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Sunil Shrestha,1 Simit Sapkota,2,3 Vibhu Paudyal,4,5 Zoe Moon,6 Rob Horne,6 Siew Hua Gan1 1School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; 2Department of Clinical Oncology, Kathmandu Cancer Center, Tathali, Bhaktapur, Bagmati Province, Nepal; 3Department of Clinical Oncology, Civil Service Hospital, Minbhawan, Kathmandu, Bagmati Province, Nepal; 4Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Palliative Care, King’s College, London, UK; 5School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sir Robert Aitken Institute for Medical Research, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; 6Centre for Behavioural Medicine, Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UKCorrespondence: Sunil Shrestha, Email sunilcresta@gmail.comBackground: Adherence to pain medication is crucial for cancer patients, since non-adherence can lead to increased suffering, reduced quality of life and increased healthcare costs. Although the five‐item Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS-5) is a validated tool for assessing medication adherence, but it has not been translated and validated into the Nepalese language. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt and validate the MARS-5 in Nepalese language for Nepalese cancer patients who were experiencing pain.Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional validation study utilized a convenience sampling method. Initially, a pre-test was conducted with 25 patients. The MARS-5 was then forward and backward translated following the EORTC QLG translation procedure. The final translated version was reviewed by experts and subjected to a second pre-test. Construct validity was assessed through principal component analysis, and internal consistency was measured using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Inter-rater reliability was evaluated using the Intra-Class Correlation coefficient (ICC).Results: The study included 204 cancer patients (ages 18– 86, 55% female). The Nepalese version of the MARS-5 was translated without significant issues and underwent pre-testing with participants. Participants discussed the scale during these pre-tests, providing feedback on its clarity and comprehensibility. While formal assessment tools were not employed, the iterative nature of the pre-testing process allowed for the refinement of the translation based on participant feedback, indicating a robust understanding of the scale among participants. The ICC of test-retest reliability was found to be 0.860. The Kaiser Meyer Olkin’s value was 0.690, and Cronbach’s alpha was 0.72, indicating good construct validity and high internal consistency. The medication non-adherence rate was 11.3%.Conclusion: The MARS-5 was successfully translated, culturally adapted, and validated in Nepalese for use among Nepalese cancer patients experiencing pain. The Nepalese version of MARS-5 is a reliable tool for evaluating medication adherence in this population.Keywords: cancer pain, cultural adaptation, MARS-5, medication adherence, Nepalese patients, validation

Holly Foot,1,2 Kebede Beyene,3 Rob Horne,4 James Fingleton,5,6 Jeff Harrison,1 Amy Hai Yan Chan1,4 1School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; 2School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia; 3Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, St Louis, MO, Unites States; 4Centre of Behavioural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK; 5Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand; 6Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New ZealandCorrespondence: Amy Hai Yan Chan, School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand, Tel +6493737599, Email a.chan@auckland.ac.nzPurpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a community pharmacy-delivered intervention to shift patients’ beliefs about short-acting beta2 agonists (SABA) in asthma management. The study targeted individual beliefs about SABA and assessed actual SABA use, focusing on reducing SABA use as well as adherence to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) as a preventive measure.Patients and Methods: This non-randomized, before-and-after feasibility study enrolled participants with asthma from four community pharmacies in Auckland, New Zealand. Eligible participants were aged 18 years and above and were prescribed a SABA for their asthma. The intervention included the SABA reliance questionnaire to determine the degree of SABA reliance, verbal discussions with pharmacists personalised according to the degree of SABA reliance identified, and referral to general practitioners as appropriate.Results: Of the 44 patients who consented into the study, 19 were in the control group and 16 in the intervention group. Recruitment and retention were modest, with 10 control and five intervention participants completing the 90-day follow-up. Although not statistically significant, preliminary results indicated reduced SABA reliance and increased ICS adherence in the intervention group, and reduced SABA refill. Feedback showed that 78% of intervention participants found the information easy to understand, and 56% expressed intent to consult their general practitioners. Pharmacy staff found the intervention feasible but noted time constraints as a barrier to intervention delivery.Conclusion: The study demonstrates that a community pharmacy-delivered intervention is feasible and acceptable to both patients and pharmacists. While preliminary results show a positive effect on reducing SABA reliance and improvement of ICS adherence, the results were not statistically significant due to the small numbers recruited. This suggests a larger randomised trial is indicated. This intervention holds promise for addressing the over-reliance on SABA in asthma management and improving adherence to preventive therapies.Keywords: adherence, SABA, SRQ, feasibility, pharmacist, asthma

