework entails a method for efficient evaluation of such non-ultralocal operators, whose computational cost is volume-indepenent at fixed accuracy, and only grows logarithmically as this accuracy approaches zero. This makes computation of useful operators, such as overlap-based topological density, practical. The key notion underlying these features is that of exponential insensitivity to distant fields, made rigorous by introducing the procedure of statistical regularization. The scales associated with insensitivity property are useful characteristics of non-local continuum operators., Comment: 34 pages, 10 figures; v2: published version with few remarks added

Published
2016
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16. Lipoprotein(a) and Benefit of PCSK9 Inhibition in Patients With Nominally Controlled LDL Cholesterol

Author

Schwartz, Gregory G., Gabriel Steg, P.h., Bhatt, Deepak L., Bittner, Vera A., Diaz, Rafael, Goodman, Shaun G., Harrington, Robert A., Jukema, J. Wouter, Szarek, Michael, White, Harvey D., Zeiher, Andreas M., Tricoci, Pierluigi, Roe, Matthew T., Mahaffey, Kenneth W., Edelberg, Jay M., Hanotin, Corinne, Lecorps, Guillaume, Moryusef, Angèle, Pordy, Robert, Sasiela, William J., Tamby, Jean-François, Aylward, Philip E., Drexel, Heinz, Sinnaeve, Peter, Dilic, Mirza, Lopes, Renato D., Gotcheva, Nina N., Prieto, Juan-Carlos, Yong, Huo, López-Jaramillo, Patricio, Pećin, Ivan, Reiner, Zeljko, Ostadal, Petr, Poulsen, Steen Hvitfeldt, Viigimaa, Margus, Nieminen, Markku S., Danchin, Nicolas, Chumburidze, Vakhtang, Marx, Nikolaus, Liberopoulos, Evangelos, Montenegro Valdovinos, Pablo Carlos, Tse, Hung-Fat, Kiss, Robert Gabor, Xavier, Denis, Zahger, Doron, Valgimigli, Marco, Kimura, Takeshi, Kim, Hyo Soo, Kim, Sang-Hyun, Erglis, Andrejs, Laucevicius, Aleksandras, Kedev, Sasko, Yusoff, Khalid, Ramos López, Gabriel Arturo, Alings, Marco, Halvorsen, Sigrun, Correa Flores, Roger M., Sy, Rody G., Budaj, Andrzej, Morais, Joao, Dorobantu, Maria, Karpov, Yuri, Ristic, Arsen D., Chua, Terrance, Murin, Jan, Fras, Zlatko, Dalby, Anthony J., Tuñón, José, Asita de Silva, H., Hagström, Emil, Landmesser, Ulf, Müller, Christian, Chiang, Chern-En, Sritara, Piyamitr, Guneri, Sema, Parkhomenko, Alexander, Ray, Kausik K., Moriarty, Patrick M., Vogel, Robert, Chaitman, Bernard, Kelsey, Sheryl F., Olsson, Anders G., Rouleau, Jean-Lucien, Simoons, Maarten L., Alexander, Karen, Meloni, Chiara, Rosenson, Robert, Sijbrands, Eric J.G., Alexander, John H., Armaganijan, Luciana, Bagai, Akshay, Bahit, Maria Cecilia, Brennan, J. Matthew, Clifton, Shaun, DeVore, Adam D., Deloatch, Shalonda, Dickey, Sheila, Dombrowski, Keith, Ducrocq, Grégory, Eapen, Zubin, Endsley, Patricia, Eppinger, Arleen, Harrison, Robert W., Hess, Connie Ng, Hlatky, Mark A., Jordan, Joseph Dedrick, Knowles, Joshua W., Kolls, Bradley J., Kong, David F., Leonardi, Sergio, Lillis, Linda, Maron, David J., Marcus, Jill, Mathews, Robin, Mehta, Rajendra H., Mentz, Robert J., Moreira, Humberto Graner, Patel, Chetan B., Pereira, Sabrina Bernardez, Perkins, Lynn, Povsic, Thomas J., Puymirat, Etienne, Jones, William Schuyler, Shah, Bimal R., Sherwood, Matthew W., Stringfellow, Kenya, Sujjavanich, Darin, Toma, Mustafa, Trotter, Charlene, van Diepen, Sean F.P., Wilson, Matthew D., Tze-Kay Yan, Andrew, Schiavi, Lilia B., Garrido, Marcelo, Alvarisqueta, Andrés F., Sassone, Sonia A., Bordonava, Anselmo P., Alves De Lima, Alberto E., Schmidberg, Jorge M., Duronto, Ernesto A., Caruso, Orlando C., Novaretto, Leonardo P., Hominal, Miguel Angel, Montaña, Oscar R., Caccavo, Alberto, Gomez Vilamajo, Oscar A., Lorenzatti, Alberto J., Cartasegna, Luis R., Paterlini, Gustavo A., Mackinnon, Ignacio J., Caime, Guillermo D., Amuchastegui, Marcos, Salomone, Oscar, Codutti, Oscar R., Jure, Horacio O., Bono, Julio O.E., Hrabar, Adrian D., Vallejos, Julio A., Ahuad Guerrero, Rodolfo A., Novoa, Federico, Patocchi, Cristian A., Zaidman, Cesar J., Giuliano, Maria E., Dran, Ricardo D., Vico, Marisa L., Carnero, Gabriela S., Guzman, Pablo N., Medrano Allende, Juan C., Garcia Brasca, Daniela F., Bustamante Labarta, Miguel H., Nani, Sebastian, Blumberg, Eduardo D.S., Colombo, Hugo R., Liberman, Alberto, Fuentealba, Victorino, Luciardi, Hector L., Waisman, Gabriel D., Berli, Mario A., Garcia Duran, Ruben O., Cestari, Horacio G., Luquez, Hugo A., Giordano, Jorge A., Saavedra, Silvia S., Zapata, Gerardo, Costamagna, Osvaldo, Llois, Susana, Waites, Jonathon H., Collins, Nicholas, Soward, Allan, Hii, Chris L.S., Shaw, James, Arstall, Margaret A., Horowitz, John, Ninio, Daniel, Rogers, James F., Colquhoun, David, Oqueli Flores, Romulo E., Roberts-Thomson, Philip, Raffel, Owen, Lehman, Sam J., Aroney, Constantine, Coverdale, Steven G.M., Garrahy, Paul J., Starmer, Gregory, Sader, Mark, Carroll, Patrick A., Dick, Ronald, Zweiker, Robert, Hoppe, Uta, Huber, Kurt, Berger, Rudolf, Delle-Karth, Georg, Frey, Bernhard, Faes, Dirk, Hermans, Kurt, Pirenne, Bruno, Leone, Attilio, Hoffer, Etienne, Vrolix, Mathias C.M., De Wolf, Luc, Wollaert, Bart, Castadot, Marc, Dujardin, Karl, Beauloye, Christophe, Vervoort, Geert, Striekwold, Harry, Convens, Carl, Roosen, John, Barbato, Emanuele, Claeys, Marc, Cools, Frank, Terzic, Ibrahim, Barakovic, Fahir, Midzic, Zlatko, Pojskic, Belma, Fazlibegovic, Emir, Durak-Nalbantic, Azra, Kulić, Mehmed, Vulic, Dusko, Muslibegovic, Adis, Goronja, Boris, Reis, Gilmar, Sousa, Luciano, Nicolau, Jose C., Giorgeto, Flavio E., Silva, Ricardo P., Maia, Lilia Nigro, Rech, Rafael, Rossi, Paulo R.F., Cerqueira, Maria José A.G., Duda, Norberto, Kalil, Renato, Kormann, Adrian, Abrantes, José Antonio M., Filho, Pedro Pimentel, Soggia, Ana Priscila, de Santos, Mayler O.N., Neuenschwander, Fernando, Bodanese, Luiz C., Michalaros, Yorghos L., Eliaschewitz, Freddy G., Vidotti, Maria H., Leaes, Paulo E., Botelho, Roberto V., Kaiser, Sergio, Fernandes Manenti, Euler Roberto F., Precoma, Dalton B., Moura Jorge, Jose C., Silva, Pedro, Silveira, Jose A., Saporito, Wladmir, Marin Neto, Jose A., Feitosa, Gilson S., Ritt, Luiz Eduardo F., de Souza, Juliana A., Costa, Fernando, Souza, Weimar K.S.B., Reis, Helder J.L., Machado, Leandro, Aidar Ayoub, José Carlos, Todorov, Georgi V., Nikolov, Fedya P., Velcheva, Elena S., Tzekova, Maria L., Benov, Haralambi O., Petranov, Stanislav L., Tumbev, Haralin S., Shehova-Yankova, Nina S., Markov, Dimitar T., Raev, Dimitar H., Mollov, Mihail N., Kichukov, Kostadin N., Ilieva-Pandeva, Katya A., Ivanova, Raya, Gospodinov, Maryana, Mincheva, Valentina M., Lazov, Petar V., Dimov, Bojidar I., Senaratne, Manohara, Stone, James, Kornder, Jan, Pearce, Stephen, Dion, Danielle, Savard, Daniel, Pesant, Yves, Pandey, Amritanshu, Robinson, Simon, Gosselin, Gilbert, Vizel, Saul, Hoag, Gordon, Bourgeois, Ronald, Morisset, Anne, Sabbah, Eric, Sussex, Bruce, Kouz, Simon, MacDonald, Paul, Diaz, Ariel, Michaud, Nicolas, Fell, David, Leung, Raymond, Vuurmans, Tycho, Lai, Christopher, Nigro, Frank, Davies, Richard, Nogareda, Gustavo, Vijayaraghavan, Ram, Ducas, John, Lepage, Serge, Mehta, Shamir, Cha, James, Dupuis, Robert, Fong, Peter, Lutchmedial, Sohrab, Rodes-Cabau, Josep, Fadlallah, Hussein, Cleveland, David, Huynh, Thao, Bata, Iqbal, Hameed, Adnan, Pincetti, Cristian, Potthoff, Sergio, Prieto, Juan C., Acevedo, Monica, Aguirre, Arnoldo, Vejar, Margarita, Yañez, Mario, Araneda, Guillermo, Fernandez, Mauricio, Perez, Luis, Varleta, Paola, Florenzano, Fernando, Huidobro, Laura, Raffo, Carlos A., Olivares, Claudia, Nahuelpan, Leonardo, Montecinos, Humberto, Chen, Jiyan, Dong, Yugang, Huang, Weijian, Wang, Jianzhong, Huang, Shi'An, Yao, Zhuhua, Li, Xiang, Cui, Lan, Lin, Wenhua, Sun, Yuemin, Wang, Jingfeng, Li, Jianping, Zhang, Xuelian, Zhu, Hong, Chen, Dandan, Huang, Lan, Dong, Shaohong, Su, Guohai, Xu, Biao, Su, Xi, Cheng, Xiaoshu, Lin, Jinxiu, Zong, Wenxia, Li, Huanming, Feng, Yi, Xu, Dingli, Yang, Xinchun, Ke, Yuannan, Lin, Xuefeng, Zhang, Zheng, Zheng, Zeqi, Luo, Zhurong, Chen, Yundai, Ding, Chunhua, Zhong, Yi, Zheng, Yang, Li, Xiaodong, Peng, Daoquan, Zhao, Shuiping, Li, Ying, Liu, Xuebo, Wei, Meng, Liu, Shaowen, Yu, Yihua, Qu, Baiming, Jiang, Weihong, Zhou, Yujie, Zhao, Xingsheng, Yuan, Zuyi, Guo, Ying, Xu, Xiping, Shi, Xubo, Ge, Junbo, Fu, Guosheng, Bai, Feng, Fang, Weiyi, Shou, Xiling, Yang, Xiangjun, Wang, Jian'An, Xiang, Meixiang, Sun, Yingxian, Lu, Qinghua, Zhang, Ruiyan, Zhu, Jianhua, Xu, Yizhou, Fan, Zhongcai, Li, Tianchang, Wu, Chun, Jaramillo, Nicolas, Vallejo, Gregorio Sanchez, Luna Botia, Diana C., Lopez, Rodrigo Botero, Molina De Salazar, Dora I., Cadena Bonfanti, Alberto J., Aroca, Carlos Cotes, Higuera, Juan Diego, Blanquicett, Marco, Barrera Silva, Sandra I., Garcia Lozada, Henry J., Coronel Arroyo, Julian A., Accini Mendoza, Jose L., Fernandez Ruiz, Ricardo L., Quintero Ossa, Alvaro M., Manzur Jatin, Fernando G., Herazo, Aristides Sotomayor, Parada, Jeffrey Castellanos, Arambula, Rafael Suarez, Urina Triana, Miguel A., Fernandez Trujillo, Angela M., Strozzi, Maja, Car, Siniša, Jerić, Melita, Miličić, Davor, Benčić, Martina Lovrić, Pintarić, Hrvoje, Prvulović, Đeiti, Šikić, Jozica, Peršić, Viktor, Mileta, Dean, Štambuk, Kresimir, Babić, Zdravko, Tomulic, Vjekoslav, Lukenda, Josip, Mejic-Krstulovic, Stanka, Starcevic, Boris, Spinar, Jindrich, Horak, David, Velicka, Zdenek, Stasek, Josef, Alan, David, Machova, Vilma, Linhart, Ales, Novotny, Vojtech, Kaucak, Vladimir, Rokyta, Richard, Naplava, Robert, Coufal, Zdenek, Adamkova, Vera, Podpera, Ivo, Zizka, Jiri, Motovska, Zuzana, Marusincova, Ivana, Svab, Premysl, Heinc, Petr, 