88 results on '"Horttanainen, M."'
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2. The effect of crusher type on printed circuit board assemblies’ liberation and dust generation from waste mobile phones
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Bachér, J., Rintala, L., and Horttanainen, M.
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- 2022
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3. Areas on which to focus when seeking to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of commercial waste management. A case study of a hypermarket, Finland
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Hupponen, M., Grönman, K., and Horttanainen, M.
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- 2018
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4. Possibilities for enhanced nitrogen recovery from digestate through thermal drying
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Deviatkin, I., Havukainen, J., and Horttanainen, M.
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- 2018
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5. Updating and testing of a Finnish method for mixed municipal solid waste composition studies
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Liikanen, M., Sahimaa, O., Hupponen, M., Havukainen, J., Sorvari, J., and Horttanainen, M.
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- 2016
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6. Economics and greenhouse gas balance of distributed electricity production at sawmills using hermetic turbogenerator
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Leino, M., Uusitalo, V., Grönman, A., Nerg, J., Horttanainen, M., Soukka, R., and Pyrhönen, J.
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- 2016
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7. How should greenhouse gas emissions be taken into account in the decision making of municipal solid waste management procurements? A case study of the South Karelia region, Finland
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Hupponen, M., Grönman, K., and Horttanainen, M.
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- 2015
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8. Evaluation of methods for estimating energy performance of biogas production
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Havukainen, J., Uusitalo, V., Niskanen, A., Kapustina, V., and Horttanainen, M.
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- 2014
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9. Carbon footprint of selected biomass to biogas production chains and GHG reduction potential in transportation use
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Uusitalo, V., Havukainen, J., Manninen, K., Höhn, J., Lehtonen, E., Rasi, S., Soukka, R., and Horttanainen, M.
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- 2014
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10. The composition, heating value and renewable share of the energy content of mixed municipal solid waste in Finland
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Horttanainen, M., Teirasvuo, N., Kapustina, V., Hupponen, M., and Luoranen, M.
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- 2013
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11. Economics and greenhouse gas balance of biogas use systems in the Finnish transportation sector
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Uusitalo, V., Soukka, R., Horttanainen, M., Niskanen, A., and Havukainen, J.
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- 2013
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12. Co-generation based energy recovery from municipal solid waste integrated with the existing energy supply system
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Luoranen, M. and Horttanainen, M.
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- 2008
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13. Recycling mica and carbonate-rich mine tailings in alkali-activated composites:a synergy with metakaolin
- Author
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Niu, H. (He), Abdulkareem, M. (Mariam), Sreenivasan, H. (Harisankar), Kantola, A. M. (Anu M.), Havukainen, J. (Jouni), Horttanainen, M. (Mika), Telkki, V.-V. (Ville-Veikko), Kinnunen, P. (Päivö), Illikainen, M. (Mirja), Niu, H. (He), Abdulkareem, M. (Mariam), Sreenivasan, H. (Harisankar), Kantola, A. M. (Anu M.), Havukainen, J. (Jouni), Horttanainen, M. (Mika), Telkki, V.-V. (Ville-Veikko), Kinnunen, P. (Päivö), and Illikainen, M. (Mirja)
- Abstract
The main objective of this paper was to investigate the alkali activation of mine tailings (MT) after mechanochemical activation and the effect of metakaolin (MK) addition. Finnish mica-rich tailings from a phosphate mine were studied as precursors for alkali-activated materials (AAM) with a potential application as a substitute for ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The principal physical properties (water absorption, apparent porosity and unconfined compressive strength) were measured for samples containing 30% to 70% tailings. Zeolite phases such as natrolite and cancrinite were observed and the formation of C-(N)-A-S-H¹ and N-A-S-H gels was identified by XRD, DRIFT, FESEM-EDS and NMR technologies. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted on specimens in comparison to OPC. This work indicated that phosphate MT can be recycled through alkali activation with lower CO₂ emission compared to all-metakaolin geopolymers and that the binder phase formed at the most promising tailings contents (60– 70%) was C-(N)-A-S-H gel.
- Published
- 2020
14. Propagation of the ignition front in beds of wood particles
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Saastamoinen, J.J, Taipale, R, Horttanainen, M, and Sarkomaa, P
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- 2000
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15. Carbon footprint evaluation of biofertilizers
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Havukainen, J., primary, Uusitalo, V., additional, Koistinen, K., additional, Liikanen, M., additional, and Horttanainen, M., additional
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- 2018
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16. Possibilities for enhanced nitrogen recovery from digestate through thermal drying
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Deviatkin, I., primary, Havukainen, J., additional, and Horttanainen, M., additional
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- 2017
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17. Investigation for landfill mining feasibilities in the Nordic and Baltic countries : overview of project results
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Denafas, G., Bučinskas, A, Burlakovs, Juris, Dace, E, Bazienė, K, Horttanainen, M, Havukainen, J, Kaartinen, T, Rosendal, R, Kriipsalu, M, Jani, Yahya, Hogland, William, Denafas, G., Bučinskas, A, Burlakovs, Juris, Dace, E, Bazienė, K, Horttanainen, M, Havukainen, J, Kaartinen, T, Rosendal, R, Kriipsalu, M, Jani, Yahya, and Hogland, William
- Published
- 2016
18. System analysis of waste oil management in Finland
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Kapustina, V, primary, Havukainen, J, additional, Virkki-Hatakka, T, additional, and Horttanainen, M, additional
- Published
- 2014
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19. Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Biomethane for Transport: Uncertainties and Allocation Methods
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Uusitalo, V., primary, Havukainen, J., additional, Kapustina, V., additional, Soukka, R., additional, and Horttanainen, M., additional
- Published
- 2014
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20. Nutrient and energy potential for sustainable biorefineries based on wastes of agrifood systems: two regional cases
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Kahiluoto, Helena, Kuisma, M., Karttunen, P., Horttanainen, M., Grönroos, J., Rötter, R.P., Virtanen, M., Kahiluoto, Helena, Kuisma, M., Karttunen, P., Horttanainen, M., Grönroos, J., Rötter, R.P., and Virtanen, M.