The EGS Collab project, supported by the US Department of Energy, is performing intensively monitored rock stimulation and flow tests at the 10-m scale in an underground research laboratory to address challenges in implementing enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Data and observations from the field tests are compared to simulations to understand processes and build confidence in numerical modeling of the processes. We have completed Experiment 1 (of 3), which examined hydraulic fracturing in a well-characterized underground fractured phyllite test bed at a depth of approximately 1.5 km at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota. Testbed characterization included fracture mapping, borehole acoustic and optical televiewers, full waveform sonic, conductivity, resistivity, temperature, campaign p- and s-wave investigations and electrical resistance tomography. Borehole geophysical techniques including passive seismic, continuous active source seismic monitoring, electrical resistance tomography, fiber-based distributed strain, distributed temperature, and distributed acoustic monitoring, were used to carefully monitor stimulation events and flow tests. More than a dozen stimulations and nearly one year of flow tests were performed. Quality data and detailed observations were collected and analyzed during stimulation and water flow tests using ambient temperature and chilled water. We achieved adaptive control of the tests using real-time monitoring and rapid dissemination of data and near-real-time simulation. More detailed numerical simulation was performed to answer key experimental design questions, forecast fracture propagation trajectories and extents, and analyze and evaluate results. Data are freely available from the Geothermal Data Repository. Experiment 2 examines the potential for hydraulic shearing in amphibolite at a depth of about 1.25 km at SURF. This site has a different set of stress and fracture conditions than Experiment 1. The Experiment 2 testbed consists of nine subhorizontal boreholes configured in two fans of two boreholes which surround the testbed and contain grouted-in electrical resistance tomography, seismic sensors, active seismic sources and distributed fiber sensors. A “five-spot” set of test wells that extends from a custom mined alcove includes an injection well and four production/monitoring wells. The testbed was characterized geophysically and hydrologically, and three stimulations have been performed using the Step-Rate Injection Method for Fracture In-Situ Properties (SIMFIP) tool to measure strains, and a new strain quantifying tool (downhole robotic strain analysis tool -DORSA) was deployed in a monitoring hole during stimulation. Real-time data were broadcast during stimulations to allow real-time response to arising issues.

The final version of the above article was posted prematurely on 16 July 2021, owing to a technical error. The final, corrected version of record will be made fully available at a later date.

The EGS Collab project, supported by the US Department of Energy, is addressing challenges in implementing enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). This includes improving understanding of the stimulation of crystalline rock to create appropriate flow pathways, and the ability to effectively simulate both the stimulation and the flow and transport processes in the resulting fracture network. The project is performing intensively monitored rock stimulation and flow tests at the 10-m scale in an underground research laboratory. Data and observations from the field test are compared to simulations to understand processes and to build confidence in numerical modeling of the processes. In Experiment 1, we examined hydraulic fracturing an underground test bed at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, at a depth of approximately 1.5 km. We drilled eight sub-horizontal boreholes in a well-characterized phyllite. Six of the boreholes were instrumented with many sensor types to allow careful monitoring of stimulation events and flow tests, and the other two boreholes were used for water injection and production. We performed a number of stimulations and flow tests in the testbed. Our monitoring systems allowed detailed observations and collection of numerous data sets of processes occurring during stimulation and during dynamic flow tests. Long-term ambient temperature and chilled water flow tests were performed in addition to many tracer tests to examine system behavior. Data were rapidly analyzed, allowing adaptive control of the tests. Numerical simulation was used to answer key experimental design questions, to forecast fracture propagation trajectories and extents, and to analyze and evaluate results. Many simulations were performed in near-real-time in conjunction with the field experiments, with more detailed process study simulations performed on a longer timeframe. Experiment 2 will examine hydraulic shearing in a test bed being built at the SURF at a depth of about 1.25 km in amphibolite under a different set of stress and fracture conditions than Experiment 1. Five sets of fracture orientations were considered in design, and three orientations seem to be consistently observed.