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Zurab, Ghlonti, Ramaz, Lominadze, Zaza, Khabeishvili, George, Hemetsberger, Rayyan, Edward, Kemala, Rauch-Kröhnert, Ursula, Stratmann, Matthias, Appel, Karl-Friedrich, Schmidt, Ekkehard, Omran, Heyder, Stellbrink, Christoph, Dorsel, Thomas, Lianopoulos, Emmanouil, Vöhringer, Hans Friedrich, Marx, Roger, Zirlik, Andreas, Schellenberg, Detlev, Heitzer, Thomas, Laufs, Ulrich, Werner, Christian, Gielen, Stephan, Nuding, Sebastian, Winkelmann, Bernhard, Behrens, Steffen, Sydow, Karsten, Karakas, Mahir, Simonis, Gregor, Muenzel, Thomas, Werner, Nikos, Leggewie, Stefan, Böcker, Dirk, Braun-Dullaeus, Rüdiger, Toursarkissian, Nicole, Jeserich, Michael, Weißbrodt, Matthias, Schaeufele, Tim, Weil, Joachim, Völler, Heinz, Waltenberger, Johannes, Natour, Mohammed, Schmitt, Susanne, Müller-Wieland, Dirk, Steiner, Stephan, Heidenreich, Lothar, Offers, Elmar, Gremmler, Uwe, Killat, Holger, Rieker, Werner, Patsilinakos, Sotiris, Kartalis, Athanasios, Manolis, Athanassios, Sionis, Dimitrios, Chachalis, Geargios, Skoumas, Ioannis, Athyros, Vasilios, Vardas, Panagiotis, Parthenakis, Frangkiskos, Lekakis, John, Hatzitolios, Apostolos, Fausto Ovando, Sergio R., Arango Benecke, Juan L., Rodriguez De Leon, Edgar R., Yan, Bryan P.Y., Siu, David C.W., Turi, Tibor, Merkely, Bela, Ungi, Imre, Lupkovics, Geza, Nagy, Lajos, Katona, András, Édes, István, Müller, Gábor, Horvath, Iván, Kapin, Tibor, Szigeti, Zsolt, Faluközy, József, Kumbla, Mukund, Sandhu, Manjinder, Annam, Sharath, Proddutur, Naveen Reddy, Regella, Reddy, Premchand, Rajendra K., Mahajan, Ajaykumar, Pawar, Sudhir, Abhyanakar, Atul D., Kerkar, Prafulla, Govinda, Ravishankar A., Oomman, Abraham, Sinha, Dhurjati, Patil, Sachin N., Kahali, Dhiman, Sawhney, Jitendra, Joshi, Abhijeet B., Chaudhary, Sanjeev, Harkut, Pankaj, Guha, Santanu, Porwal, Sanjay, Jujjuru, Srimannarayana, Pothineni, Ramesh B., Monteiro, Minguel R., Khan, Aziz, Iyengar, Shamanna S., Grewal, Jasprakash Singh, Chopda, Manoj, Fulwani, Mahesh C., Patange, Aparna, Sachin, Patil, Chopra, Vijay K., Goyal, Naresh K., Shinde, Rituparna, Manakshe, Gajendra V., Patki, Nitin, Sethi, Sumeet, Munusamy, Vengatesh, Sunil Thanvi, Sunil Karnaand, Adhyapak, Srilakshmi, Patil, Chandrakant, Pandurangi, Ulhas, Mathur, Rishabh, Gupta, Jugal, Kalashetti, Suhas, Bhagwat, Ajit, Raghuraman, Bagirath, Yerra, Shiv Kumar, Bhansali, Prasant, Borse, Rohidas, Rahul, Patil, Das, Srihari, Kumar, Vinay, Abdullakutty, Jabir, Saathe, Shireesh, Palimkar, Priya, Abdullkutty, Jabir, Sathe, Shireesh, Atar, Shaul, Shechter, Michael, Mosseri, Morris, Arbel, Yaron, Ehud, Chorin, Ofer, Havakuk, Lotan, Chaim, Rosenschein, Uri, Katz, Amos, Henkin, Yaakov, Francis, Adi, Klutstein, Marc, Nikolsky, Eugenia, Zukermann, Robert, Turgeman, Yoav, Halabi, Majdi, Marmor, Alon, Kornowski, Ran, Jonas, Michael, Amir, Offer, Hasin, Yonathan, Rozenman, Yoseph, Fuchs, Shmuel, Zvi, Vered, Hussein, Osamah, Gavish, Dov, Vered, Zvi, Caraco, Yoseph, Elias, Mazen, Tov, Naveh, Wolfovitz, Efrat, Lishner, Michael, Elias, Nizar, Piovaccari, Giancarlo, De Pellegrin, Annamaria, Garbelotto, Raffaella, Guardigli, Gabriele, Marco, Valgimigli, Licciardello, Giovanni, Auguadro, Carla, Scalise, Filippo, Cuccia, Claudio, Salvioni, Alessandro, Musumeci, Giuseppe, Senni, Michelle, Calabrò, Paolo, Novo, Salvatore, Faggiano, Pompilio, Metra, Marco, De Cesare, Nicoletta B., Berti, Sergio, Cavallini, Claudio, Puccioni, Enrico, Galvani, Marcello, Tespili, Maurizio, Piatti, Piermarco, Palvarini, Michela, De Luca, Giuseppe, Violini, Roberto, De Leo, Alessandro, Olivari, Zoran, Filardi, Pasquale Perrone, Ferratini, Maurizio, Racca, Vittorio, Dai, Kazuoki, Shimatani, Yuji, Kamiya, Haruo, Ando, Kenji, Takeda, Yoshihiro, Morino, Yoshihiro, Hata, Yoshiki, Kimura, Kazuo, Kishi, Koichi, Michishita, Ichiro, Uehara, Hiroki, Higashikata, Toshinori, Hirayama, Atsushi, Hirooka, Keiji, Doi, Yasuji, Sakagami, Satoru, Taguchi, Shuichi, Koike, Akihiro, Fujinaga, Hiroyuki, Koba, Shinji, Kozuma, Ken, Kawasaki, Tomohiro, Ono, Yujiro, Shimizu, Masatoshi, Katsuda, Yousuke, Wada, Atsuyuki, Shinke, Toshiro, Ako, Junya, Fujii, Kenshi, Takahashi, Toshiyuki, Sakamoto, Tomohiro, Nakao, Koichi, Furukawa, Yutaka, Sugino, Hiroshi, Tamura, Ritsu, Mano, Toshiaki, Uematsu, Masaaki, Utsu, Noriaki, Ito, Kashima, Haraguchi, Takuya, Sato, Katsuhiko, Ueda, Yasunori, Nishibe, Akira, Fujimoto, Kazuteru, Masutani, Motomaru, Yoon, Jung Han, Kim, Hack-Lyoung, Park, Hun Sik, Chae, In-Ho, Kim, Moo Hyun, Jeong, Myung Ho, Rha, Seungwoon, Kim, Chongjin, Kim, Hae Young, Hong, Taekjong, Tahk, Seung-Jea, Kim, Youngkwon, Busmane, Arija, Pontaga, Natalija, Strelnieks, Aldis, Mintale, Iveta, Sime, Iveta, Petrulioniene, Zaneta, Kavaliauskiene, Roma, Jurgaitiene, Ruta, Sakalyte, Gintare, Slapikas, Rimvydas, Norkiene, Sigute, Misonis, Nerijus, Kibarskis, Aleksandras, Kubilius, Raimondas, Bojovski, Stojko, Lozance, Nensi, Kjovkaroski, Aleksandar, Doncovska, Snezana, Ong, Tiong Kiam, Kasim, Sazzli, Maskon, Oteh, Kandasamy, Balachandran, Liew, Houng B., Izani Wan Mohamed, Wan Mohd, Castillo, Armando García, Calvillo, Jorge Carrillo, Campos, Pedro Fajardo, Núñez Fragoso, Juan Carlos, Bayram Llamas, Edmundo Alfredo, Alcocer Gamba, Marco Antonio, Madrigal, Jaime Carranza, González Salas, Luis Gerardo, Rosas, Enrique López, González Díaz, Belinda, Salcido Vázquez, Eduardo, Nacoud Ackar, Alfredo, Antonio Llamas Esperón, Guillermo, Rodolfo Martínez Sánchez, Carlos, Guerrero De Leon, María, Suarez Otero, Rodrigo, Fanghänel Salmón, Guillermo, Pérez Ríos, Jesús Antonio, Garza Ruíz, José Angel, Breedveld, Robert W., Feenema-Aardema, Margriet, Borger-Van Der Burg, Alida, Hoogslag, Pieter A.M., Suryapranata, Harry, Oomen, Antonius, Van Haelst, Paulus, Feenema-Aradema, Margriet, Wiersma, Jacobijne J., Basart, Dirk, Van Der Wal, Ruud M.A., Zwart, Peter, Monraats, Pascalle, Van Kesteren, Henricus, Karalis, Ioannis, Jukema, Johan, Verdel, Gerardus J.E., Brueren, Bart R.G., Troquay, Roland PTh, Viergever, Eric P., Al-Windy, Nadea Y.Y., 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Tomasz, Mirek-Bryniarska, Ewa, Gniot, Jacek, Lubinski, Andrzej, Gorny, Jerzy, Franek, Edward, Raczak, Grzegorz, Szwed, Hanna, Monteiro, Pedro, Bastos, Jose Mesquita, Pereira, Helder H., Martins, Dinis, Seixo, Filipe, Mendonça, Carlos, Botelho, Ana, Caetano, Francisca, Minescu, Bogdan, Istratoaie, Octavian, Tesloianu, Dan N., Cristian, Gabriel, Dumitrescu, Silviu, Podoleanu, Cristian G.C., Constantinescu, Mircea C.A., Bengus, Cristina M., Militaru, Constantin, Rosu, Doina, Parepa, Irinel R., Matei, Adrian V., Alexandru, Tom M., Malis, Mihaela, Coman, Ioan, Stanescu-Cioranu, Rodica, Dimulescu, Doina, Shvarts, Yury, Orlikova, Olga, Kobalava, Zhanna, Barbarash, Olga L., Markov, Valentin, Lyamina, Nadezhda, Gordienko, Alexander, Zrazhevsky, Konstantin, Vishnevsky, Alexander Y., Gurevich, Victor, Stryuk, Raisa, Lomakin, Nikita V., Bokarev, Igor, Khlevchuk, Tatiana, Shalaev, Sergey, Khaisheva, Larisa, Chizhov, Petr, Viktorova, Inna, Osokina, Natalya, Shchekotov, Vladimir, Akatova, Evgenia, Chumakova, Galina, Libov, Igor, Voevoda, Mikhail I., Tretyakova, Tatyana V., Baranov, Evgeny, Shustov, Sergey, Yakushin, Sergey, Gordeev, Ivan, Khasanov, Niiaz, Reshetko, Olga, Sotnikova, Tatiana, Molchanova, Olga, Nikolaev, Konstantin, Gapon, Liudmila, Baranova, Elena, Shogenov, Zaur, Kosmachova, Elena, Karpov, Yuriy, Povzun, Anton, Egorova, Liudmila, Tyrenko, Vadim V., Ivanov, Igor G., Ilya, Masterov, Kanorsky, Sergey, Simic, Dragan, Ivanovic, Nikola, Davidovic, Goran, Tasic, Nebojsa, Asanin, Milika R., Stojic, Stevo, Apostolovic, Svetlana R., Ilic, Stevan, Tosic, Biljana Putnikovic, Stankovic, Aleksandar, Arandjelovic, Aleksandra, Radovanovic, Slavica, Todic, Branislava, Balinovac, Jovan, Dincic, Dragan V., Seferovic, Petar, Karadzic, Ana, Dodic, Slobodan, Dimkovic, Sinisa, Jakimov, Tamara, Poh, Kian-Keong, Ong, Hean Yee, I-Shing, Justin Tang, Micko, Karol, Nociar, Jan, Pella, Daniel, Fulop, Peter, Hranai, Marian, Palka, Juraj, Mazur, Juraj, Majercák, Ivan, Dzupina, Andrej, Fazekas, František, Gonsorcik, Jozef, Bugan, Viliam, Selecky, Juraj, Kamensky, Gabriel, Strbova, Jaroslava, Smik, Rudolf, Dukat, Andrej, Olexa, Peter, Žuran, Ivan, Poklukar, Janez, Šuligoj, Nataša Černič, Cevc, Matija, Cyster, Henry P., Ranjith, Naresh, Corbett, Clive, Bayat, Junaid, Makotoko, Ellen Makoali, du Toit Theron, Hendrik, Kapp, Ilse E., de V Basson, Matthys M., Lottering, Hanlie, Van Aswegen, Dina, Van Zyl, Louis J., Sebastian, Peter J., Pillay, Thayabran, Saaiman, Jan A., Commerford, Patrick J., Cassimjee, Soraya, Riaz, Garda, Ebrahim, Iftikhar O., Sarvan, Mahomed, Mynhardt, Joseph H., Reuter, Helmuth, Moodley, Rajendran, Vida, Manuel, Cequier Fillat, Angel R., Peris, Vicente Bodí, Jimenez, Francisco Fuentes, Marín, Francisco, Cruz Fernández, Jose M., Hidalgo Urbano, Rafael Jesus, Gil-Extremera, Blas, Toledo, Pablo, Diz, Fernando Worner, Garcia-Dorado, David, Iñiguez, Andres, Fernández, José Tuñón, Gonzalez-Juanatey, Jose R., Portales, Javier Fernandez, Murillo, Fernando Civeira, Pericas, Laia Matas, Zamorano, Jose Luis, De Mora Martin, Manuel, Cortada, Jordi Bruguera, Alonso Martin, Joaquin J., Serrano Antolin, Jose Maria, De Berrazueta Fernández, José R., Vázquez de Prada, José Antonio, Díaz Fernández, Jose Francisco, García Lledó, José Alberto, Sales, Juan