- Abstract
The aim of our study is to identify business models and opportunities with corporate social responsibility(CSR) presented by biorefineries based on wastes and return flows of agrifood systems. Two regional cases are explored and methods for generalisation are developed.
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- 2009
21. A REVIEW OF THE EXISTING WASTE OIL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS.
- Author
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Kapustina, V. and Horttanainen, M.
- Abstract
End-of-life lubricants, which are generated, for example, after being used in machines, engines, transmissions, and turbines, are classified as waste oils. Waste oils are considered hazardous waste, as being extremely dangerous for groundwater and soil. At the same time, waste oils have value for being used as fuel or being regenerated to base oil. At present, waste oils are a subject to legal collection and recycling in many member states of the European Union, United States, Australia, Canada, etc. Different governmental support schemes and legislative frameworks exist in order to organize economically feasible and environmentally sound waste oil management systems. However, creation of the environmentally sustainable waste oil management systems is still on its first stage in some countries. Existing waste oil management systems were reviewed in this study. The focus of the study was on main actors, subsidies, governmental support, treatment methods, amount of waste oils generated and collection rate. The objective of this review was to understand how the system is organized in countries with high collection rates and waste oils regeneration is prioritized. Where available information exists, the influence of the historical background on the present state of the waste oil management system was analyzed and considered for possible improvement of the system. The information was collected from scientific articles, existing databases and reports. The study is related to the previous research about environmental performance and system analysis of waste oil management systems in Finland, Saint-Petersburg and the Leningrad region performed by the authors. In this study, two models of waste oils management system were identified. The main elements of the first model, which was applied in most of the EU member states, were regulator body and lubricant oil fees on the new lubricant oil sold. In the model, there were three main variables: the extent of involvement of the state administration (high in France, low in Spain), subsidizing rules (subsidies only for the collectors as in Finland and France, or for the collectors and waste oil processors as in Italy), and the amount of fees and subsidies (lubricant oil fee in Finland is 57.5 euros/t; the amount of subsidy is based on the profitability of transportation operations in Finland, and in France it is based on the amount of waste oils collected). Alternatively to that model, a market-economy-based model is known and implemented, for example, in Germany and the United Kingdom. In this model, the market value of the waste oils played an important role for waste oils to be collected for incineration or re-refining. In the long term, proper waste oils management needs transparent legislation on safe collection transportation of waste oil. Moreover, the definition of safe treatment facilities should be introduced, since treatment and utilization of waste oil in certified recycling plants is important. Promotion of proper waste oils collection by small waste oil generators should be enhanced. Collection points for waste oils should be available and easily accessible. Fees on lubricant oil facilitate higher collection rates, what helps to decrease waste oils disposal fees and enabling collectors to pay waste oils generators. The increase of disposal fee could escalate the amount of waste oils managed by generators, what increases the risk of illegal waste oil dumping. The competition on the waste oil market plays an important role in waste oils collection. Where the highest priority was given to re-refining, regeneration rate was higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
22. Nutrient and energy potential for sustainable biorefineries based on wastes of agrifood systems: Two regional cases
- Author
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Kahiluoto, Helena, primary, Kuisma, M, additional, Karttunen, P, additional, Horttanainen, M, additional, Grönroos, J, additional, Rötter, R P, additional, and Virtanen, M, additional
- Published
- 2009
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23. Operational Limits of Ignition Front Propagation against Airflow in Packed Beds of Different Wood Fuels
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Horttanainen, M., primary, Saastamoinen, J., additional, and Sarkomaa, P., additional
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- 2002
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24. Ignition Wave Propagation and Release of Volatiles in Beds of Wood Particles
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SAASTAMOINEN, J.J., primary, HORTTANAINEN, M., additional, and SARKOMAA, P., additional
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- 2001
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25. Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Biomethane for Transport: Uncertainties and Allocation Methods.
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UusitaJo, V., Havukainen, J., Kapustina, V., Soukka, R., and Horttanainen, M.
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- 2014
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26. Are FNDC5 gene expression and irisin release regulated by exercise?
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Pekkala, S., Wiklund, P. K., Hulmi, J. J., Ahtiainen, J. P., Horttanainen, M., Pöllänen, E., Mäkelä, K., Kainulainen, H., Häkkinen, K., Nyman, K., Alen, M., Herzig, K., and Cheng, S.
- Subjects
PROTEASE inhibitors ,PHYSICAL fitness ,GENETIC regulation - Abstract
Irisin, a proteolytic derivative of muscle integral membrane protein FNDC5 is released into the bloodstream after endurance exercise in mice and humans. The gene is regulated by PGC-1α to activate thermogenic programs in white adipose tissue. We wanted to test the hypothesis if FNDC5 and irisin are link to exercise type and duration and if these are age-dependent. Methods: Middle-aged, non-diabetic and non-athlete men performed a 1-hour low-intensity (50% VOmax) aerobic exercise (AE) with bicycle ergometer (n=17), 21-weeks of endurance exercise (EE, n=9) and a combined endurance and resistance exercise (EE+RE, n=9), and in age matched non-exercised controls (Con, n=2). Vastus lateralis biopsies and blood samples were taken at 3-hours post-exercise. Furthermore, skeletal muscle mRNA fold changes of PGC1α and FNDC5 are investigated after 1-hour and 48-hours of single resistance exercise bout (5 x 10 RM leg press) in (a) young (n=10) and (b) old (n=11) men. FNDC5 mRNA was quantified using Taqman primers by Real-Time quantitative PCR System. PGC1α and GAPDH were quantified using in-house designed primers, iQ SYBR supermix and CFX96 Real-time PCR Detection System. Relative expression levels for FNDC5 and PGC-1α were calculated with the deltaCt method and normalized to the expression of GAPDH. Serum irisin levels were measured from serum samples using a commercial EIA kit. Results: In non-diabetic and non-athlete middle-aged men no significant changes were observed in skeletal muscle PGC-1α, FNDC5 and serum irisin after 1-hour low-intensity aerobic exercise, 21-week endurance training or 21-week endurance training combined with resistance exercise (RE) training, whereas a single RE bout increased significantly FNDC5 mRNA by 1.4-fold post-RE in young, but not in old previously untrained men. Moreover, while the increase in PGC-1α mRNA at 1-hour post-RE in old men was significant, no significant changes in FNDC5 were detected. Apart from the single RE-bout, large intra and inter-individual variations in PGC-1α, FNDC5 and serum irisin in response to endurance exercise and RE training were observed. Importantly, changes in skeletal muscle PGC-1α gene expression were not consistently accompanied by corresponding changes in FNDC5. Our findings indicate that 1) for the most part, exercise does not increase FNDC5 expression in skeletal muscle; 2) factor(s) other than PGC-1αmay be involved in the regulation of FNDC5 expression. In conclusion, the large intra and inter-individual variation in FNDC5 and irisin in response to different types of exercise indicate that exercise does not seem to increase FNDC5 in skeletal muscle or circulating irisin levels. However, the increase in a subset of young individuals in acute RE warrants further studies to determine whether the effects of exercise on FNDC5 and irisin are collection time, exercise type, protocol, intensity and age-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
27. How should greenhouse gas emissions be taken into account in the decision making of municipal solid waste management procurements? A case study of the South Karelia region, Finland
- Author
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Horttanainen, M.