The primary objective of the EGS Collab Project sponsored by DOE is to increase the understanding needed to efficiently implement enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). The EGS Collab project is a collaborative research environment studying stimulation of crystalline rock at the 10-meter scale. High-quality characterization and monitoring data are collected during stimulation and flow tests to allow comparison to numerical coupled process models in an effort to build confidence in the codes and improve modeling techniques. The Experiment 1 test bed, located at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, SD at a depth of approximately 1.5 km is being used to examine hydraulic fracturing. The testbed was characterized using numerous field-based geophysical and geologic techniques and laboratory testing, and a well-instrumented test bed was created to allow us to carefully monitor fracture stimulation events and flow tests. A number of hydraulic stimulation tests at several locations in one well were performed, creating new fractures that connect to existing fractures between the injection and production boreholes. Long-term ambient and chilled water injection tests have been performed as an analog to EGS, and system changes resulting from these water injections have been monitored using geophysical monitoring, flow, temperature, and pressure measurements, tracer tests, and microbiology. Here, we summarize the tests performed, issues identified including poroelastic and thermoelastic effects, Joule-Thomson effects, restarting effects, indications of flow channeling, and the scientific findings to date from Experiment 1. We are currently designing a second test bed aimed at investigating shear stimulation (Experiment 2).

Barbora Kostalova,1 Katerina Mala-Ladova,1 Ales Antonin Kubena,1 Rob Horne,2 Sylvie Dusilova Sulkova,3 Josef Maly1 1Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; 2Centre for Behavioural Medicine, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK; 3Hemodialysis Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech RepublicCorrespondence: Katerina Mala-LadovaDepartment of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Ak. Heyrovskeho 1203/8, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech RepublicTel +420 495 067 486Email ladovaka@faf.cuni.czPurpose: The main aim was to evaluate the changes in beliefs about immunosuppressants over a 3-year period in patients after kidney transplantation. The second aim was to investigate the relationship between beliefs, medication adherence, and selected clinical outcomes such as graft functioning.Patients and Methods: This observational follow-up study was conducted in the outpatient post-transplant clinic at the University Hospital Hradec Kralove in the Czech Republic. Adult patients, at least 4 weeks after kidney transplantation, were invited for the structured interview, which was followed by a self-administered questionnaire survey during their regularly scheduled visits at the clinic. Appropriate paired tests were used to compare two measurements of beliefs about immunosuppressants by BMQ-CZ© in 2016 (baseline) and in 2019 (follow-up). Self-reported adherence was measured by two validated tools (MARS-CZ© and BAASIS©) capturing implementation and discontinuation phases. A generalized linear model was used to investigate the relation between beliefs and the consecutive estimated glomerular filtration rate.Results: The study involved 134 patients. Over time, their perceived treatment necessity beliefs of immunosuppressants decreased, while their treatment-related concerns increased. Overall self-reported non-adherence (ie, taking, dosing and discontinuation of immunosuppressants) was reported by 12% of the patients in both observation periods. In the follow-up period, timing non-adherence was reported by 52 (38.8%) patients. Higher baseline treatment concerns were associated with poor adherence whereas higher baseline treatment necessity beliefs corresponded with better kidney functioning, even after adjusting for age.Conclusion: Higher treatment necessity beliefs corresponded with better kidney functioning, whereas higher treatment concerns were related to non-adherence to immunosuppressants at the beginning of the observed period. Still, most patients accepted their medicines that do not come without risk. Nevertheless, decreasing treatment necessity beliefs on one hand, and increasing treatment concerns on the other, should be considered in clinical practice.Keywords: kidney transplantation, immunosuppressants, treatment necessity beliefs, treatment concerns, medication adherence