Cosín, Rodriguez, Javier Botas, Tragant, Gabriel Gusi, Benedicto, Amparo, Gonzalez-Juanatey, Carlos, Potau, Mercedes Camprubí, Perez, Ignacio Plaza, De La Tassa, César Morís, Loma-Osorio Rincon, Pablo, Recena, Javier Balaguer, Escudier, Juan M., Payeras, Antonio Coca, Orcajo, Norberto Alonso, Valdivielso, Pedro, Constantine, Godwin, Haniffa, Ruvaiz, Tissera, Nirmali, Amarasekera, Stanley, Ponnamperuma, Chandrike, Fernando, Nimali, Fernando, Kaputella, Jayawardena, Jayanthimala, Wijeyasingam, Santharaj, Ranasinghe, Gotabhaya, Ekanayaka, Ruvan, Mendis, Sepalika, Senaratne, Vajira, Mayurathan, Gnanamoorthy, Rajapaksha, Ajantha, Sirisena, Thilak, Herath, Jagath I., Amarasena, Naomali, Berglund, Stefan, Rasmanis, Gundars, Vedin, Ola, Witt, Nils, Mourtzinis, Georgios, Nicol, Peter, Hansen, Ole, Romeo, Stefano, Jensen, Steen Agergaard, Torstensson, Ingemar, Ahremark, Ulf, Sundelin, Torbjörn, Moccetti, Tiziano, Mach, Francois, Binde, Ronald, Gämperli, Oliver, Tsai, Wei-Chuan, Ueng, Kwo-Chang, Lai, Wen-Ter, Liu, Ming-En, Hwang, Juey-Jen, Yin, Wei-Hsian, Hsieh, I-Chang, Hsieh, Ming-Jer, Lin, Wei Hsiang, Kuo, Jen-Yuan, Huang, Tsuei-Yuan, Fang, Chih-Yuan, Kaewsuwanna, Pinij, Soonfuang, Wasant, Jintapakorn, Woravut, Sukonthasarn, Apichard, Wongpraparut, Nattawut, Sastravaha, Krisada, Sansanayudh, Nakarin, Kehasukcharoen, Wirash, Piyayotai, Dilok, Chotnoparatpat, Paiboon, Camsari, Ahmet, Kultursay, Hakan, Mutlu, Bulent, Ersanli, Murat, Demirtas, Mustafa, Kirma, Cevat, Ural, Ertan, Koldas, Lale, Karpenko, Oleksandr, Prokhorov, Alexander, Vakaluyk, Ihor, Myshanych, Halyna, Reshotko, Dmytro, Batushkin, Valeriy, Rudenko, Leonid, Kovalskyi, Ihor, Kushnir, Mykola, Tseluyko, Vira, Mostovoy, Yuriy, Stanislavchuk, Mykola, Kyiak, Yulian, Karpenko, Yuriy, Malynovsky, Yaroslav, Klantsa, Andriy, Kutniy, Oles, Amosova, Ekaterina, Tashchuk, Viktor, Leshchuk, Oleh, Rishko, Mykola, Kopytsya, Mykola, Yagensky, Andriy, Vatutin, Mykola, Bagriy, Andriy, Barna, Olga M., Ushakov, Olexiy, Dzyak, Georgiy, Goloborodko, Borys, Rudenko, Anatolii, Zheleznyy, Volodymyr, Trevelyan, Jasper, Zaman, Azfar, Lee, Kaeng, Moriarty, Andrew, Aggarwal, Rajesh K., Clifford, Piers, Wong, Yuk-Ki, Iqbal, Syed M.R., Subkovas, Eduardas, Braganza, Denise, Sarkar, David, Storey, Robert, Griffiths, Huw, Mcclure, Sam, Muthusamy, Rangasamy, Smith, Simon, Kurian, John, Levy, Terry, Barr, Craig, Kadr, Honer, Gerber, Robert, Simaitis, Audrius, Soran, Handrean, Mathur, Anthony, Brodison, Adrian, Ayaz, Mohammad, Cheema, Muhammad, Oliver, Richard, Thackray, Simon, Mudawi, Telal, Rahman, Gohar, Sultan, Ayyaz, Reynolds, Timothy, Sharman, David, david Sprigings, Butler, Rob, Wilkinson, Peter, Lip, Gregory Y.H., Halcox, Julian, Gallagher, Sean, Ossei-Gerning, Nicholas, Vardi, Gil, Baldari, Duccio, Brabham, David, Treasure, Charles, II, Dahl, Charles, Palmer, Bruce, Wiseman, Alan, Khan, Abul, Puri, Sanjeev, Mohart, Ann Elizabeth, Ince, Carlos, Flores, Enrique, Wright, Scott, Cheng, Shi-Chi, Rosenberg, Michael, Rogers, William, Jr., Kosinski, Edward, Forgosh, Les, Waltman, Jonathan, Khan, Misal, Shoukfeh, Mohammad, Dagher, Georges, Cambier, Patrick, Lieber, Ira, Kumar, Priya, East, Cara, Krichmar, Perry, Hasan, Mian, White, Lindsey, Knickelbine, Thomas, Haldis, Thomas, Gillespie, Eve, Amidon, Thomas, Suh, David, Arif, Imran, Abdallah, Mouhamad, Akhter, Faiq, Carlson, Eric, D'Urso, Michael, El-Ahdab, Fadi, Nelson, William, Moriarty, Katie, Harris, Barry, Cohen, Steven, Carter, Luther, Doty, Daniel, Sabatino, Kenneth, Haddad, Tariq, Malik, Amir, Rao, Sunder, Mulkay, Angel, Jovin, Ion, Klancke, Kim, Malhotra, Vinay, Devarapalli, Sai K., Koren, Michael, Chandna, Harish, Dodds, George, III, Goraya, Tauqir, Bengston, James, Janik, Matthew, Moran, Joseph, Sumner, Andrew, Kobayashi, John, Davis, William, Yazdani, Shahram, Pasquini, John, Thakkar, Maitreya, Vedere, Amarnath, Leimbach, Wayne, Rider, James, fenton, Sarah, Singh, Narendra, Shah, Anil V., Janosik, Denise, Pepine, Carl, Berman, Brett, Gelormini, Joseph, Daniels, Christopher, Richard, Kerensky, Keating, Friederike, Kondo, Nicholas I., Shetty, Sanjay, Levite, Howard, Waider, Winfried, Takata, Theodore, Abu-Fadel, Mazen, Shah, Vipul, Aggarwal, Rahul, Izzo, Mark, Kumar, Anil, Hattler, Brack, Do, Rose, Link, Chad, Bortnick, Anna, Kinzfogl, George, III, Ghitis, Arnold, Larry, John, Teufel, Edward, Kuhlman, Peter, Mclaurin, Brent, Zhang, Wenwu, Thew, Stephen, Abbas, Jalal, White, Matthew, Islam, Othman, Subherwal, Sumeet, Ranadive, Nandkishore, Vakili, Babak, Gring, Christian, Henderson, David, Schuchard, Timothy, Farhat, Naim, Kline, Geoffrey, Mahal, Sharan, Whitaker, Jack, Speirs, Shawn, Andersen, Rolf, Daboul, Nizar, Horwitz, Phillip, Zahr, Firas, Ponce, George, Jafar, Zubair, Mcgarvey, Joseph, Jr., Panchal, Vipul, Voyce, Stephen, Blok, Thomas, Sheldon, William, Azizad, Masoud M., Schmalfuss, Carsten, Picone, Mark, Pederson, Robert, Herzog, William, Jr., Friedman, Keith, Lindsey, Jason, Nowins, Rosemary, Timothy, Eichenlaub, Leonard, Parilak, Lepor, Norman, El Shahawy, Mahfouz, Weintraub, Howard, Irimpen, Anand, Alonso, Alvaro, May, Wade, Christopher, Daniels, Galski, Thomas, Chu, Alan, Mody, Freny, Ramin, Ebrahimi, Hodes, Zachary, Rossi, Joseph, Rose, Gregory, Fairlamb, James, Lambert, Charles, Jr., Raisinghani, Ajit, Abbate, Antonio, Vetrovec, George, King, Marilyn, Carey, Charles, Gerber, Jaime, Younis, Liwa, Park, Hyeun, Vidovich, Mladen, Knutson, Thomas, Friedman, Dennis, Chaleff, Fred, Loussararian, Arthur, Rozeman, Phillip, Kimmelstiel, Carey, Kuvin, Jeffrey, Silver, Kevin, Foster, Malcolm, Tonnessen, Glen, Espinoza, Andrey, Amlani, Mohamadali, Wali, Andreas, Malozzi, Christopher, Jong, Geert T., Massey, Clara, Wattanakit, Keattiyoat, O'Donnell, Philip J., Singal, Dinesh, Jaffrani, Naseem, Banuru, Sridhar, Fisher, Daniel, Xenakis, Mark, Perlmutter, Neal, Bhagwat, Ravi, Strader, James, Jr., Blonder, Ronald, Akyea-Djamson, Ayim, Labroo, Ajay, Lee, Kwan, Marais, H. John, Claxton, Edmund, Jr., Weiss, Robert, Kathryn, Rohr, Berk, Martin, Rossi, Peter, Joshi, Parag, Khera, Amit, Khaira, Ajit S., Kumkumian, Greg, Lupovitch, Steven, Purow, Joshua, Welka, Stephen, Hoffman, David, Fischer, Stuart, Soroka, Eugene, Eagerton, Donald, Pancholy, Samir, Ray, Michael, Erenrich, Norman, Farrar, Michael, Pollock, Stewart, French, William J., Diamantis, Steve, Guy, Douglas, Gimple, Lawrence, Neustel, Mark, Schwartz, Steven, Pereira, Edward, Albert, Seals, Spriggs, Douglas, Strain, Janet, Mittal, Suneet, Vo, Anthony, Chane, Majed, Hall, Jason, Vijay, Nampalli, Lotun, Kapildeo, Lester, F. Martin, Nahhas, Ahed, Pope, Theodore, Nager, Paul, Vohra, Rakesh, Sharma, Mukesh, Bashir, Riyaz, Ahmed, Hinan, Berlowitz, Michael, Fishberg, Robert, Barrucco, Robert, Yang, Eric, Radin, Michael, Sporn, Daniel, Stapleton, Dwight, Eisenberg, Steven, Landzberg, Joel, Mcgough, Martin, Turk, Samir, Schwartz, Michael, Sundram, P. Sandy, Jain, Diwakar, Zainea, Mark, Bayron, Carlos, Karlsberg, Ronald, Dohad, Suhail, Lui, Henry, Keen, William, Westerhausen, Donald, Jr., Khurana, Sandeep, Agarwal, Himanshu, Birchem, Jessica, Penny, William, Jr., Chang, Mark, Murphy, Sherrill, Henry, John, Schifferdecker ;John M Gilbert, Branislav, Chalavarya, Gopal, Eaton, Charles, Schmedtje, John F., Jr., Christenson, Stuart, Dotani, Imran, Denham, Douglas, Macdonell, Alexander, Gibson, Paul, Rahman, Aref, Al Joundi, Tammam, Assi, Nizar, Conrad, Gary, Kotha, Purushotham, Love, Michael, Giesler, Gregory, Rubenstein, Howard, Gamil, Dawood, Akright, Laura, Krawczyk, Justine, Cobler, Joanne, Wells, Terry, Welker, James, Foster, Robert, Gilmore, Richard, Anderson, Jay, Jacoby, Douglas, Harris, Bill, Gardner, Geraldine, Dandillaya, Ramprasad, Vora, Kishor, Kostis, John, Hunter, John, Laxson, David, Ball, Eric, Egydio, Flavia, Kawakami, Anelise, Oliveira, Janaina, Wozniak, Julianna, Matthews, Alexander, Ratky, Caroline, Valiris, Janine, Berdan, Lisa, Hepditch, Anita, Quintero, Kirby, Rorick, Tyrus, Westbrook, Melissa, Pascual, Andrea, Rovito, Carla, Bezault, Madeleine, Drouet, Elodie, Simon, Tabassome, Alsweiler, Caroline, Luyten, Anne, Butters, Julie, Griffith, Liddy, Shaw, Michelle, Grunberg, Lena, Islam, Shahidul, Brégeault, Marie-France, Bougon, Nathalie, Faustino, Douglas, Fontecave, Sylvie, Murphy, Judith, Verrier, Melanie, Veronique Agnetti, Andersen, Dorthe, Badreddine, Emmy, Bekkouche, Mhamed, Bouancheau, Cecile, Brigui, Imane, Brocklehurst, Maddy, Cianciarulo, Joseph, Devaul, Dawn, Domokos, Szilvia, Gache, Cecile, Gobillot, Caroline, Guillou, Severine, Healy, Jan, Heath, Megan, Jaiwal, Gayatri, Javierre, Carine, Labeirie, Julien, Monier, Myriam, Morales, Ulises, Mrabti, Asmaa, Mthombeni, Bicky, Okan, Betim, Smith, Lucile, Sheller, Jennifer, Sopena, Sebastien, Pellan, Valerie, Benbernou, Fadela, Bengrait, Nafissa, Lamoureux, Maud, Kralova, Katarina, Scemama, Michel, Bejuit, Raphael, Coulange, Anthony, Berthou, Christelle, Repincay, Jérôme, Lorenzato, Christelle, Etienne, Alexis, Gouet, Valerie, Loizeau, Virginie, Normand, Mickael, Ourliac, Anne, Rondel, Christelle, Adamo, Antony, Beltran, Pascale, Barraud, Pauline, Dubois-Gache, Helene, Halle, Benjamin, Metwally, Lamia, Mourgues, Maxime, Sotty, Marc, Vincendet, Marion, Cotruta, Raluca, Chengyue, Zhu, Fournie-Lloret, Dominique, Morrello, Christine, Perthuis, Aurelie, Picault, Patrick, Zobouyan, Isabelle, Colhoun, Helen M., Dempsey, Michael A., McClanahan, Mark A., Manvelian, Garen, Sinnaeve, Peter R., and Gabriel Steg, Ph