- Published
- 2015
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28. The distribution of valuable metals in gasification of metal-containing residues from mechanical recycling of end-of-life vehicles and electronic waste.
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Bachér J, Laatikainen-Luntama J, Rintala L, and Horttanainen M
- Abstract
In the recycling of metal-containing wastes such as end-of-life vehicles (ELV), residues are generated in the mechanical pre-treatment stage. Beside organics which is the main part of the residues, they also contain metals that physical separation has not been able to separate. As the current treatment of residues is disposal through thermal processing, the process is not optimized from the point of view of metal's recovery. In this study, three gasification pilot test trials were carried out to identify how metals distribute in the treatment. The feed materials were, shredder residue from ELV treatment, low value printed circuit board from electronic waste recycling and mobile phones. The study revealed that gasification enabled the removal of the organic matter from the feed with a high carbon conversion of between 95.8 and 98.8 %. In addition, the metals were identified to end up mainly in the fine and coarse bottom ash fractions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
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29. A comparative cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of geopolymer concrete produced from industrial side streams in comparison with traditional concrete.
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Munir Q, Abdulkareem M, Horttanainen M, and Kärki T
- Abstract
Traditional concrete production is a major contributor to global warming. Industrially produced geopolymer concrete is a viable substitute to limit the negative impacts of concrete production. Thus, this study developed novel geopolymer concrete mix designs using industrial side streams, such as bark boiler ash, construction and demolition waste (CDW), fibre waste, and mine tailings. A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was conducted to evaluate the potential impacts of these different geopolymer concrete (GPC) mix designs in comparison with traditional concrete. The results showed that industrial-based geopolymer concrete with lower amounts of sodium silicate and metakaolin exhibited better environmental performance. Specifically, a 10 % reduction in metakaolin content reduces the global warming impact by 16 % compared with traditional concrete. The processing and curing of industrial waste for concrete formulations has an environmental impact of less than 1 %. From a sustainability perspective, the environmental performance of geopolymer concrete produced from industrial side streams can be further improved by increasing the concentration of recycled waste in the concrete mixes. In addition, the effective use of industrial side streams can improve the waste management, sustainability, and strength of concrete., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this study., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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30. Long-term evolution of the climate change impacts of solid household waste management in Lappeenranta, Finland.
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Hupponen M, Havukainen J, and Horttanainen M
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- Solid Waste analysis, Carbon Dioxide, Finland, Climate Change, Waste Disposal Facilities, Refuse Disposal methods, Waste Management methods
- Abstract
Waste management processes have developed significantly in recent decades and will continue to change alongside the associated environmental impacts. This paper examines the climate change impacts of historical development in waste management, which has not received significant attention in the existing literature, while also exploring possible future developments. The city of Lappeenranta in Finland was selected as a case study, and the climate impacts of household waste (HW) management were calculated for the actual situations in 2009 and 2019 and the foreseen situation in 2029. Separately collected waste fractions of mixed residual waste (MRW), biowaste, cardboard, plastic, metal, and glass were included in the analysis. The results show that the net climate change impact decreased considerably from 945 kg
CO2-eq. /tHW in 2009 to -141 kgCO2-eq. /tHW in 2019 mainly by directing the MRW to energy recovery instead of landfill. The emissions responsible for climate change could be further reduced in 2029 by directing biowaste to digestion instead of composting and by directing more fractions to recycling; e.g., plastic, the impact of which is affected by the demand for recycled plastic. For the year 2029, the net climate change impact was -181 kgCO2-eq. /tHW when heat produced from MRW displaced natural gas and was as high as 142 kgCO2-eq. /tHW if the heat substituted biomass heat. The findings reveal that as energy production mixes and materials become less fossil carbon intensive, they have a significant impact on the net climate impacts of waste management., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2023
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31. Consequential life-cycle assessment of treatment options for repulping reject from liquid packaging board waste treatment.
- Author
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Khan MMH, Havukainen J, Niini A, Leminen V, and Horttanainen M
- Subjects
- Recycling, Plastics, Incineration, Aluminum, Product Packaging
- Abstract
Liquid packaging board is one of the highly demanded packaging mediums for liquid food and beverages, generating substantial waste each year. Even though the fibre part of the liquid packaging board is recycled through a repulping process, the plastic and aluminium are usually used for energy recovery and as alternative raw materials in cement factories. This practice reduces the life span and economic value of plastic and aluminium, which does not fit within a circular economy. The plastic and aluminium from liquid packaging board waste can be recycled mechanically and chemically. This study used the consequential life-cycle assessment method to compare the environmental impact of the recovery options of rejected materials from liquid packaging board waste treatment. Four scenarios were established: (1) energy recovery by waste incineration, (2) composite pallet production by mechanical recycling, (3) plastic pallet production by mechanical recycling, and (4) plastic pallet production by chemical recycling. The study showed that when the consumed energy was supplied from renewable sources, plastic pallet production by mechanical recycling process had the lowest environmental impact, and energy recovery by waste incineration had the highest impact. A sensitivity analysis revealed that composite pallet production by mechanical recycling process showed the best impact if the energy was sourced from the average production mix, and plastic pallet production by chemical recycling had the lowest impact when mechanically recycled plastic substituted for 0%, 30%, and 50% of virgin plastic. These results should be of interest to liquid packaging board manufacturers and other related stakeholders., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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32. Indicators for resource recovery monitoring within the circular economy model implementation in the wastewater sector.