Stella Arakelyan,1 Aaron S Karat,1,2 Annie SK Jones,3 Nicole Vidal,1 Helen R Stagg,4 Marcia Darvell,5 Robert Horne,3 Marc CI Lipman,5,6,* Karina Kielmann1,* 1Institute for Global Health and Development, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK; 2TB Centre, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; 3Centre for Behavioural Medicine, Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK; 4Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; 5UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK; 6Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Karina KielmannQueen Margaret University, Queen Margaret University Way, Edinburgh, EH216UU, UKTel +44 131 474 0000Email KKielmann@qmu.ac.ukAbstract: Although tuberculosis (TB) incidence has significantly declined in high-income, low-incidence (HILI) countries, challenges remain in managing TB in vulnerable populations who may struggle to stay on anti-TB treatment (ATT). Factors associated with non-adherence to ATT are well documented; however, adherence is often narrowly conceived as a fixed binary variable that places emphasis on individual agency and the act of taking medicines, rather than on the demands of being on treatment more broadly. Further, the mechanisms through which documented factors act upon the experience of being on treatment are poorly understood. Adopting a relational approach that emphasizes the embeddedness of individuals within dynamic social, structural, and health systems contexts, this scoping review aims to synthesize qualitative evidence on experiences of being on ATT and mechanisms through which socio-ecological factors influence adherence in HILI countries. Six electronic databases were searched for peer-reviewed literature published in English between January 1990 and May 2020. Additional studies were obtained by searching references of included studies. Narrative synthesis was used to analyze qualitative data extracted from included studies. Of 28 included studies, the majority (86%) reported on health systems factors, followed by personal characteristics (82%), structural influences (61%), social factors (57%), and treatment-related factors (50%). Included studies highlighted three points that underpin a relational approach to ATT behavior: 1) individual motivation and capacity to take ATT is dynamic and intertwined with, rather than separate from, social, health systems, and structural factors; 2) individuals’ pre-existing experiences of health-seeking influence their views on treatment and their ability to commit to long-term regular medicine-taking; and 3) social, cultural, and political contexts play an important role in mediating how specific factors work to support or hinder ATT adherence behavior in different settings. Based on our analysis, we suggest that person-centered clinical management of tuberculosis should 1) acknowledge the ways in which ATT both disrupts and is managed within the everyday lives of individuals with TB; 2) appreciate that individuals’ circumstances and the support and resources they can access may change over the course of treatment; and 3) display sensitivity towards context-specific social and cultural norms affecting individual and collective experiences of being on ATT.Keywords: tuberculosis, adherence, qualitative research, patient-centered care, socio-ecological, low incidence

The cold plasma density can significantly alter the rate of diffusion of radiation belt electrons by chorus waves within the magnetosphere, and the range of energies at which diffusion is effective. We describe a coupled density and radiation belt model based on the British Antarctic Survey Radiation Belt Model that uses spatially and temporally varying values of fpe/fce ${f}_{pe}/{f}_{ce}$ to drive a statistical model of electron diffusion due to chorus waves. We demonstrate that this approach of including the variance in fpe/fce ${f}_{pe}/{f}_{ce}$ recreates the acceleration of electrons up to MeV energies better than other previous approaches to including fpe/fce ${f}_{pe}/{f}_{ce}$. Plain Language Summary: The density of low energy charged particles trapped in Earth's magnetic field can influence how higher energy trapped electrons are affected by natural radio waves within the magnetic field. We describe a modification of the British Antarctic Survey Radiation Belt Model that includes a model of density that varies in both time and space. These density values are used to drive a statistical model of electron scattering due to chorus waves. We demonstrate that including the variance of density in the model recreates the acceleration of electrons up to ultra‐relativistic energies better than other previous approaches to accounting for the low energy charged particle density. Key Points: More realistic information about the plasma density leads to better recreations of multi‐MeV electron flux enhancements in a diffusion modelChorus waves can directly accelerate electrons to multi‐MeV energies at L* = 4 when the plasma density is low, without radial diffusionThe Van Allen Probes fpe/fce ${f}_{pe}/{f}_{ce}$ measurements are biased away from values less than 2.5 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abundant multi‐MeV electron population beyond the orbit of Io is required to explain the intense inner radiation belt (electrons >50 ${ >} 50$ MeV) at Jupiter and its synchrotron radiation. In order to better understand the