Published
2021
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17. Dirac Spectral Density in $N_f = 2+1$ QCD at $T = 230$ MeV

Author

Alexandru, Andrei, Bonanno, Claudio, D'Elia, Massimo, Horváth, Ivan, Alexandru, Andrei, Bonanno, Claudio, D'Elia, Massimo, and Horváth, Ivan

Abstract

We compute the renormalized Dirac spectral density in $N_f = 2+1$ QCD at physical quark masses, temperature $T = 230$ MeV and system size $L_s = 3.4$ fm. To that end, we perform a point-wise continuum limit of the staggered density in lattice QCD with staggered quarks. We find, for the first time, that a clear infrared structure (IR peak) emerges in the density of Dirac operator describing dynamical quarks. Features of this structure are consistent with those previously attributed to the recently-proposed IR phase of thermal QCD. Our results (i) provide solid evidence that these IR features are stable and physical; (ii) improve the upper bound for IR-phase transition temperature $T_{\mathrm{IR}}$ so that the new window is $200 < T_{\mathrm{IR}} < 230\,$MeV; (iii) support non-restoration of anomalous U$_{\mathrm A}$(1) symmetry (chiral limit) below $T \!=\! 230\,$MeV., Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures

Published
2024

18. Classifying the Phases of Gauge Theories by Spectral Density of Probing Chiral Quarks

Author

Alexandru, Andrei and Horváth, Ivan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

We describe our recent proposal that distinct phases of gauge theories with fundamental quarks translate into specific types of low-energy behavior in Dirac spectral density. The resulting scenario is built around new evidence substantiating the existence of a phase characterized by bimodal (anomalous) density, and corresponding to deconfined dynamics with broken valence chiral symmetry. We argue that such anomalous phase occurs quite generically in these theories, including in "real world" QCD above the crossover temperature, and in zero-temperature systems with many light flavors., Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures. Proceedings of the 33rd International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory, July 14-18, 2015, Kobe, Japan

Published
2015

19. Phases of SU(3) Gauge Theories with Fundamental Quarks via Dirac Spectral Density

Author

Alexandru, Andrei and Horváth, Ivan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Theory, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

We propose that, in SU(3) gauge theories with fundamental quarks, confinement can be inferred from spectral density of the Dirac operator. This stems from the proposition that its possible behaviors are exhausted by three distinct types (Fig.1). The monotonic cases are standard and entail confinement with valence chiral symmetry breaking (A) or the lack of both (C,C'). The bimodal (anomalous) option (B) was frequently regarded as an artifact (lattice or other) in previous studies, but we show for the first time that it persists in the continuum limit, and conclude that it informs of a non-confining phase with broken valence chiral symmetry. This generalization rests on the following. $(\alpha)$ We show that bimodality in $N_f$=0 theory past deconfinement temperature $T_c$ is stable with respect to removal of both infrared and ultraviolet cutoffs, indicating that anomalous phase is not an artifact. $(\beta)$ We demonstrate that transition to bimodality in $N_f$=0 is simultaneous with the loss of confinement: anomalous phase occurs for $T_c < T < T_{ch}$, where $T_{ch}$ is the valence chiral restoration temperature. $(\gamma)$ Evidence is presented for thermal anomalous phase in $N_f$=2+1 QCD at physical quark masses, whose onset too coincides with the conventional "crossover $T_c$''. We conclude that the anomalous regime $T_c < T < T_{ch}$ is very likely a feature of nature's strong interactions. $(\delta)$ Our past studies of zero-temperature $N_f$=12 theories revealed that bimodality also arises via purely light-quark effects. As a result, we expect to encounter anomalous phase on generic paths to valence chiral restoration. We predict its existence also for $N_f$ massless flavors ($T=0$) in the range $N_f^c < N_f < N_f^{ch}$, where $N_f^c$ could be quite low. Conventional arguments would associate $N_f^{ch}$ with the onset of conformal window., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures; v2: PRD version, few remarks/references added and minor reformulations made, 11 pages, 6 figures

Published
2015
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20. Broken Valence Chiral Symmetry and Chiral Polarization of Dirac Spectrum in N$_f$=12 QCD at Small Quark Mass

Author

Alexandru, Andrei and Horváth, Ivan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Abstract

The validity of recently proposed equivalence between valence spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking (vSChSB) and chiral polarization of low energy Dirac spectrum (ChP) in SU(3) gauge theory, is examined for the case of twelve mass-degenerate fundamental quark flavors. We find that the vSChSB-ChP correspondence holds for regularized systems studied. Moreover, our results suggest that vSChSB occurs in two qualitatively different circumstances: there is a quark mass $m_c$ such that for $m > m_c$ the mode condensing Dirac spectrum exhibits standard monotonically increasing density, while for $m_{ch} < m < m_c$ the peak around zero separates from the bulk of the spectrum, with density showing a pronounced depletion at intermediate scales. Valence chiral symmetry restoration may occur at yet smaller masses $m < m_{ch}$, but this has not yet been seen by overlap valence probe, leaving the $m_{ch}=0$ possibility open. The latter option could place massless N$_f$=12 theory outside of conformal window. Anomalous behavior of overlap Dirac spectrum for $m_{ch} < m < m_c$ is qualitatively similar to one observed previously in zero and few-flavor theories as an effect of thermal agitation., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures. Talk presented at Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum XI, 8-12 September 2014, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

Published
2014

22. Deconfinement, Chiral Symmetry Breaking and Chiral Polarization

Author

Alexandru, Andrei and Horváth, Ivan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

We examine the feasibility of the proposition that there is a temperature range T$_c$ < T < T$_{ch}$ in N$_f$=0 QCD, where real Polyakov line (deconfined) vacuum exhibits valence spontaneous chiral symetry breaking and dynamical chiral polarization of Dirac eigenmodes. Detailed finite-volume analysis convincingly demonstrates the existence of such phase at fixed cutoff (a=0.085 fm). Moreover, it is found that this behavior also takes place closer to the continuum limit (a=0.060 fm) without qualitative change in its properties., Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures; v2: Fig.3 fixed. Talk presented at the 32nd International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (Lattice 2014), 23-28 June 2014, Columbia University, New York, NY