- Author
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Preisner M, Smol M, Horttanainen M, Deviatkin I, Havukainen J, Klavins M, Ozola-Davidane R, Kruopienė J, Szatkowska B, Appels L, Houtmeyers S, and Roosalu K
- Subjects
- Fertilizers, Phosphorus, Sewage, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Wastewater, Water Purification
- Abstract
The European Union is currently in the process of transformation toward a circular economy model in which different areas of activity should be integrated for more efficient management of raw materials and waste. The wastewater sector has a great potential in this regard and therefore is an important element of the transformation process to the circular economy model. The targets of the circular economy policy framework such as resource recovery are tightly connected with the wastewater treatment processes and sewage sludge management. With this in view, the present study aims to review existing indicators on resource recovery that can enable efficient monitoring of the sustainable and circular solutions implemented in the wastewater sector. Within the reviewed indicators, most of them were focused on technological aspects of resource recovery processes such as nutrient removal efficiency, sewage sludge processing methods and environmental aspects as the pollutant share in the sewage sludge or its ashes. Moreover, other wide-scope indicators such as the wastewater service coverage or the production of bio-based fertilizers and hydrochar within the wastewater sector were analyzed. The results were used for the development of recommendations for improving the resources recovery monitoring framework in the wastewater sector and a proposal of a circularity indicator for a wastewater treatment plant highlighting new challenges for further researches and wastewater professionals., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
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33. Environmental performance of dewatered sewage sludge digestate utilization based on life cycle assessment.
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Havukainen J, Saud A, Astrup TF, Peltola P, and Horttanainen M
- Subjects
- Animals, Cities, Life Cycle Stages, Composting, Sewage
- Abstract
Due to the global trend of urbanization, the amount of sewage water is increasing in cities. This calls for efficient treatment of the resulting sewage sludge. To date, in the 27 European Union member countries (EU-27), the prevailing treatment method is application on arable land. Anaerobic digestion is one of the treatment methods being increasingly used nowadays. However, the resulting digestate requires further utilization. Therefore, in this study, the environmental performance of composting, combustion, and pyrolysis options for dewatered sewage sludge digestate is evaluated based on a life cycle assessment. The results show that digestate combustion and composting performed better than pyrolysis for most of the selected impact categories. However, pyrolysis of sewage sludge is still under development, and there are, to some degree, uncertainties in the data related to this technology; thus, more information for the performance assessment of pyrolysis is still required., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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34. Life Cycle Assessment of a Thermal Recycling Process as an Alternative to Existing CFRP and GFRP Composite Wastes Management Options.
- Author
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Karuppannan Gopalraj S, Deviatkin I, Horttanainen M, and Kärki T
- Abstract
There are forecasts for the exponential increase in the generation of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite wastes containing valuable carbon and glass fibres. The recent adoption of these composites in wind turbines and aeroplanes has increased the amount of end-of-life waste from these applications. By adequately closing the life cycle loop, these enormous volumes of waste can partly satisfy the global demand for their virgin counterparts. Therefore, there is a need to properly dispose these composite wastes, with material recovery being the final target, thanks to the strict EU regulations for promoting recycling and reusing as the highest priorities in waste disposal options. In addition, the hefty taxation has almost brought about an end to landfills. These government regulations towards properly recycling these composite wastes have changed the industries' attitudes toward sustainable disposal approaches, and life cycle assessment (LCA) plays a vital role in this transition phase. This LCA study uses climate change results and fossil fuel consumptions to study the environmental impacts of a thermal recycling route to recycle and remanufacture CFRP and GFRP wastes into recycled rCFRP and rGFRP composites. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis was performed comparing with the traditional waste management options such as landfill, incineration with energy recovery and feedstock for cement kiln. Overall, the LCA results were favourable for CFRP wastes to be recycled using the thermal recycling route with lower environmental impacts. However, this contradicts GFRP wastes in which using them as feedstock in cement kiln production displayed more reduced environmental impacts than those thermally recycled to substitute virgin composite production.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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35. Carbon footprint of different recovery options for the repulping reject from liquid packaging board waste treatment process.
- Author
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Khan MMH, Laitinen V, Havukainen J, and Horttanainen M
- Subjects
- Carbon Footprint, Incineration, Greenhouse Gases, Refuse Disposal, Waste Management
- Abstract
Liquid packaging board (LPB) is an integral part of storing and transporting liquid food. In addition to its significant advantages, LPB has been challenging the existing waste management sector since its introduction into the market. In most European countries, LPB waste is either incinerated or recycled in the recycling facilities where fibre is recycled, and the repulping reject is separated for incineration. Mechanical recycling and chemical recycling processes are other options for repulping reject treatment. This study used life cycle assessment (LCA) to compare the environmental impacts of three treatment processes, incineration, mechanical recycling and chemical recycling; each was considered with the functional unit of 1 tonne of repulping reject. Furthermore, two sub-scenarios based on the substituted heat produced by energy from the treatment processes were considered. In substituting biomass-based heat sources, chemical recycling generated the lowest greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, about 560 kg CO
2 eq. tonne-1 repulping rejects, followed by the mechanical recycling process (approximately 740 kg CO2 eq. tonne-1 repulping reject). The maximum amount of GHG was emitted from the incineration scenario, which was about 1900 kg CO2 eq. tonne-1 repulping rejects. By substituting natural gas-based heat sources, chemical recycling generated about 290 kg CO2 eq. tonne-1 repulping rejects. On the contrary, the mechanical recycling process generated about 430 kg CO2 eq. tonne-1 repulping rejects and incineration process generated 960 kg CO2 eq. tonne-1 repulping rejects. Uncertainty analysis showed that some assumptions significantly impact the results; however, the chemical recycling process had the lowest environmental impact in almost all uncertainty analysis., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2021
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36. Challenges and practices on waste management and disposal during COVID-19 pandemic.