synergistic effect of radial transport and local wave‐particle interactions driven by whistler‐mode waves on the formation of Jupiter's radiation belt, we perform 3‐D Fokker‐Planck simulations for Jovian energetic electrons with the Versatile Electron Radiation Belt code. An empirical model of Jovian whistler‐mode waves updated with measurements from the Juno extended mission is used to quantify the local acceleration and pitch angle scattering. Resonant cyclotron acceleration by whistler‐mode waves leads to significant enhancement in the intensity of electrons above 1 MeV in the middle magnetosphere. Radial diffusion is capable of transporting MeV electrons accelerated by outer‐belt whistler‐mode waves into the M<10 $M< 10$ region, where they are further accelerated adiabatically to energies of about 10 MeV. Plain Language Summary: To sustain the most intense electron radiation belt in our solar system, Jupiter's magnetosphere needs to pre‐accelerate electrons to the energy level of multi‐MeV outside the orbit of Io. How such "seed electrons" of the synchrotron radiation belt are effectively accelerated is a challenging question. Gyro‐resonance between electrons and whistler‐mode waves is believed to be a potential candidate for such pre‐acceleration process. In this study, the efficiency of particle acceleration driven by Jovian whistler‐mode waves is quantitatively evaluated. With the quasilinear scattering rate calculated with the updated Jovian whistler‐mode wave model derived from Juno measurements, 3‐D diffusion simulations show that whistler‐mode waves between 5 and 25 RJ ${R}_{J}$ are capable of accelerating electrons upto about 10 MeV in tens of days. The recently discovered outer whistler‐mode belt is found to contribute to the acceleration of multi‐MeV electrons. Key Points: Scattering rates of electrons are quantified with the latest Jovian whistler‐mode wave model from Juno PJ01‐45 dataWhistler‐mode waves are able to accelerate MeV electrons in the middle magnetosphere of Jupiter in tens of daysElectrons accelerated in the outer whistler‐mode belt are further transported inward, indicating a two‐step acceleration mechanism [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial distribution of whistler‐mode wave emissions in the Jovian magnetosphere measured during the first 45 perijove orbits of Juno is investigated. A double‐belt structure in whistler‐mode wave intensity is revealed. Between the two whistler‐mode belts, there exists a region devoid of 100 s keV electrons near the magnetic equator at 90.1 fceq) intensity is revealedNear‐equatorial energetic electron distributions measured by JEDI show similar radial and azimuthal profile as whistler‐mode wavesThe dawn‐dusk asymmetry in the outer whistler‐mode belt intensity corresponds to either the abundance of source electrons or auroral hiss [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rob Horne,1 Adelin Albert,2 Caroline Boone3 1University College London School of Pharmacy, London, UK; 2Biostatistics, University Hospital of Liége, Liége, Belgium; 3Medical Department, Pfizer SA/NV, Brussels, Belgium Objective: In patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), nonadherence to treatment is often related to patients’ beliefs and concerns regarding their medication. This study aimed to analyze the correlations regarding patients’ medication beliefs, medication adherence, and objective measures of disease activity and safety in patients with RA established on subcutaneous (SC) anti-tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) therapy. Methods: This Phase IV, noninterventional, non-drug-specific study enrolled patients with RA being treated with stable-dose SC anti-TNFα (adalimumab, etanercept, golimumab, and certolizumab pegol). At initial visit and 6 and 12 months later, patients completed the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire-Specific section, assessing perceptions of personal need for anti-TNFα therapy (anti-TNFα-Necessity) and concerns (anti-TNFα-Concerns), Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS), mean Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), and other scales. Longitudinal data were analyzed by linear mixed models. Results: A total of 460 patients were included. At initial visit, anti-TNFα-Necessity beliefs were high (mean ± SD: 4.3 ± 0.55) vs anti-TNFα-Concerns (2.8 ± 0.78). Medication adherence (MARS) was high (4.8 ± 0.39). All scores remained stable over the 1-year follow-up period. Anti-TNFα-Necessity beliefs and anti-TNFα-Concerns were not related to each other, but strongly correlated with medication adherence. While concerns worsened with disease activity, clinical status, and low quality of life, necessity beliefs remained unaffected. Conclusion: In patients with RA established on stable-dose SC anti-TNFα, anti-TNFα-Necessity beliefs persistently outweighed anti-TNFα-Concerns, but both correlated with adherence. These findings may be of use in subsequent studies looking to predict adherence in patients starting treatment with SC anti-TNFα. Keywords: arthritis, rheumatoid, biological therapy, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, medication adherence