Published
2014

23. Chiral Symmetry Breaking and Chiral Polarization: Tests for Finite Temperature and Many Flavors

Author

Alexandru, Andrei and Horváth, Ivan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

It was recently conjectured that, in SU(3) gauge theories with fundamental quarks, valence spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking is equivalent to condensation of local dynamical chirality and appearance of chiral polarization scale $\Lambda_{ch}$. Here we consider more general association involving the low-energy layer of chirally polarized modes which, in addition to its width ($\Lambda_{ch}$), is also characterized by volume density of participating modes ($\Omega$) and the volume density of total chirality ($\Omega_{ch}$). Few possible forms of the correspondence are discussed, paying particular attention to singular cases where $\Omega$ emerges as the most versatile characteristic. The notion of finite-volume "order parameter", capturing the nature of these connections, is proposed. We study the effects of temperature (in N$_f$=0 QCD) and light quarks (in N$_f$=12), both in the regime of possible symmetry restoration, and find agreement with these ideas. In N$_f$=0 QCD, results from several volumes indicate that, at the lattice cutoff studied, the deconfinement temperature $T_c$ is strictly smaller than the overlap-valence chiral transition temperature $T_{ch}$ in real Polyakov line vacuum. Somewhat similar intermediate phase (in quark mass) is also seen in N$_f$=12. It is suggested that deconfinement in N$_f$=0 is related to indefinite convexity of absolute X-distributions., Comment: 45 pages, 20 figures; v2: reduced the size of submission and fixed references to appendices; v3: minor changes - published form

Published
2014
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24. Dynamical Local Chirality and Chiral Symmetry Breaking

Author

Alexandru, Andrei and Horváth, Ivan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

We present some of the reasoning and results substantiating the notion that spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking (SChSB) in QCD is encoded in local chiral properties of Dirac eigenmodes. Such association is possible when viewing chirality as a dynamical effect, measured with respect to the benchmark of statistically independent left-right components. Following this rationale leads to describing local chiral behavior by a taylor-made correlation, namely the recently introduced correlation coefficient of polarization C_A. In this language, correlated modes (C_A>0) show dynamical preference for local chirality while anti-correlated modes (C_A<0) favor anti-chirality. Our conclusion is that SChSB in QCD can be viewed as dominance of low-energy correlation (chirality) over anti-correlation (anti-chirality) of Dirac sea. The spectral range of local chirality, chiral polarization scale Lambda_ch, is a dynamically generated scale in the theory associated with SChSB. One implication of these findings is briefly discussed., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures. Talk given at "Quark Confinement and the Hadron Spectrum X", Munich, Germany, Oct. 8-12, 2012

Published
2013

25. Effects of alirocumab on cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes after acute coronary syndrome in patients with or without diabetes: a prespecified analysis of the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES randomised controlled trial