- Author
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Hantoko D, Li X, Pariatamby A, Yoshikawa K, Horttanainen M, and Yan M
- Subjects
- Humans, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2, Solid Waste analysis, COVID-19, Medical Waste Disposal, Refuse Disposal, Waste Management
- Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed a global emergency and also has raised issues with waste management practices. This study emphasized the challenges of increased waste disposal during the COVID-19 crisis and its response practices. Data obtained from the scientific research papers, publications from the governments and multilateral organizations, and media reports were used to quantify the effect of the pandemic towards waste generation. A huge increase in the amount of used personal protective equipments (facemasks, gloves, and other protective stuffs) and wide distribution of infectious wastes from hospitals, health care facilities, and quarantined households was found. The amount of food and plastic waste also increased during the pandemic. These factors caused waste treatment facilities to be overwhelmed, forcing emergency treatment and disposals (e.g., co-disposal in a municipal solid waste incinerator, cement kilns, industrial furnaces, and deep burial) to ramp up processing capacity. This paper discussed the ways the operation of those facilities must be improved to cope with the challenge of handling medical waste, as well as working around the restrictions imposed due to COVID-19. The study also highlights the need for short, mid, and longer-term responses towards waste management during the pandemic. Furthermore, the practices discussed in this paper may provide an option for alternative approaches and development of sustainable strategies for mitigating similar pandemics in the future., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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37. Impact of utilizing solid recovered fuel on the global warming potential of cement production and waste management system: A life cycle assessment approach.
- Author
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Khan MMH, Havukainen J, and Horttanainen M
- Subjects
- Animals, Global Warming, Greenhouse Effect, Incineration, Life Cycle Stages, Solid Waste, Refuse Disposal, Waste Management
- Abstract
Cement production is responsible for a significant share of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A potential option to reduce the cement production emissions is to use alternative fuels which can have also an impact on emissions from the waste management sector. This work investigates the change in global warming potential (GWP) of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) production and affected waste management systems when conventional fuels are partially replaced by solid recovered fuel (SRF) made from commercial and industrial waste (C&IW). A life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted with a functional unit of 1 metric tonne of OPC production and treatment of 194 kg of C&IW. Data from an existing cement plant have been used, where the share of SRF from total fuel energy demand increased from 0% to 53% between 2007 and 2016. Four scenarios were established with varying waste treatment methods and SRF share in the thermal energy mix of cement production. It was found that GHG emissions decreased by 20% from 1036 kg carbon dioxide (CO2), eq. (functional unit)-1 in Scenario 1 to 832 kg CO2, eq. (functional unit)-1 in Scenario 3. Furthermore, it is possible to reach a reduction of 30% to 725 kg CO
2 , eq. (functional unit)-1 in Scenario by increasing the share of SRF to 80%. In conclusion, significant GHG emissions reduction can be achieved by utilizing SRF in cement production. Especially in the middle-income and low-income countries where waste is dumped to the open landfills, emissions could be reduced without huge investments to waste incineration plants.- Published
- 2021
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38. Systematic assessment of critical factors for the economic performance of landfill mining in Europe: What drives the economy of landfill mining?
- Author
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Laner D, Esguerra JL, Krook J, Horttanainen M, Kriipsalu M, Rosendal RM, and Stanisavljević N
- Subjects
- Costs and Cost Analysis, Europe, Mining, Waste Disposal Facilities, Refuse Disposal, Waste Management
- Abstract
Landfill mining (LFM) is a strategy to mitigate environmental impacts associated with landfills, while simultaneously recovering dormant materials, energy carriers, and land resources. Although several case study assessments on the economy of LFM exist, a broader understanding of the driving factors is still lacking. This study aims at identifying generically important factors for the economy of LFM in Europe and understanding their role in developing economically feasible projects in view of different site, project and system-level conditions. Therefore, a set-based modeling approach is used to establish a large number (531,441) of LFM scenarios, evaluate their economic performance in terms of net present value (NPV), and analyze the relationships between input factors and economic outcome via global sensitivity analysis. The scenario results range from -139 Euro to +127 Euro/Mg of excavated waste, with 80% of the scenarios having negative NPVs. Variations in the costs for waste treatment and disposal and the avoided cost of alternative landfill management (i.e. if the landfill was not mined) have the strongest effect on the scenario NPVs, which illustrates the critical role of system level factors for LFM economy and the potential of policy intervention to incentivize LFM. Consequently, system conditions should guide site selection and project development, which is exemplified in the study for two extreme regional archetypes in terms of income and waste management standard. Future work should further explore the developed model to provide decision support on LFM strategies in consideration of alternative purposes, stakeholders, and objectives., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Technical implications and global warming potential of recovering nitrogen released during continuous thermal drying of sewage sludge.
- Author
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Deviatkin I, Lyu L, Chen S, Havukainen J, Wang F, Horttanainen M, and Mänttäri M
- Subjects
- Fertilizers, Global Warming, Incineration, Nitrogen, Sewage
- Abstract
Thermal drying and consequent incineration of sewage sludge result in an absolute loss of an important macronutrient - nitrogen. To fulfill the growing food demand, humanity relies more on industrial fixation of nitrogen, primarily via the Haber-Bosch process. The present paper examines the nitrogen release during continuous thermal drying of municipal sewage sludge and its consequent recovery for fertilization. Furthermore, the possibility of nitrogen recovery from condensate is assessed. Finally, the study assesses the global warming potential of the proposed nitrogen recovery system and compares it with the baseline system manufacturing fertilizers from industrially fixed nitrogen. The results of the drying experiments showed that 0.73-1.03 g N-NH
3 kg-1 total solids of sewage sludge was released to off-gases during its continuous thermal drying under 160 °C, which corresponds to 41-58% of ionized nitrogen content in raw sewage sludge subjected to thermal drying. The global warming potential of the nitrogen recovery was 28% lower compared to that of the commercial fertilizer production of equivalent properties: 4.1 kg CO2 -Equiv. kg-1 N versus 5.7 kg CO2 -Equiv. kg-1 N. Still, the sensitivity analysis showed that the results might traverse and lead to a higher global warming potential of 6.2 kg CO2 -Equiv. during the nitrogen recovery process under certain process parameters., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Applicability of a field portable X-ray fluorescence for analyzing elemental concentration of waste samples.
