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Neuroscience initiatives aim to develop new technologies and tools to measure and manipulate neuronal circuits. To deal with the massive amounts of data generated by these tools, the authors envision the co-location of open data repositories in standardized formats together with high-performance computing hardware utilizing open source optimized analysis codes.

Safak Gül-Klein,1 Anika Kästner,1 Philipp Konstantin Haber,1 Felix Krenzien,1 Simon Wabitsch,1 Alexander Krannich,2 Andreas Andreou,3 Dennis Eurich,1 Frank Tacke,4 David Horst,5 Johann Pratschke,1 Moritz Schmelzle1 1Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; 2Clinical Study Center, Clinical Trial Office, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; 3Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland; 4Department of Hepatology/Gastroenterology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; 5Institute of Pathology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, GermanyCorrespondence: Safak Gül-KleinDepartment of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, GermanyEmail safak.guel@charite.dePurpose: The impact of acute rejection (AR) after liver transplantation (LT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on patient outcome is uncertain. This aim of this study is to investigate whether AR is associated with HCC relapse and overall survival.Patients and Methods: Patients undergoing LT for HCC between 2001 and 2015 were retrospectively analyzed with regard to histopathological proven AR within the median time until recurrence. Cox’s regression analysis was conducted revealing risk factors for HCC recurrence.Results: HCC recurred in 47 of 252 analyzed patients with a median time to recurrence of 20 months. Patients with AR (28.6%) had a significantly higher frequency of recurrence compared to patients without AR (13.0%, p=0.002). Multiple Cox regression analyses identified AR within 20 months to be an independent risk factor for HCC recurrence both as dichotomized (HR=2.91, 95%CI: 1.30– 6.53; p=0.009) and as a continuous variable (HR=1.81, 95%CI: 1.28– 2.54; p=0.001). HCC recurrence and AR were associated with higher grades of liver fibrosis one year after LT, when compared to patients without AR (p=0.019).Conclusion: Our results demonstrate an association of AR with HCC recurrence after LT with implications for intervals of monitoring in tumor surveillance. Graft fibrosis and immune mechanisms are potentially related and causal interactions are worth further investigation.Keywords: histology, protocol liver biopsy, graft fibrosis, immunological mechanisms, predictors of tumor relapse

Opportunities offered by new neuro-technologies are threatened by lack of coherent plans to analyze, manage, and understand the data. High-performance computing will allow exploratory analysis of massive datasets stored in standardized formats, hosted in open repositories, and integrated with simulations.

For more than two decades, the TOP500 list has enjoyed incredible success as a metric for supercomputing performance and as a source of data for identifying technological trends. The project's editors reflect on its usefulness and limitations for guiding large-scale scientific computing into the exascale era.

Abstract: Blinatumomab, the first-in-class CD3/CD19 bispecific T-cell engager antibody construct, has recently been approved for treating patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, the clinical proof of concept of blinatumomab efficacy was initially demonstrated in patients with R/R B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) in the MT103-104 phase 1 dose-escalation and expansion trial (NCT00274742), which defined 60 µg/m2 per day as the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). The clinically most relevant adverse effects were neurologic symptoms and cytokine release syndrome. Currently, there are no data on long-term outcomes and toxicity for B-NHL patients receiving blinatumomab treatment, so we performed a single-center, long-term follow-up analysis of 38 patients who participated in the MT103-104 phase 1 trial. We found no evidence for long-term toxicities, especially no blinatumomab-induced neurocognitive impairments. For the entire study population, the median overall survival (OS) was 4.6 years. Remarkably, patients who had received ≥60 µg/m2 per day and responded to blinatumomab achieved a median OS of 7.7 years. Of note, 6 of the surviving patients treated at the MTD have been treatment-free for more than 7 years. In contrast, patients who were treated at dose levels below the MTD had a median OS of only 1.1 years. These results indicate that 60 µg/m2 per day seems to represent the targeted dose level of blinatumomab required for durable remission in R/R B-NHL. Here, we provide the first clinical evidence that blinatumomab lacks long-term toxicity and has the potential to induce sustained remissions in patients with R/R B-NHL.

The National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) are two computing centers that have traditionally supported large national user communities. Both centers have developed responsive approaches to support these user communities and their changing needs, providing end-to-end computing solutions. In this report we provide a short overview of the strategies used at our centers in supporting our scientific users, with an emphasis on some examples of effective programs and future needs.