Author

Schwartz, Gregory G., Steg, Ph. Gabriel, Bhatt, Deepak L., Bittner, Vera A., Diaz, Rafael, Goodman, Shaun G., Harrington, Robert A., Jukema, J. Wouter, Szarek, Michael, White, Harvey D., Zeiher, Andreas M., Tricoci, Pierluigi, Roe, Matthew T., Mahaffey, Kenneth W., Edelberg, Jay M., Hanotin, Corinne, Lecorps, Guillaume, Moryusef, Angèle, Pordy, Robert, Sasiela, William J., Tamby, Jean-François, Aylward, Philip E., Drexel, Heinz, Sinnaeve, Peter, Dilic, Mirza, Lopes, Renato D., Gotcheva, Nina N., Prieto, Juan-Carlos, Yong, Huo, López-Jaramillo, Patricio, Pećin, Ivan, Reiner, Zeljko, Ostadal, Petr, Viigimaa, Margus, Nieminen, Markku S., Chumburidze, Vakhtang, Marx, Nikolaus, Danchin, Nicolas, Liberopoulos, Evangelos, Montenegro Valdovinos, Pablo Carlos, Tse, Hung-Fat, Kiss, Robert Gabor, Xavier, Denis, Zahger, Doron, Valgimigli, Marco, Kimura, Takeshi, Kim, Hyo Soo, Kim, Sang-Hyun, Erglis, Andrejs, Laucevicius, Aleksandras, Kedev, Sasko, Yusoff, Khalid, Ramos López, Gabriel Arturo, Alings, Marco, Halvorsen, Sigrun, Correa Flores, Roger M., Budaj, Andrzej, Morais, Joao, Dorobantu, Maria, Karpov, Yuri, Ristic, Arsen D., Chua, Terrance, Murin, Jan, Fras, Zlatko, Dalby, Anthony J., Tuñón, José, de Silva, H. Asita, Hagström, Emil, Landmesser, Ulf, Chiang, Chern-En, Sritara, Piyamitr, Guneri, Sema, Parkhomenko, Alexander, Ray, Kausik K., Moriarty, Patrick M., Vogel, Robert, Chaitman, Bernard, Kelsey, Sheryl F., Olsson, Anders G., Rouleau, Jean-Lucien, Simoons, Maarten L., Alexander, Karen, Meloni, Chiara, Rosenson, Robert, Sijbrands, Eric J.G., Alexander, John H., Armaganijan, Luciana, Bagai, Akshay, Bahit, Maria Cecilia, Brennan, J. Matthew, Clifton, Shaun, DeVore, Adam D., Deloatch, Shalonda, Dickey, Sheila, Dombrowski, Keith, Ducrocq, Grégory, Eapen, Zubin, Endsley, Patricia, Eppinger, Arleen, Harrison, Robert W., Hess, Connie Ng, Hlatky, Mark A., Jordan, Joseph Dedrick, Knowles, Joshua W., Kolls, Bradley J., Kong, David F., Leonardi, Sergio, Lillis, Linda, Maron, David J., Marcus, Jill, Mathews, Robin, Mehta, Rajendra H., Mentz, Robert J., Moreira, Humberto Graner, Patel, Chetan B., Bernardez-Pereira, Sabrina, Perkins, Lynn, Povsic, Thomas J., Puymirat, Etienne, Schuyler Jones, William, Shah, Bimal R., Sherwood, Matthew W., Stringfellow, Kenya, Sujjavanich, Darin, Toma, Mustafa, Trotter, Charlene, Van Diepen, Sean, Wilson, Matthew D., Yan, Andrew T., Schiavi, Lilia B., Garrido, Marcelo, Alvarisqueta, Andrés F., Sassone, Sonia A., Bordonava, Anselmo P., Alves De Lima, Alberto E., Schmidberg, Jorge M., Duronto, Ernesto A., Caruso, Orlando C., Novaretto, Leonardo P., Hominal, Miguel Angel, Montaña, Oscar R., Caccavo, Alberto, Gomez Vilamajo, Oscar A., Lorenzatti, Alberto J., Cartasegna, Luis R., Paterlini, Gustavo A., Mackinnon, Ignacio J., Caime, Guillermo D., Amuchastegui, Marcos, Salomone, Oscar, Codutti, Oscar R., Jure, Horacio O., Bono, Julio OE, Hrabar, Adrian D., Vallejos, Julio A., Ahuad Guerrero, Rodolfo A., Novoa, Federico, Patocchi, Cristian A., Zaidman, Cesar J., Giuliano, Maria E., Dran, Ricardo D., Vico, Marisa L., Carnero, Gabriela S., Guzman, Pablo N., Medrano Allende, Juan C., Garcia Brasca, Daniela F., Bustamante Labarta, Miguel H, Nani, Sebastian, Blumberg, Eduardo DS, Colombo, Hugo R, Liberman, Alberto, Fuentealba, Victorino, Luciardi, Hector L, Waisman, Gabriel D, Berli, Mario A, Garcia Duran, Ruben O, Cestari, Horacio G, Luquez, Hugo A, Giordano, Jorge A, Saavedra, Silvia S, Zapata, Gerardo, Costamagna, Osvaldo, Llois, Susana, Waites, Jonathon H, Collins, Nicholas, Soward, Allan, Hii, Chris LS, Shaw, James, Arstall, Margaret A, Horowitz, John, Ninio, Daniel, Rogers, James F, Colquhoun, David, Oqueli Flores, Romulo E, Roberts-Thomson, Philip, Raffel, Owen, Lehman, Sam J, Aroney, Constantine, Coverdale, Steven GM, Garrahy, Paul J, Starmer, Gregory, Sader, Mark, Carroll, Patrick A, Dick, Ronald, Zweiker, Robert, Hoppe, Uta, Huber, Kurt, Berger, Rudolf, Delle-Karth, Georg, Frey, Bernhard, Weidinger, Franz, Faes, Dirk, Hermans, Kurt, Pirenne, Bruno, Leone, Attilio, Hoffer, Etienne, Vrolix, Mathias CM, De Wolf, Luc, Wollaert, Bart, Castadot, Marc, Dujardin, Karl, Beauloye, Christophe, Vervoort, Geert, Striekwold, Harry, Convens, Carl, Roosen, John, Barbato, Emanuele, Claeys, Marc, Cools, Frank, Terzic, Ibrahim, Barakovic, Fahir, Midzic, Zlatko, Pojskic, Belma, Fazlibegovic, Emir, Kulić, Mehmed, Durak-Nalbantic, Azra, Vulic, Dusko, Muslibegovic, Adis, Goronja, Boris, Reis, Gilmar, Sousa, Luciano, Nicolau, Jose C, Giorgeto, Flavio E, Silva, Ricardo P, Nigro Maia, Lilia, Rech, Rafael, Rossi, Paulo RF, Cerqueira, Maria José AG, Duda, Norberto, Kalil, Renato, Kormann, Adrian, Abrantes, José Antonio M, Pimentel Filho, Pedro, Soggia, Ana Priscila, de Santos, Mayler ON, Neuenschwander, Fernando, Bodanese, Luiz C, Michalaros, Yorghos L, Eliaschewitz, Freddy G, Vidotti, Maria H, Leaes, Paulo E, Botelho, Roberto V, Kaiser, Sergio, Manenti, Euler Roberto Fernandes, Precoma, Dalton B, Moura Jorge, Jose C, de B Silva, Pedro G, Silveira, Jose A, Saporito, Wladmir, Marin-Neto, Jose A, Feitosa, Gilson S, Ritt, Luiz Eduardo F, de Souza, Juliana A, Costa, Fernando, Souza, Weimar KSB, Reis, Helder JL, Machado, Leandro, Ayoub, José Carlos Aidar, Todorov, Georgi V, Nikolov, Fedya P, Velcheva, Elena S, Tzekova, Maria L, Benov, Haralambi O, Petranov, Stanislav L, Tumbev, Haralin S, Shehova-Yankova, Nina S, Markov, Dimitar T, Raev, Dimitar H, Mollov, Mihail N, Kichukov, Kostadin N, Ilieva-Pandeva, Katya A, Ivanova, Raya, Gospodinov, Maryana, Mincheva, Valentina M, Lazov, Petar V, Dimov, Bojidar I, Senaratne, Manohara, Stone, James, Kornder, Jan, Pearce, Stephen, Dion, Danielle, Savard, Daniel, Pesant, Yves, Pandey, Amritanshu, Robinson, Simon, Gosselin, Gilbert, Vizel, Saul, Hoag, Gordon, Bourgeois, Ronald, Morisset, Anne, Sabbah, Eric, Sussex, Bruce, Kouz, Simon, MacDonald, Paul, Diaz, Ariel, Michaud, Nicolas, Fell, David, Leung, Raymond, Vuurmans, Tycho, Lai, Christopher, Nigro, Frank, Davies, Richard, Nogareda, Gustavo, Vijayaraghavan, Ram, Ducas, John, Lepage, Serge, Mehta, Shamir, Cha, James, Dupuis, Robert, Fong, Peter, Lutchmedial, Sohrab, Rodes-Cabau, Josep, Fadlallah, Hussein, Cleveland, David, Huynh, Thao, Bata, Iqbal, Hameed, Adnan, Pincetti, Cristian, Potthoff, Sergio, Prieto, Juan C, Acevedo, Monica, Aguirre, Arnoldo, Vejar, Margarita, Yañez, Mario, Araneda, Guillermo, Fernandez, Mauricio, Perez, Luis, Varleta, Paola, Florenzano, Fernando, Huidobro, Laura, Raffo, Carlos A, Olivares, Claudia, Nahuelpan, Leonardo, Montecinos, Humberto, Chen, Jiyan, Dong, Yugang, Huang, Weijian, Wang, Jianzhong, Huang, Shi'An, Yao, Zhuhua, Li, Xiang, Cui, Lan, Lin, Wenhua, Sun, Yuemin, Wang, Jingfeng, Li, Jianping, Zhang, Xuelian, Zhu, Hong, Chen, Dandan, Huang, Lan, Dong, Shaohong, Su, Guohai, Xu, Biao, Su, Xi, Cheng, Xiaoshu, Lin, Jinxiu, Zong, Wenxia, Li, Huanming, Feng, Yi, Xu, Dingli, Yang, Xinchun, Ke, Yuannan, Lin, Xuefeng, Zhang, Zheng, Zheng, Zeqi, Luo, Zhurong, Chen, Yundai, Ding, Chunhua, Zhong, Yi, Zheng, Yang, Li, Xiaodong, Peng, Daoquan, Zhao, Shuiping, Li, Ying, Liu, Xuebo, Wei, Meng, Liu, Shaowen, Yu, Yihua, Qu, Baiming, Jiang, Weihong, Zhou, Yujie, Zhao, Xingsheng, Yuan, Zuyi, Guo, Ying, Xu, Xiping, Shi, Xubo, Ge, Junbo, Fu, Guosheng, Bai, Feng, Fang, Weiyi, Shou, Xiling, Yang, Xiangjun, Wang, Jian'An, Xiang, Meixiang, Sun, Yingxian, Lu, Qinghua, Zhang, Ruiyan, Zhu, Jianhua, Xu, Yizhou, Fan, Zhongcai, Li, Tianchang, Wu, Chun, Jaramillo, Nicolas, Sanchez Vallejo, Gregorio, Luna Botia, Diana C, Botero Lopez, Rodrigo, Molina De Salazar, Dora I, Cadena Bonfanti, Alberto J, Cotes Aroca, Carlos, Diego Higuera, Juan, Blanquicett, Marco, Barrera Silva, Sandra I, Garcia Lozada, Henry J, Coronel Arroyo, Julian A, Accini Mendoza, Jose L, Fernandez Ruiz, Ricardo L, Quintero Ossa, Alvaro M., Manzur Jatin, Fernando G, Sotomayor Herazo, Aristides, Castellanos Parada, Jeffrey, Suarez Arambula, Rafael, Urina Triana, Miguel A, Fernandez Trujillo, Angela M, Strozzi, Maja, Car, Siniša, Jerić, Melita, Miličić, Davor, Benčić, Martina Lovrić, Pintarić, Hrvoje, Prvulović, Đeiti, Šikić, Jozica, Peršić, Viktor, Mileta, Dean, Štambuk, Kresimir, Babić, Zdravko, Tomulic, Vjekoslav, Lukenda, Josip, Mejic-Krstulovic, Stanka, Starcevic, Boris, Spinar, Jindrich, Horak, David, Velicka, Zdenek, Stasek, Josef, Alan, David, Machova, Vilma, Linhart, Ales, Novotny, Vojtech, Kaucak, Vladimir, Rokyta, Richard, Naplava, Robert, Coufal, Zdenek, Adamkova, Vera, Podpera, Ivo, Zizka, Jiri, Motovska, Zuzana, Marusincova, Ivana, Svab, Premysl, Heinc, Petr, Kuchar, Jiri, Povolny, Petr, Matuska, Jiri, Poulsen, Steen H, Raungaard, Bent, Clemmensen, Peter, Bang, Lia E, May, Ole, Bøttcher, Morten, Hove, Jens D, Frost, Lars, Gislason, Gunnar, Larsen, John, Betton Johansen, Peter, Hald, Flemming, Johansen, Peter, Jeppesen, Jørgen, Nielsen, Tonny, Kristensen, Kjeld S, Walichiewicz, Piotr Maria, Lomholdt, Jens D, Klausen, Ib C, Nielsen, Peter Kaiser, Davidsen, Flemming, Videbaek, Lars, Soots, Mai, Vahula, Veiko, Hedman, Anu, Soopõld, Üllar, Märtsin, Kaja, Jurgenson, Tiina, Kristjan, Arved, Helsinki, Juhani K, Vikman, Saila, Huikuri, Heikki, Airaksinen, Juhani, Coste, Pierre, Ferrari, Emile, Morel, Olivier, Montalescot, Gilles, Machecourt, Jacques, Barone-Rochette, Gilles, Mansourati, Jacques, Cottin, Yves, Leclercq, Florence, Belhassane, Abdelkader, Delarche, Nicolas, Boccara, Franck, Paganelli, Franck, Clerc, Jérôme, Schiele, Francois, Aboyans, Victor, Probst, Vincent, Berland, Jacques, Lefèvre, Thierry, Citron, Bernard, Khintibidze, Irakli, Shaburishvili, Tamaz, Pagava, Zurab, Ghlonti, Ramaz, Lominadze, 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Katsuda, Yousuke, Wada, Atsuyuki, Shinke, Toshiro, Ako, Junya, Fujii, Kenshi, Takahashi, Toshiyuki, Sakamoto, Tomohiro, Nakao, Koichi, Furukawa, Yutaka, Sugino, Hiroshi, Tamura, Ritsu, Mano, Toshiaki, Uematsu, Masaaki, Utsu, Noriaki, Ito, Kashima, Haraguchi, Takuya, Sato, Katsuhiko, Ueda, Yasunori, Nishibe, Akira, Fujimoto, Kazuteru, Masutani, Motomaru, Yoon, Jung Han, Kim, Hack-Lyoung, Park, Hun Sik, Chae, In-Ho, Kim, Moo Hyun, Jeong, Myung Ho, Rha, Seungwoon, Kim, Chongjin, Kim, Hyo-Soo, Kim, Hae Young, Hong, Taekjong, Tahk, Seung-Jea, Kim, Youngkwon, Busmane, Arija, Pontaga, Natalija, Strelnieks, Aldis, Mintale, Iveta, Sime, Iveta, Petrulioniene, Zaneta, Kavaliauskiene, Roma, Jurgaitiene, Ruta, Sakalyte, Gintare, Slapikas, Rimvydas, Norkiene, Sigute, Misonis, Nerijus, Kibarskis, Aleksandras, Kubilius, Raimondas, Bojovski, Stojko, Lozance, Nensi, Kjovkaroski, Aleksandar, Doncovska, Snezana, Ong, Tiong Kiam, Kasim, Sazzli, Maskon, Oteh, Kandasamy, Balachandran, Liew, Houng B, Wan 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Akyea-Djamson, Ayim, Labroo, Ajay, Lee, Kwan, Marais, H. John, Claxton, Edmund, Jr, Weiss, Robert, Kathryn, Rohr, Berk, Martin, Rossi, Peter, Joshi, Parag, Khera, Amit, Khaira, Ajit S, Kumkumian, Greg, Lupovitch, Steven, Purow, Joshua, Welka, Stephen, Hoffman, David, Fischer, Stuart, Soroka, Eugene, Eagerton, Donald, Pancholy, Samir, Ray, Michael, Erenrich, Norman, Farrar, Michael, Pollock, Stewart, French, William J, Diamantis, Steve, Guy, Douglas, Gimple, Lawrence, Neustel, Mark, Schwartz, Steven, Pereira, Edward, Albert, Seals, Spriggs, Douglas, Strain, Janet, Mittal, Suneet, Vo, Anthony, Chane, Majed, Hall, Jason, Vijay, Nampalli, Lotun, Kapildeo, Lester, F. Martin, Nahhas, Ahed, Pope, Theodore, Nager, Paul, Vohra, Rakesh, Sharma, Mukesh, Bashir, Riyaz, Ahmed, Hinan, Berlowitz, Michael, Fishberg, Robert, Barrucco, Robert, Yang, Eric, Radin, Michael, Sporn, Daniel, Stapleton, Dwight, Eisenberg, Steven, Landzberg, Joel, Mcgough, Martin, Turk, Samir, Schwartz, Michael, Sundram, P. Sandy, Jain, Diwakar, Zainea, Mark, Bayron, Carlos, Karlsberg, Ronald, Dohad, Suhail, Lui, Henry, Keen, William, Westerhausen, Donald, Jr, Khurana, Sandeep, Agarwal, Himanshu, Birchem, Jessica, Penny, William, Jr, Chang, Mark, Murphy, Sherrill, Henry, John, Schifferdecker, Branislav, Gilbert, John M, Chalavarya, Gopal, Eaton, Charles, Schmedtje, John F, Jr, Christenson, Stuart, Dotani, Imran, Denham, Douglas, Macdonell, Alexander, Gibson, Paul, Rahman, Aref, Al Joundi, Tammam, Assi, Nizar, Conrad, Gary, Kotha, Purushotham, Love, Michael, Giesler, Gregory, Rubenstein, Howard, Gamil, Dawood, Akright, Laura, Krawczyk, Justine, Cobler, Joanne, Wells, Terry, Welker, James, Foster, Robert, Gilmore, Richard, Anderson, Jay, Jacoby, Douglas, Harris, Bill, Gardner, Geraldine, Dandillaya, Ramprasad, Vora, Kishor, Kostis, John, Hunter, John, Laxson, David, Ball, Eric, Lopes, Renato, Egydio, Flavia, Kawakami, Anelise, Oliveira, Janaina, Wozniak, Julianna, Matthews, Alexander, Ratky, Caroline, Valiris, Janine, Berdan, Lisa, Hepditch, Anita, Quintero, Kirby, Rorick, Tyrus, Westbrook, Melissa, Pascual, Andrea, Rovito, Carla, Bezault, Madeleine, Drouet, Elodie, Simon, Tabassome, Alsweiler, Caroline, Luyten, Anne, Butters, Julie, Griffith, Liddy, Shaw, Michelle, Grunberg, Lena, Islam, Shahidul, Brégeault, Marie-France, Bougon, Nathalie, Faustino, Douglas, Fontecave, Sylvie, Murphy, Judith, Verrier, Melanie, Agnetti, Veronique, Andersen, Dorthe, Badreddine, Emmy, Bekkouche, Mhamed, Bouancheau, Cecile, Brigui, Imane, Brocklehurst, Maddy, Cianciarulo, Joseph, Devaul, Dawn, Domokos, Szilvia, Gache, Cecile, Gobillot, Caroline, Guillou, Severine, Healy, Jan, Heath, Megan, Jaiwal, Gayatri, Javierre, Carine, Labeirie, Julien, Monier, Myriam, Morales, Ulises, Mrabti, Asmaa, Mthombeni, Bicky, Okan, Betim, Smith, Lucile, Sheller, Jennifer, Sopena, Sebastien, Pellan, Valerie, Benbernou, Fadela, Bengrait, Nafissa, Lamoureux, Maud, Kralova, Katarina, Scemama, Michel, Bejuit, Raphael, Coulange, Anthony, Berthou, Christelle, Repincay, Jérôme, Lorenzato, Christelle, Etienne, Alexis, Gouet, Valerie, Loizeau, Virginie, Normand, Mickael, Ourliac, Anne, Rondel, Christelle, Adamo, Antony, Beltran, Pascale, Barraud, Pauline, Dubois-Gache, Helene, Halle, Benjamin, Metwally, Lamia, Mourgues, Maxime, Sotty, Marc, Vincendet, Marion, Cotruta, Raluca, Chengyue, Zhu, Fournie-Lloret, Dominique, Morrello, Christine, Perthuis, Aurelie, Picault, Patrick, Zobouyan, Isabelle, Colhoun, Helen M., Dempsey, Michael A., McClanahan, Mark A, Ray, Kausik K, Colhoun, Helen M, Baccara-Dinet, Marie, Bhatt, Deepak L, Bittner, Vera A, Budaj, Andrzej J, Goodman, Shaun G, Harrington, Robert A, Jukema, J Wouter, Lopes, Renato D, Ristic, Arsen D, Roe, Matthew T, White, Harvey D, Zeiher, Andreas M, Schwartz, Gregory G, and Steg, Philippe Gabriel