The plasma density is one of the most fundamental quantities of any plasma yet measuring it in space is exceptionally difficult when the density is low. Measurements from particle detectors are contaminated by spacecraft photoelectrons and methods using plasma wave emissions are hampered by natural plasma instabilities which dominate the wave spectrum. Here we present a new method which calculates the density from magnetosonic waves near the lower hybrid resonance frequency. The method works most effectively when the ratio of the plasma to cyclotron frequency is fpe/fce < 3.5. The method provides a lower bound on the plasma density. Using the new method we show that wave acceleration of electrons to relativistic energies is increased by orders of magnitude. The method enables years of satellite data to be re‐analyzed for the Earth and the effectiveness of wave acceleration at the Earth, Jupiter and Saturn to be re‐assessed. Plain Language Summary: The electron plasma density is a fundamental quantity of any plasma, but it is very difficult to measure in space using satellites. Satellites charge to different potentials with repel or attract electrons making the true measurement very difficult. The plasma density can be determined from wave oscillations at the plasma frequency, but the waves are difficult to identify as the wave spectrum is often dominated by other much stronger waves. Here we analyze satellite data and show that magnetosonic waves near the lower hybrid resonance frequency can be used to calculate the plasma density. This method provides a lower bound on the density. We show that this lower density leads to much faster electron acceleration by wave‐particle interactions, accelerates electrons to much higher energies and increases the electron flux at one MeV by two orders of magnitude or more. The method enables the importance of electron acceleration at the Earth, Jupiter and Saturn to be re‐evaluated. Key Points: New method to calculate plasma density from magnetosonic waves near the lower hybrid resonance frequencyMethod enables low densities to be measured near the magnetic equatorLow density increases wave acceleration of electrons by orders of magnitude [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the number of satellites on orbit grows it is increasingly important to understand their operating environment. Physics‐based models can simulate the behavior of the Earth's radiation belts by solving a Fokker‐Planck equation. Three‐dimensional models use diffusion coefficients to represent the interactions between electromagnetic waves and the electrons. One‐dimensional radial diffusion models neglect the effects of energy diffusion and represent the losses due to the waves with a loss timescale. Both approaches may use pitch angle distributions (PADs) to create boundary conditions, to map observations from low to high equatorial pitch angles and to calculate phase‐space density from observations. We present a comprehensive set of consistent PADs and loss timescales for 2 ≤ L* ≤ 7, 100 keV ≤ E ≤ 5 MeV and all levels of geomagnetic activity determined by the Kp index. These are calculated from drift‐averaged diffusion coefficients that represent all the VLF waves that typically interact with radiation belt electrons and show good agreement with data. The contribution of individual waves is demonstrated; magnetosonic waves have little effect on loss timescales when lightning‐generated whistlers are present, and chorus waves contribute to loss even in low levels of geomagnetic activity. The PADs vary in shape depending on the dominant waves. When chorus is dominant the distributions have little activity dependence, unlike the corresponding loss timescales. Distributions peaked near 90° are formed by plasmaspheric hiss for L* ≤ 3 and E < 1 MeV, and by EMIC waves for L* > 3 and E > 1 MeV. When hiss dominates, increasing activity broadens the distribution but when EMIC waves dominate increasing activity narrows the distribution. Plain Language Summary: As the number of satellites on orbit grows it is increasingly important to understand their operating environment. Physics‐based models of the radiation belts can be used to model how the radiation environment varies with time. Three‐dimensional models typically include the effect of interactions between electromagnetic waves and electrons in the belts on both the motion and energy of the electrons. One‐dimensional models simplify the modeling by neglecting the effect of the waves on the energy of the electron and only consider how rapidly they are lost. Both types of model require an understanding of how electrons are distributed in the belts and how they are lost. We present calculations of the timescale for electron loss from the belts and for the shape of the distribution of electrons with equatorial pitch angle, a variable related to latitude, due to the