25th Edition of TOP500 List of World's Fastest Supercomputers Released: DOE/L LNL BlueGene/L and IBM gain Top Positions MANNHEIM, Germany; KNOXVILLE, Tenn.; & BERKELEY, Calif. In what has become a closely watched event in the world of high-performance computing, the 25th edition of the TOP500 list of the world's fastest supercomputers was released today (June 22, 2005) at the 20th International Supercomputing Conference (ISC2005) in Heidelberg Germany.

NERSC has developed a five-year strategic plan focusing on three components: Science-Driven Systems, Science-Driven Services, and Science-Driven Analytics. (1) Science-Driven Systems: Balanced introduction of the best new technologies for complete computational systems -- computing, storage, networking, visualization and analysis -- coupled with the activities necessary to engage vendors in addressing the DOE computational science requirements in their future roadmaps. (2) Science-Driven Services: The entire range of support activities, from high-quality operations and user services to direct scientific support, that enable a broad range of scientists to effectively use NERSC systems in their research. NERSC will concentrate on resources needed to realize the promise of the new highly scalable architectures for scientific discovery in multidisciplinary computational science projects. (3) Science-Driven Analytics: The architectural and systems enhancements and services required to integrate NERSC's powerful computational and storage resources to provide scientists with new tools to effectively manipulate, visualize, and analyze the huge data sets derived from simulations and experiments.

Scientific applications in nanoscience, combustion modeling, fusion energy simulations, climate modeling, and astrophysics are ripe for ripe for breakthrough science using very high-end computing. After introducing these scientific opportunities, we will discuss how petascale computing platforms can meet these applications requirements.The most effective approach to designing a computer architecture that can meet these scientific needs is to analyze the underlying algorithms of these applications, and then, working in partnership with vendors, design a system targeted to these algorithms. From this list of important scientific applications and underlying algorithms, several themes can be derived that drive the choice of a large-scale scientific computer system. These themes are for example (1) multi-physics, multi-scale calculations; (2) limited concurrency, requiring strong single-CPU performance; (3) reliance on key library routines such as ScaLAPACK and FFTs etc. We will discuss eight of these themes that appear to be universally essential for petascale systems for science. In the last part of the presentation, I will then discuss recent research in performance modeling and prediction at LBNL that will give us a better understanding of how to match future architectures to these themes, and thus hopefully will give us a key to petascale applications performance on petascale systems.

In this paper we analyze major recent trends and changes in the High Performance Computing (HPC) market place. The introduction of vector computers started the area of Supercomputing . The initial success of vector computers in the seventies was driven by raw performance. Massive Parallel Systems (MPP) became successful in the early nineties due to their better price/performance ratios, which was enabled by the attack of the killer-micros . The success of microprocessor based SMP concepts even for the very high-end systems, was the basis for the emerging cluster concepts in the early 2000s. Within the first half of this decade clusters of PC s and workstations have become the prevalent architecture for many HPC application areas on all ranges of performance. However, the Earth Simulator vector system demonstrated that many scientific applications could benefit greatly from other computer architectures. At the same time there is renewed broad interest in the scientific HPC community for new hardware architectures and new programming paradigms. The IBM BlueGene/L system is one early example of a shifting design focus for large-scale system. The DARPA HPCS program has the declared goal of building a Petaflops computer system by the end of the decade using novel computer architectures.

24th Edition of TOP500 List of World's Fastest Supercomputers Released: DOE/IBM BlueGene/L and NASA/SGI's Columbia gain Top Positions MANNHEIM, Germany; KNOXVILLE, Tenn.; & BERKELEY, Calif. In what has become a closely watched event in the world of high-performance computing, the 24th edition of the TOP500 list of the world s fastest supercomputers was released today (November 8, 2004) at the SC2004 Conference in Pittsburgh, Pa.

23rd Edition of TOP500 List of World's Fastest Supercomputers Released: Japan's Earth Simulator Enters Third Year in Top Position MANNHEIM, Germany; KNOXVILLE, Tenn.; & BERKELEY, Calif. In what has become a closely watched event in the world of high-performance computing, the 23rd edition of the TOP500 list of the world's fastest supercomputers was released today (June 23, 2004) at the International Supercomputer Conference in Heidelberg, Germany.