Published
2019
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26. Chiral polarization scale of QCD vacuum and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking

Author

Alexandru, Andrei and Horvath, Ivan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

It has recently been found that dynamics of pure glue QCD supports the low energy band of Dirac modes with local chiral properties qualitatively different from that of a bulk: while bulk modes suppress chirality relative to statistical independence between left and right, the band modes enhance it. The width of such chirally polarized zone - chiral polarization scale Lambda_ch - has been shown to be finite in the continuum limit at fixed physical volume. Here we present evidence that Lambda_ch remains non-zero also in the infinite volume, and is therefore a dynamical scale in the theory. Our experiments in N_f=2+1 QCD support the proposition that the same holds in the massless limit, connecting Lambda_ch to spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking. In addition, our results suggest that thermal agitation in quenched QCD destroys both chiral polarization and condensation of Dirac modes at the same temperature T_ch > T_c., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures. Proceedings of "Extreme QCD" workshop, Washington, DC, Aug 21-23 2012

Published
2012
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27. Chiral Polarization Scale at Finite Temperature

Author

Alexandru, Andrei and Horváth, Ivan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

We study the chiral polarization properties of low-lying Dirac eigenmodes at finite temperature using the overlap operator. Results for pure gauge theory on both sides of deconfinement phase transition are presented. We find that the polarization scale decreases as we increase the temperature, but it remains non-zero as we cross in the deconfined phase and vanishes only when $T\approx 1.4 T_c$. This is caused by the presence of near-zero modes which, we find, are chirally polarized., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, Proceedings of the 30th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory, June 24 - 29, 2012, Cairns, Australia

Published
2012

28. Spontaneous Chiral Symmetry Breaking as Condensation of Dynamical Chirality

Author

Alexandru, Andrei and Horvath, Ivan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Theory, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

The occurrence of spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking (SChSB) is equivalent to sufficient abundance of Dirac near-zeromodes. However, dynamical mechanism leading to breakdown of chiral symmetry should be naturally reflected in chiral properties of the modes. Here we offer such connection, presenting evidence that SChSB in QCD proceeds via the appearance of modes exhibiting dynamical tendency for local chiral polarization. These modes form a band of finite width Lambda_ch (chiral polarization scale) around the surface of otherwise anti--polarized Dirac sea, and condense. Lambda_ch characterizes the dynamics of the breaking phenomenon and can be converted to a quark mass scale, thus offering conceptual means to determine which quarks of nature are governed by broken chiral dynamics. It is proposed that, within the context of SU(3) gauge theories with fundamental Dirac quarks, mode condensation is equivalent to chiral polarization. This makes Lambda_ch an "order parameter" of SChSB, albeit without local dynamical field representation away from chiral limit. Several uses of these features, both at zero and finite temperature, are discussed. Our initial estimates are Lambda_ch~150 MeV (N_f=0), Lambda_ch~80 MeV (N_f=2+1, physical point), and that the strange quark is too heavy to be crucially influenced by broken chiral symmetry., Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures; v2: very minor changes, published version

Published
2012
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29. Absolute X-distribution and self-duality

Author

Alexandru, Andrei and Horváth, Ivan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

Various models of QCD vacuum predict that it is dominated by excitations that are predominantly self-dual or anti-self-dual. In this work we look at the tendency for self-duality in the case of pure-glue SU(3) gauge theory using the overlap-based definition of the field-strength tensor. To gauge this property, we use the absolute X-distribution method which is designed to quantify the dynamical tendency for polarization for arbitrary random variables that can be decomposed in a pair of orthogonal subspaces., Comment: Talk presented at The XXIX International Conference on Lattice Field Theory - Lattice 2011, July 10-16, 2011, Squaw Valley, Lake Tahoe, California

Published
2011

30. How Self-Dual is QCD?

Author

Alexandru, Andrei and Horvath, Ivan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Theory, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

Vacuum characteristics quantifying dynamical tendency toward self-duality in gauge theories could be used to judge the relevance of classical solutions or the viability of classically motivated vacuum models. Here we decompose the field strength of equilibrium gauge configurations into self-dual and anti-self-dual parts, and apply absolute X-distribution method to the resulting polarization dynamics in order to construct such characteristics. Using lattice regularization and focusing on pure-glue SU(3) gauge theory at zero temperature, we find evidence for positive but very small dynamical tendency for self-duality of vacuum in the continuum limit., Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures

Published
2011
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31. Absolute Measure of Local Chirality and the Chiral Polarization Scale of the QCD Vacuum

Author

Alexandru, Andrei, Draper, Terrence, Horváth, Ivan, and Streuer, Thomas

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

The use of the absolute measure of local chirality is championed since it has a uniform distribution for randomly reshuffled chiral components so that any deviations from uniformity in the associated "X-distribution" are directly attributable to QCD-induced dynamics. We observe a transition in the qualitative behavior of this absolute X-distribution of low-lying eigenmodes which, we propose, defines a chiral polarization scale of the QCD vacuum., Comment: 7 pages, 8 figures, Presented at the 28th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (Lattice 2010), Villasimius, Sardinia, Italy, June 14-19, 2010

Published
2010

32. The Analysis of Space-Time Structure in QCD Vacuum II: Dynamics of Polarization and Absolute X-Distribution

Author

Alexandru, Andrei, Draper, Terrence, Horvath, Ivan, and Streuer, Thomas

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Theory, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

We propose a framework for quantitative evaluation of dynamical tendency for polarization in arbitrary random variable that can be decomposed into a pair of orthogonal subspaces. The method uses measures based on comparisons of given dynamics to its counterpart with statistically independent components. The formalism of previously considered X-distributions is used to express the aforementioned comparisons, in effect putting the former approach on solid footing. Our analysis leads to definition of a suitable correlation coefficient with clear statistical meaning. We apply the method to the dynamics induced by pure-glue lattice QCD in local left-right components of overlap Dirac eigenmodes. It is found that, in finite physical volume, there exists a non-zero physical scale in the spectrum of eigenvalues such that eigenmodes at smaller (fixed) eigenvalues exhibit convex X-distribution (positive correlation), while at larger eigenvalues the distribution is concave (negative correlation). This chiral polarization scale thus separates a regime where dynamics enhances chirality relative to statistical independence from a regime where it suppresses it, and gives an objective definition to the notion of "low" and "high" Dirac eigenmode. We propose to investigate whether the polarization scale remains non-zero in the infinite volume limit, in which case it would represent a new kind of low energy scale in QCD., Comment: v2: 38 pages, 12 figures, author-preferred version; v3: journal-preferred version

Published
2010
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35. Dominance of Sign Geometry and the Homogeneity of the Fundamental Topological Structure

Author

Horvath, Ivan, Alexandru, Andrei, and Streuer, Thomas

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Theory, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

We propose and support the possibility that the shape of topological density 2-point function in pure-glue QCD is crucially, and possibly entirely, determined by the space-time folding (geometry) of the double-sheet sign-coherent structure of Ref.[1], while the distribution of topological density within individual sheets only determines the overall magnitude of the correlator at finite physical distances. A specific manifestation of this, discussed here, is that the shape of the correlation function (encoding e.g. the masses of pseudoscalar glueballs) is reproduced upon the replacement q(x) -> sgn(q(x)), i.e. by considering the double sheet of the same space-time geometry but with constant magnitude of topological density. Combined with previous results on the fundamental topological structure, this suggests that a collective degree of freedom describing topological fluctuations of QCD vacuum can be viewed as a global space-filling homogeneous double membrane. Selected possibilities for practical uses of this are discussed., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures. Presentation at Lattice 2008, Williamsburg, VA, USA

Published
2008

36. Classical Limits of Scalar and Tensor Gauge Operators Based on the Overlap Dirac Matrix

Author

Alexandru, Andrei, Horvath, Ivan, and Liu, Keh-Fei

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract

It was recently proposed by the second author to consider lattice formulations of QCD in which complete actions, including the gauge part, are built explicitly from a given Dirac operator D. In a simple example of such theory, the gauge action is proportional to the trace of Ginsparg-Wilson operator D chosen to define the quark dynamics. This construction relies on the proposition that the classical limit of lattice gauge operator tr D(x,x) is proportional to tr F.F(x) (up to an additive constant). Here we show this for the case of the overlap Dirac operator using both analytical and numerical methods. We carry out the same analysis also for the tensor component of D, which is similarly related to the field-strength tensor F, and obtain results identical to our previous derivation that used different approach. The corresponding proportionality constants are computed to high precision for wide range of the negative mass parameter values, and it is verified that they are the same in finite and infinite volumes., Comment: 31 pages, 7 figures; v2: 28 pages, 5 figures, some simplification and new references, version to be published in PRD

Published
2008
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37. Coherent lattice QCD

Author

Horvath, Ivan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

We discuss a proposal for the construction of lattice QCD with gauge action, fermionic action, theta-term, and the operators all based on the lattice Dirac operator D with exact chiral symmetry. The simplest regularization of this type uses the proposition that the classical limit of scalar gauge density associated with trace of D is (up to an additive constant) proportional to tr(FF), while the corresponding operator is local. More general formulations from this class are considered with the aim of exposing interrelations between gauge and fermionic aspects of QCD which are otherwise hidden in generic formulations. Possible utility of these formulations for exploring QCD vacuum structure is emphasized., Comment: 7 pages. Talk presented at Lattice 2006 (Chiral Symmetry)

Published
2006

38. On the Locality and Scaling of Overlap Fermions at Coarse Lattice Spacings

Author

Draper, Terrence, Mathur, Nilmani, Zhang, Jianbo, Alexandru, Andrei, Chen, Ying, Dong, Shao-Jing, Horvath, Ivan, Lee, Frank X., Liu, Keh-Fei, and Tamhankar, Sonali

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

The overlap fermion offers the considerable advantage of exact chiral symmetry on the lattice, but is numerically intensive. This can be made affordable while still providing large lattice volumes, by using coarse lattice spacing, given that good scaling and localization properties are established. Here, using overlap fermions on quenched Iwasaki gauge configurations, we demonstrate directly that, with appropriate choice of negative Wilson's mass, the overlap Dirac operator's range is comfortably small in lattice units for each of the lattice spacings 0.20 fm, 0.17 fm, and 0.13 fm (and scales to zero in physical units in the continuum limit). In particular, our direct results contradict recent speculation that an inverse lattice spacing of 1 GeV is too low to have satisfactory localization. Furthermore, hadronic masses (available on the two coarser lattices) scale very well., Comment: 17 pages, 18 figures

Published
2006

39. A Framework for Systematic Study of QCD Vacuum Structure II: Coherent Lattice QCD

Author

Horvath, Ivan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Theory, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