- Author
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Havukainen J, Hiltunen J, Puro L, and Horttanainen M
- Subjects
- Particle Size, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission, X-Rays, Coal Ash, Zinc
- Abstract
Determining the chemical properties of waste is crucial to ensure the most effective utilization of waste. The standard laboratory measurements can produce accurate results, but analysis is labor- and time-consuming. The variety of elements that field portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (FPXRF) can detect from selected waste materials was studied, including how the results compared with those of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurements. The selected materials were fine fraction reject from solid recovered fuel production, fly ash, biowaste, and compost. Based on the results, FPXRF is reported to be best suited for waste samples, such as ash and compost, because of their physical properties, as follows: not too moist, quite small particle size, and not too heterogeneous. The results obtained from FPXRF showed the lowest relative standard deviation for ash material. The analysis of the limits of agreement between FPXRF and ICP-MS showed that FPXRF was mainly suitable for qualitative assessment. Furthermore, regression analysis showed a linear correlation between FPXRF and ICP-MS results for calcium and zinc in the selected materials. Keeping the limitations in mind, FPXRF could be used for qualitative analysis in waste treatment processes, such as first quality control of waste materials., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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41. Modeling and comparative assessment of bubbling fluidized bed gasification system for syngas production - a gateway for a cleaner future in Pakistan.
- Author
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Shehzad A, Bashir MJK, Horttanainen M, Manttari M, Havukainen J, and Abbas G
- Subjects
- Carbon, Gases, Pakistan, Temperature, Waste Management, Models, Theoretical, Refuse Disposal
- Abstract
The present study explores the potential of MSW gasification for exergy analysis and has been recently given a premier attention in a region like Pakistan where the urbanization is rapidly growing and resources are few. The plant capacity was set at 50 MW based on reference data available and the total exergetic efficiency was recorded to be 31.5 MW. The largest irreversibility distribution appears in the gasifier followed by methanation unit and CO
2 capture. The effect of process temperature, equivalence ratio and MSW moisture content was explored for inspecting the variations in syngas composition, lower heating value, carbon conversion efficiency and cold gas efficiency. Special attention of the paper is paid to the comparative assessment of MSW gasification products in four regions, namely Pakistan, USA, UAE and Thailand. This extended study gave an insight into the spectrum of socioeconomic conditions with varying MSW compositions in order to explain the effect of MSW composition variance on the gasification products.- Published
- 2018
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42. Nitrogen behaviour during thermal drying of mechanically dewatered biosludge from pulp and paper industry.
- Author
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Mustonen K, Deviatkin I, Havukainen J, and Horttanainen M
- Subjects
- Ammonia, Desiccation, Paper, Temperature, Waste Management, Water, Industrial Waste, Nitrogen chemistry
- Abstract
An ongoing call to implement a circular economy is underway in the European Union, and a specific attention has been placed on the forest industry, which seeks additional recycling routes for its side streams, including biosludge. Biosludge is often dried and incinerated, thus wasting the nitrogen contained therein. This paper describes a study in which the release of nitrogen during thermal drying, the impact of the drying temperatures of 130°C, 180°C, and 210°C on the mass of ammonia released, and the potential for recovery of nitrogen from biosludge were examined. The results indicate that 1310-1730 mg kgTS
-1 of nitrogen was released, which corresponded to 56-74% of the soluble nitrogen in biosolids or 4.0-5.3% of the total nitrogen. Of this released nitrogen, 83-85% was identified in condensate and absorbing water, thus indicating a high potential for recovering nitrogen from biosludge.- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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43. Potential of phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge and manure ash by thermochemical treatment.
- Author
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Havukainen J, Nguyen MT, Hermann L, Horttanainen M, Mikkilä M, Deviatkin I, and Linnanen L
- Subjects
- Agriculture, Fertilizers analysis, Finland, Coal Ash chemistry, Incineration, Manure, Phosphorus analysis, Sewage chemistry
- Abstract
All life forms require phosphorus (P), which has no substitute in food production. The risk of phosphorus loss from soil and limited P rock reserves has led to the development of recycling P from industrial residues. This study investigates the potential of phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge and manure ash by thermochemical treatment (ASH DEC) in Finland. An ASH DEC plant could receive 46-76 kt/a of sewage sludge ash to produce 51-85 kt/a of a P-rich product with a P2O5 content of 13-18%, while 320-750 kt/a of manure ash could be supplied to produce 350-830 kt/a of a P-rich product with a P content of 4-5%. The P2O5 potential in the total P-rich product from the ASH DEC process using sewage sludge and manure ash is estimated to be 25-47 kt/a, which is significantly more than the P fertilizer demand in Finland's agricultural industries. The energy efficiency of integrated incineration and the ASH DEC process is more dependent on the total solid content and the subsequent need for mechanical dewatering and thermal drying than on the energy required by the ASH DEC process. According to the results of this study, the treated sewage sludge and manure ash using the ASH DEC process represent significant potential phosphorus sources for P fertilizer production., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Method for residual household waste composition studies.
- Author
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Sahimaa O, Hupponen M, Horttanainen M, and Sorvari J
- Subjects
- Finland, Recycling methods, Solid Waste analysis, Waste Management methods
- Abstract
The rising awareness of decreasing natural resources has brought forward the idea of a circular economy and resource efficiency in Europe. As a part of this movement, European countries have identified the need to monitor residual waste flows in order to make recycling more efficient. In Finland, studies on the composition of residual household waste have mostly been conducted using different methods, which makes the comparison of the results difficult. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable method for residual household waste composition studies. First, a literature review on European study methods was performed. Also, 19 Finnish waste composition studies were compared in order to identify the shortcomings of the current Finnish residual household waste composition data. Moreover, the information needs of different waste management authorities concerning residual household waste were studied through a survey and personal interviews. Stratification, sampling, the classification of fractions and statistical analysis were identified as the key factors in a residual household waste composition study. The area studied should be divided into non-overlapping strata in order to decrease the heterogeneity of waste and enable comparisons between different waste producers. A minimum of six subsamples, each 100 kg, from each stratum should be sorted. Confidence intervals for each waste category should be determined in order to evaluate the applicability of the results. A new three-level classification system was created based on Finnish stakeholders' information needs and compared to four other European waste composition study classifications., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Intramuscular sex steroid hormones are associated with skeletal muscle strength and power in women with different hormonal status.