22nd Edition of TOP500 List of World s Fastest Supercomputers Released MANNHEIM, Germany; KNOXVILLE, Tenn.; & BERKELEY, Calif. In what has become a much-anticipated event in the world of high-performance computing, the 22nd edition of the TOP500 list of the world s fastest supercomputers was released today (November 16, 2003). The Earth Simulator supercomputer retains the number one position with its Linpack benchmark performance of 35.86 Tflop/s ("teraflops " or trillions of calculations per second). It was built by NEC and installe d last year at the Earth Simulator Center in Yokohama, Japan.

21st Edition of TOP500 List of World's Fastest Supercomputers Released MANNHEIM, Germany; KNOXVILLE, Tenn.; & BERKELEY, Calif. In what has become a much-anticipated event in the world of high-performance computing, the 21st edition of the TOP500 list of the world's fastest supercomputers was released today (June 23, 2003). The Earth Simulator supercomputer built by NEC and installed last year at the Earth Simulator Center in Yokohama, Japan, with its Linpack benchmark performance of 35.86 Tflop/s (teraflops or trillions of calculations per second), retains the number one position. The number 2 position is held by the re-measured ASCI Q system at Los Alamos National Laboratory. With 13.88 Tflop/s, it is the second system ever to exceed the 10 Tflop/s mark. ASCIQ was built by Hewlett-Packard and is based on the AlphaServer SC computer system.

20th Edition of TOP500 List of World's Fastest Supercomputers Released MANNHEIM, Germany; KNOXVILLE, Tenn.; & BERKELEY, Calif. In what has become a much-anticipated event in the world of high-performance computing, the 20th edition of the TOP500 list of the world's fastest supercomputers was released today (November 15, 2002).The Earth Simulator supercomputer installed earlier this year at the Earth Simulator Center in Yokohama, Japan, is with its Linpack benchmark performance of 35.86 Tflop/s (trillions of calculations per second) retains the number one position. The #2 and #3 positions are held by two new, identical ASCI Q systems at Los Alamos National Laboratory (7.73 Tflop/s each). These systems are built by Hewlett-Packard and based on the AlphaServer SC computer system.

19th Edition of TOP500 List of World's Fastest Supercomputers Released MANNHEIM, Germany; KNOXVILLE, Tenn.; & BERKELEY, Calif. In what has become a much-anticipated event in the world of high-performance computing, the 19th edition of the TOP500 list of the worlds fastest supercomputers was released today (June 20, 2002). The recently installed Earth Simulator supercomputer at the Earth Simulator Center in Yokohama, Japan, is as expected the clear new number 1. Its performance of 35.86 Tflop/s (trillions of calculations per second) running the Linpack benchmark is almost five times higher than the performance of the now #2 IBM ASCI White system at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (7.2 Tflop/s). This powerful leapfrogging to the top by a system so much faster than the previous top system is unparalleled in the history of the TOP500.

18th Edition of TOP500 List of World s Fastest Supercomputers Released MANNHEIM, GERMANY; KNOXVILLE, TENN.; & BERKELEY, CALIF. In what has become a much-anticipated event in the world of high-performance computing, the 18th edition of the TOP500 list of the world s fastest supercomputers was released today (November 9, 2001). The latest edition of the twice-yearly ranking finds IBM as the leader in the field, with 32 percent in terms of installed systems and 37 percent in terms of total performance of all the installed systems. In a surprise move Hewlett-Packard captured the second place with 30 percent of the systems. Most of these systems are smaller in size and as a consequence HP s share of installed performance is smaller with 15 percent. This is still enough for second place in this category. SGI, Cray and Sun follow in the number of TOP500 systems with 41 (8 percent), 39 (8 percent), and 31 (6 percent) respectively. In the category of installed performance Cray Inc. keeps the third position with 11 percent ahead of SGI (8 percent) and Compaq (8 percent).

17th Edition of TOP500 List of World s Fastest Supercomputers Released MANNHEIM, GERMANY; KNOXVILLE, TENN.; & BERKELEY, CALIF. In what has become a much-anticipated event in the world of high-performance computing, the 17th edition of the TOP500 list of the world s fastest supercomputers was released today (June 21). The latest edition of the twice-yearly ranking finds IBM as the leader in the field, with 40 percent in terms of installed systems and 43 percent in terms of total performance of all the installed systems. In second place in terms of installed systems is Sun Microsystems with 16 percent, while Cray Inc. retained second place in terms of performance (13 percent). SGI Inc. was third both with respect to systems with 63 (12.6 percent) and performance (10.2 percent).