We propose the formulation of lattice QCD wherein all elements of the theory (gauge action, fermionic action, theta-term, and all operators) are constructed from a single object, namely the lattice Dirac operator D with exact chiral symmetry. Several regularizations of this type are suggested via constructing scalar densities (gauge actions) that are explicit functions of D. The simplest of these is based on the proposition that classical limit of density associated with Tr D is (up to an additive constant) proportional to FF, while the corresponding operator is local. The possibilities of explicit interrelations between gauge and fermionic aspects of the theory are emphasized together with the utility of such formulations for exploring the QCD vacuum structure., Comment: 23 pages; v2: 25 pages, Sect.5 fixed, Appendix added, reference added, minor improvements; v3: 26 pages, few imprecisions fixed and few minor wording changes

Published
2006

40. A Framework for Systematic Study of QCD Vacuum Structure I: Kolmogorov Entropy and the Principle of Chiral Ordering

Author

Horvath, Ivan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Theory, Nuclear Theory
Abstract

In this series of articles we describe a systematic approach to studying QCD vacuum structure using the methods of lattice gauge theory. Our framework incorporates four major components. (i) The recently established existence of space-time order at all scales (fundamental structure) observed directly in typical configurations of regularized path-integral ensembles. (ii) The notion of scale-dependent vacuum structure (effective structure) providing the means for representing and quantifying the influence of fluctuations at various scales on physical observables (phenomena). (iii) The unified description of gauge and fermionic aspects of the theory which facilitates a high level of space-time order in the path-integral ensembles. (iv) The strict ``Bottom-Up'' approach wherein the process of identifying the vacuum structure proceeds inductively, using the information from valid lattice QCD ensembles as the only input. In this work we first elaborate on the meaning of the notion of space-time order in a given configuration which is conceptually at the heart of the path-integral approach to vacuum structure. It is argued that the algorithmic complexity of binary strings associated with coarse-grained descriptions of the configuration provides a relevant quantitative measure. The corresponding ensemble averages define the ranking of different lattice theories at given cutoff by the degree of space-time order generated via their dynamics. We then introduce the set of local transformations of a configuration, chiral orderings, in which the transformed gauge connection represents an effective matrix phase acquired by chiral fermion when hopping over a given link. It is proposed that chiral orderings facilitate the evolution in the set of actions which increases the degree of space-time order while preserving the physical content of the theory, and should thus be used in the search for the fundamental QCD vacuum structure. The relation to renormalization group ideas is discussed, and the first step in general formulation of effective lattice QCD realizing the notion of scale-dependent vacuum structure is given., Comment: 68 pages, 1 figure; v2: minor changes in sections 2 and 8.1

Published
2006

41. Locality and Scaling of Quenched Overlap Fermions

Author

Draper, Terrence, Mathur, Nilmani, Zhang, Jianbo, Alexandru, Andrei, Chen, Ying, Dong, Shao-Jing, Horvath, Ivan, Lee, Frank, and Tamhankar, Sonali

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

The overlap fermion offers the tremendous advantage of exact chiral symmetry on the lattice, but is numerically intensive. This can be made affordable while still providing large lattice volumes, by using coarse lattice spacing, given that good scaling and localization properties are established. Here, using overlap fermions on quenched Iwasaki gauge configurations, we demonstrate directly that the overlap Dirac operator's range is comfortably small in lattice units for each of the lattice spacings 0.20 fm, 0.17 fm, and 0.13 fm (and scales to zero in physical units in the continuum limit). In particular, our direct results contradict recent speculation that an inverse lattice spacing of $1 {\rm GeV}$ is too low to have satisfactory localization. Furthermore, hadronic masses (available on the two coarser lattices) scale very well., Comment: Lattice 2005 (chiral fermions), 6 pages, 4 figures

Published
2005

42. Lattice QCD at finite density via a new canonical approach

Author

Alexandru, Andrei, Faber, Manfried, Horváth, Ivan, and Liu, Keh-Fei

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

We carry out a finite density calculation based on a canonical approach which is designed to address the overlap problem. Two degenerate flavor simulations are performed using Wilson gauge action and Wilson fermions on $4^4$ lattices, at temperatures close to the critical temperature $T_c\approx 170\MeV$ and large densities (5 to 20 times nuclear matter density). In this region, we find that the algorithm works well. We compare our results with those from other approaches., Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures

Published
2005
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43. The Analysis of Space-Time Structure in QCD Vacuum I: Localization vs Global Behavior in Local Observables and Dirac Eigenmodes

Author

Horvath, Ivan

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

The structure of QCD vacuum can be studied from first principles using lattice-regularized theory. This line of research entered a qualitatively new phase recently, wherein the space-time structure (at least for some quantities) can be directly observed in configurations dominating the QCD path integral, i.e. without any subjective processing of typical configurations. This approach to QCD vacuum structure does not rely on any proposed picture of QCD vacuum but rather attempts to characterize this structure in a model-independent manner, so that a coherent physical picture of the vacuum can emerge when such unbiased numerical information accumulates to a sufficient degree. An important part of this program is to develop a set of suitable quantitative characteristics describing the space-time structure in a meaningful and physically relevant manner. One of the basic pertinent issues here is whether QCD vacuum dynamics can be understood in terms of localized vacuum objects, or whether such objects behave as inherently global entities. The first direct studies of vacuum structure strongly support the latter. In this paper, we develop a formal framework which allows to answer this question in a quantitative manner. We discuss in detail how to apply this approach to Dirac eigenmodes and to basic scalar and pseudoscalar composites of gauge fields (action density and topological charge density). The approach is illustrated numerically on overlap Dirac zeromodes and near-zeromodes. This illustrative data provides direct quantitative evidence supporting our earlier arguments for the global nature of QCD Dirac eigenmodes., Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures; v2: reference added and typos corrected; v3: minor modifications, version to appear in Nuclear Physics B; v4: erratum: Eq. (6) fixed

Published
2004
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44. Progress on a canonical finite density algorithm

Author

Alexandru, Andrei, Faber, Manfried, Horváth, Ivan, and Liu, Keh-Fei

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

We test the finite density algorithm in the canonical ensemble which combines the HMC update with the accept/reject step according to the ratio of the fermion number projected determinant to the unprojected one as a way of avoiding the determinant fluctuation problem. We report our preliminary results on the Polyakov loop in different baryon number sectors which exhibit deconfinement transitions on small lattices. The largest density we obtain around $T_c$ is an order of magnitude larger than that of nuclear matter. From the conserved vector current, we calculate the quark number and verify that the mixing of different baryon sectors is small., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures. Talk presented at Lattice 2004 conference. Lattice2004(non-zero)

Published
2004
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45. Improved Measure of Local Chirality

Author

Draper, Terrence, Alexandru, Andrei, Chen, Ying, Dong, Shao-Jing, Horvath, Ivan, Lee, Frank, Mathur, Nilmani, Thacker, Harry B., Tamhankar, Sonali, and Zhang, Jianbo

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

It is popular to probe the structure of the QCD vacuum indirectly by studying individual fermion eigenmodes, because this provides a natural way to filter out UV fluctuations. The double-peaking in the distribution of the local chiral orientation parameter (X) has been offered as evidence, by some, in support of a particular model of the vacuum. Here we caution that the X-distribution peaking varies significantly with various versions of the definition of X. Furthermore, each distribution varies little from that resulting from a random reshuffling of the left-handed (and independently the right-handed) fields, which destroys any QCD-induced left-right correlation; that is, the double-peaking is mostly a phase-space effect. We propose a new universal definition of the X parameter whose distribution is uniform for randomly reshuffled fields. Any deviations from uniformity for actual data can then be directly attributable to QCD-induced dynamics. We find that the familiar double peak disappears., Comment: Lattice 2004(topology), Fermilab, June 21-26, 2004; 3 pages, 4 figures

Published
2004
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46. The Sequential Empirical Bayes Method: An Adaptive Constrained-Curve Fitting Algorithm for Lattice QCD

Author

Chen, Ying, Dong, Shao-Jing, Draper, Terrence, Horvath, Ivan, Liu, Keh-Fei, Mathur, Nilmani, Tamhankar, Sonali, Srinivasan, Cidambi, Lee, Frank X., and Zhang, Jianbo

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

We introduce the ``Sequential Empirical Bayes Method'', an adaptive constrained-curve fitting procedure for extracting reliable priors. These are then used in standard augmented-$\chi^2$ fits on separate data. This better stabilizes fits to lattice QCD overlap-fermion data at very low quark mass where {\it a priori} values are not otherwise known. Lessons learned (including caveats limiting the scope of the method) from studying artificial data are presented. As an illustration, from local-local two-point correlation functions, we obtain masses and spectral weights for ground and first-excited states of the pion, give preliminary fits for the $a_0$ where ghost states (a quenched artifact) must be dealt with, and elaborate on the details of fits of the Roper resonance and $S_{11}(N^{1/2-})$ previously presented elsewhere. The data are from overlap fermions on a quenched $16^3\times 28$ lattice with spatial size $La=3.2 {\rm fm}$ and pion mass as low as $\sim 180 {\rm MeV}$., Comment: 37 pages, 16 figures, uses apsrev.bst

Published
2004

47. An Algorithm for Obtaining Reliable Priors for Constrained-Curve Fits

Author

Draper, Terrence, Dong, Shao-Jing, Horvath, Ivan, Lee, Frank, Mathur, Nilmani, and Zhang, Jianbo

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

We introduce the ``Sequential Empirical Bayes Method'', an adaptive constrained-curve fitting procedure for extracting reliable priors. These are then used in standard augmented-chi-square fits on separate data. This better stabilizes fits to lattice QCD overlap-fermion data at very low quark mass where a priori values are not otherwise known. We illustrate the efficacy of the method with data from overlap fermions, on a quenched $16^3\times 28$ lattice with spatial size La=3.2 fm and pion mass as low as $\sim$ 180 MeV., Comment: Lattice2003(machine), 3 pages, 3 figures

Published
2003
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48. Quenched Chiral Log and Light Quark Mass from Overlap Fermions

Author

Draper, Terrence, Dong, Shao-Jing, Horvath, Ivan, Lee, Frank, Liu, Keh-Fei, Mathur, Nilmani, and Zhang, Jianbo

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

We study the quenched chiral behavior of the pion with mass as low as $\approx 180$ MeV. The calculation is done on a quenched lattice of size $16^3\times 28$ and $a = 0.2$ fm with 80 configurations using overlap fermions and an improved gauge action. Using an improved constrained curve fitting technique, we find that the ground state pseudoscalar mass versus bare quark mass behavior is well controlled with small statistical errors; this permits a reliable fit of the quenched chiral log effects, a determination of the chiral log parameter ($\delta = 0.26(3)$), and an estimate of the renormalized mass of the light quark ($m^{\bar{MS}}(\mu=2 {\rm GeV}) = 3.7(3) {\rm MeV}$)., Comment: Lattice2002(spectrum), 3 pages, 3 figures

Published
2002
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49. Quenched Chiral Behavior of Hadrons with Overlap Fermions

Author

Dong, Shao-Jing, Draper, Terrence, Horvath, Ivan, Lee, Frank, and Zhang, Jianbo

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

We study the quenched chiral behavior of hadrons with the pseudoscalar mass as low as $\approx 280$ MeV. We look for quenched chiral logs in the pion mass, determine the renormalized quark mass, and observe quenched artifacts in the $a_0$ and $N^*$ propagators. The calculation is done on a quenched lattice of size $20^4$ and $a = 0.148(2)$ fm using overlap fermions and an improved gauge action., Comment: Lattice2001(spectrum), 3 pages, 4 figures (uses rotate.sty)

Published
2001
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50. A new fermion Hamiltonian for lattice gauge theory

Author

Creutz, Michael, Horváth, Ivan, and Neuberger, Herbert

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract

We formulate Hamiltonian vector-like lattice gauge theory using the overlap formula for the spatial fermionic part, $H_f$. We define a chiral charge, $Q_5$ which commutes with $H_f$, but not with the electric field term. There is an interesting relation between the chiral charge and the fermion energy with consequences for chiral anomalies., Comment: Lattice2001(chiral), 3 pages, 4 figures

Published
2001

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