- Author
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Pöllänen E, Kangas R, Horttanainen M, Niskala P, Kaprio J, Butler-Browne G, Mouly V, Sipilä S, and Kovanen V
- Subjects
- Adult, Age Factors, Aging physiology, Case-Control Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Middle Aged, Postmenopause physiology, Premenopause physiology, Sex Factors, Gonadal Steroid Hormones physiology, Muscle, Skeletal physiology
- Abstract
Estrogen (E2 )-responsive peripheral tissues, such as skeletal muscle, may suffer from hormone deficiency after menopause potentially contributing to the aging of muscle. However, recently E2 was shown to be synthesized by muscle and its systemic and intramuscular hormone levels are unequal. The objective of the study was to examine the association between intramuscular steroid hormones and muscle characteristics in premenopausal women (n = 8) and in postmenopausal monozygotic twin sister pairs (n = 16 co-twins from eight pairs) discordant for the use of E2 -based hormone replacement. Isometric skeletal muscle strength was assessed by measuring knee extension strength. Explosive lower body muscle power was assessed as vertical jump height. Due to sequential nature of enzymatic conversion of biologically inactive dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to testosterone (T) and subsequently to E2 or dihydrotestosterone (DHT), separate linear regression models were used to estimate the association of each hormone with muscle characteristics. Intramuscular E2 , T, DHT, and DHEA proved to be significant, independent predictors of strength and power explaining 59-64% of the variation in knee extension strength and 80-83% of the variation of vertical jumping height in women (P < 0.005 for all models). The models were adjusted for age, systemic E2 , and total body fat mass. The statistics used took into account the lack of statistical independence of twin sisters. Furthermore, muscle cells were shown to take up and actively synthesize hormones. Present study suggests intramuscular sex steroids to associate with strength and power regulation in female muscle providing novel insight to the field of muscle aging., (© 2015 The Authors. Aging Cell published by the Anatomical Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Technical potential of electricity production from municipal solid waste disposed in the biggest cities in Brazil: landfill gas, biogas and thermal treatment.
- Author
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de Souza SN, Horttanainen M, Antonelli J, Klaus O, Lindino CA, and Nogueira CE
- Subjects
- Air Pollutants analysis, Anaerobiosis, Brazil, Biofuels analysis, Cities, Electricity, Gases analysis, Incineration, Solid Waste analysis, Waste Disposal Facilities
- Abstract
This article presents an analysis of possibilities for electrical energy production by using municipal solid waste disposed in the biggest Brazilian cities. Currently, the municipal solid waste in Brazil is collected and disposed of at landfills, but there are also other technologies, which in addition to dealing with the garbage can also provide benefits in terms of energy provision. The following scenarios were studied in this work: electricity production from landfill gas (reference scenario); incineration of all municipal solid waste; anaerobic digestion of organic waste and incineration of refuse-derived fuel fractions after being separated in separation plants. According to this study, the biggest cities in Brazil generate about 18.9 million tonnes of municipal solid waste per year (2011), of which 51.5% is biogenic matter. The overall domestic consumption of electricity is 480,120 GWh y(-1) in Brazil and the municipal solid waste incineration in the 16 largest cities in the country could replace 1.8% of it using incinerators. The city of São Paulo could produce 637 GWh y(-1) with landfill gas, 2368 GWh y(-1) with incineration of municipal solid waste and 1177 GWh y(-1) with incineration of refuse-derived fuel. The latter two scenarios could replace 27% and 13.5% of the residential electrical energy consumption in the city. This shows that thermal treatment might be a viable option of waste-to-energy in Brazil., (© The Author(s) 2014.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Are skeletal muscle FNDC5 gene expression and irisin release regulated by exercise and related to health?
- Author
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Pekkala S, Wiklund PK, Hulmi JJ, Ahtiainen JP, Horttanainen M, Pöllänen E, Mäkelä KA, Kainulainen H, Häkkinen K, Nyman K, Alén M, Herzig KH, and Cheng S
- Subjects
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Case-Control Studies, Fibronectins blood, Fibronectins genetics, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Muscle, Skeletal physiology, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha, RNA, Messenger genetics, RNA, Messenger metabolism, Transcription Factors genetics, Transcription Factors metabolism, Fibronectins metabolism, Muscle, Skeletal metabolism, Physical Endurance, Resistance Training, Transcription, Genetic
- Abstract
Recently, contradictory findings have been reported concerning the function of irisin and its precursor gene, skeletal muscle FNDC5, in energy homeostasis, and the associated regulatory role of exercise and PGC-1α. We therefore evaluated whether muscle FNDC5 mRNA and serum irisin are exercise responsive and whether PGC-1α expression is associated with FNDC5 expression. The male subjects in the study performed single exercises: (1) 1 h low-intensity aerobic exercise (AE) (middle-aged, n = 17), (2) a heavy-intensity resistance exercise (RE) bout (young n = 10, older n = 11) (27 vs. 62 years), (3) long-term 21 weeks endurance exercise (EE) training alone (twice a week, middle-aged, n = 9), or (4) combined EE and RE training (both twice a week, middle-aged, n = 9). Skeletal muscle mRNA expression was analysed by quantitative PCR and serum irisin by ELISA. No significant changes were observed in skeletal muscle PGC-1α, FNDC5 and serum irisin after AE, EE training or combined EE + RE training. However, a single RE bout increased PGC-1α by 4-fold in young and by 2-fold in older men, while FNDC5 mRNA only increased in young men post-RE, by 1.4-fold. Changes in PGC-1α or serum irisin were not consistently accompanied by changes in FNDC5. In conclusion, for the most part, neither longer-term nor single exercise markedly increases skeletal muscle FNDC5 expression or serum irisin. Therefore their changes in response to exercise are probably random and not consistent excluding the confirmation of any definitive link between exercise and FNDC5 expression and irisin release in humans. Moreover, irisin and FNDC5 were not associated with glucose tolerance and being overweight, or with metabolic disturbances, respectively. Finally, factor(s) other than PGC-1α and transcription may regulate FNDC5 expression.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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48. Understanding biorefining efficiency--the case of agrifood waste.
- Author
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Kuisma M, Kahiluoto H, Havukainen J, Lehtonen E, Luoranen M, Myllymaa T, Grönroos J, and Horttanainen M
- Subjects
- Biomass, Carbon analysis, Fertilizers, Finland, Nitrogen analysis, Phosphorus analysis, Thermodynamics, Agriculture, Biotechnology methods, Food, Waste Products analysis
- Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine biorefining efficiency according to the choices made in the entire value chain. The importance of the share of biomass volume biorefined or products substituted was investigated. Agrifood-waste-based biorefining represented the case. Anticipatory scenarios were designed for contrasting targets and compared with the current situation in two Finnish regions. Biorefining increases nutrient and energy efficiency in comparison with current use of waste. System boundaries decisively influence the relative efficiency of biorefining designs. For nutrient efficiency, full exploitation of biomass potential and anaerobic digestion increase nutrient efficiency, but the main determinant is efficient substitution for mineral fertilisers. For energy efficiency, combustion and location of biorefining close to heat demand are crucial. Regional differences in agricultural structure, the extent of the food industry and population density have a major impact on biorefining. High degrees of exploitation of feedstock potential and substitution efficiency are the keys., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Potential of energy and nutrient recovery from biodegradable waste by co-treatment in Lithuania.
- Author
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Havukainen J, Zavarauskas K, Denafas G, Luoranen M, Kahiluoto H, Kuisma M, and Horttanainen M
- Subjects
- Anaerobiosis, Biomass, Conservation of Energy Resources, Lithuania, Biodegradation, Environmental, Fertilizers, Renewable Energy
- Abstract
Biodegradable waste quantities in Lithuania and their potential for the co-treatment in renewable energy and organic fertilizer production were investigated. Two scenarios were formulated to study the differences of the amounts of obtainable energy and fertilizers between different ways of utilization. In the first scenario, only digestion was used, and in the second scenario, materials other than straw were digested, and straw and the solid fraction of sewage sludge digestate were combusted. As a result, the amounts of heat and electricity, as well as the fertilizer amounts in the counties were obtained for both scenarios. Based on this study, the share of renewable energy in Lithuania could be doubled by the co-treatment of different biodegradable materials.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Effects of combined hormone replacement therapy or its effective agents on the IGF-1 pathway in skeletal muscle.
- Author
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Pöllänen E, Ronkainen PH, Horttanainen M, Takala T, Puolakka J, Suominen H, Sipilä S, and Kovanen V
- Subjects
- Estradiol blood, Female, Forkhead Box Protein O1, Forkhead Box Protein O3, Forkhead Transcription Factors biosynthesis, Forkhead Transcription Factors genetics, Humans, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I analysis, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I genetics, Middle Aged, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal chemistry, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal drug effects, Muscle Proteins biosynthesis, Muscle Proteins genetics, Muscle, Skeletal chemistry, Norethindrone therapeutic use, Norethindrone Acetate, Protein Isoforms biosynthesis, Protein Isoforms genetics, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt biosynthesis, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt genetics, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Receptor, IGF Type 1 biosynthesis, Receptor, IGF Type 1 genetics, Receptors, Androgen biosynthesis, Receptors, Androgen genetics, Receptors, Estrogen biosynthesis, Receptors, Estrogen genetics, SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases biosynthesis, SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases genetics, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases biosynthesis, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases genetics, Testosterone blood, Transcription, Genetic drug effects, Estradiol therapeutic use, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I biosynthesis, Muscle, Skeletal drug effects, Norethindrone analogs & derivatives
- Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the effects of combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and its effective agents on the IGF-1 signaling pathway., Design and Methods: To examine the effects of HRT on skeletal muscle in vivo, we utilized pre- and post-intervention samples from a randomized double blinded trial with 50-57-year-old women. The intervention included the year-long use of either HRT preparation (2 mg 17β-estradiol, E₂; 1mg norethisterone acetate, NETA, n=10) or placebo (CO, n=9). Microarray technology and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were used to study the expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) and its splice variants as well as IGF-1 receptor, Akt1, mTOR, FOXO1, FOXO3, atrogin, estrogen receptors and androgen receptor in muscle samples. Serum concentrations of IGF-1, E(2) and testosterone were measured. C2C12 myotubes were fed with E₂ or NETA followed by analyzing the expression of essentially the same gene transcripts as in human samples by qPCR and phosphorylation of Akt and mTOR by Western blotting., Results: The gene expression of IGF-1 and its splice variant, IGF-1Ec (also known as the mechano growth factor or MGF), mTOR, FOXO3, and AR was up-regulated among the HRT users compared to the CO (P<0.05), while Akt1 was down-regulated (P<0.05). The change in the level of IGF-1Ec transcript correlated positively with muscle size at post-intervention (r=0.5, P<0.05). In C2C12 myotubes, no statistically significant effects of either E₂ or NETA at the level of gene transcripts studied were identified. The amount of phosphorylated Akt appeared to respond to NETA, albeit the response was not statistically significant. Phosphorylation of mTOR did not respond to either of the treatments., Conclusion: Year-long postmenopausal HRT was found to affect the expression of the genes along the IGF-1 signaling cascade reflecting the higher muscle mass compared to the CO women. By using cell culture model we were, however, unable to confirm the possible differential role of E₂ and NETA. It appears that the synchronous presence of both effective agents of the HRT or the presence of yet unidentified microenvironmental factors providing proper paracrine signals naturally existing in the intact muscle tissue is critical for appropriate signaling via sex steroid-IGF-1 axis to occur., (Copyright © 2010 Growth Hormone Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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