combined effect of all the VLF waves that typically interact with radiation belt electrons. Our results show good agreement with the observations. They vary significantly with location, energy and geomagnetic activity, the influence of individual waves can be identified, and the model provides a useful resource for radiation belt models. Key Points: The combined effect of all the VLF waves that typically interact with radiation belt electrons is included in the calculationsWhen chorus is the dominant wave pitch angle distributions show little activity dependence, unlike the corresponding loss timescalesIncreasing geomagnetic activity tends to broaden the peak of the distributions dominated by hiss and narrow those dominated by EMIC waves [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fault zones exhibit 3D variable thickness, a feature that remains inadequately explored, particularly with regard to the impact on fluid flow. Upon analyzing an analytic solution, we examine 3D thermal‐hydraulic (TH) dynamical models through a benchmark experiment, which incorporates a fault zone with thickness variations corresponding to realistic orders of magnitude. The findings emphasize an area of interest where vigorous convection drives fluid flow, resulting in a temperature increase to 150°C at a shallow depth of 2.7 km in the thickest sections of the fault zone. Moreover, by considering various tectonic regimes (compressional, extensional, and strike‐slip) within 3D thermal‐hydraulic‐mechanical (THM) models and comparing them to the benchmark experiment, we observe variations in fluid pressure induced by poroelastic forces acting on fluid flow within the area of interest. These tectonic‐induced pressure changes influence the thermal distribution of the region and the intensity of temperature anomalies. Outcomes of this study emphasize the impact of poroelasticity‐driven forces on transfer processes and highlight the importance of addressing fault geometry as a crucial parameter in future investigations of fluid flow in fractured systems. Such research has relevant applications in geothermal energy, CO2 storage, and mineral deposits. Plain Language Summary: Exploring critical parameters affecting the fluid flow within fault zones in the Earth's crust is of fundamental scientific and economic interest. Among them, fault zone thickness and tectonic regimes are two parameters whose role remains unexplored. The results of this study show that fluid flow by convection is vigorous in the zone where fault thickness is largest. In this area of interest, the tectonic regimes impact convective dynamics and modify the thermal distribution of the system. These generic outcomes are discussed in relation to real‐cases scenarios and emphasize the fundamental role of considering a Geometric parameter (G), the fault zone thickness variation, as well as tectonic regimes, during the exploratory phase for geothermal energy, CO2 storage, and mineral exploration. Key Points: Based on a critical Rayleigh number analysis and 3D numerical modeling, we explore the effects of fault zone thickness variations on fluid flowIn line with the critical Rayleigh number analysis, our numerical results reveal that thermal convection is more efficient in areas where the fault zone thickness is largestThe poroelasticity‐driven force alters the convective dynamics within the zone of interest in the fault zone (i.e., the thickest part) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High energy electron precipitation from the Earth's radiation belts is important for loss from the radiation belts and atmospheric chemistry. We follow up investigations presented in Reidy et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ja028410) where precipitating flux is calculated inside the field of view of the POES T0 detector using quasi‐linear theory and pitch angle diffusion coefficients (Dαα) from the British Antarctic Survey (BAS). These results showed good agreements at >30 keV for L* >5 on the dawnside but the flux were too low at higher energies. We have investigated the effect of changing parameters in the calculation of the precipitating flux to improve the results for the higher energies using comparisons of in situ flux and cold plasma measurements from GOES‐15 and RBSP. We find that the strength of the diffusion coefficients rather than the shape of the source spectrum has the biggest effect on the calculated precipitation. In particular we find decreasing the cold plasma density used in the calculation of Dαα increases the diffusion and hence the precipitation at the loss cone for the higher energies, improving our results. The method of calculating Dαα is also examined, comparing co‐located rather than averaged RBSP measurements. We find that the method itself has minimal effect but using RBSP derived Dαα improved our results over using Dαα calculated using the entire BAS wave data base; this is potentially due to better measurements of the cold plasma density from RBSP than the other spacecraft included in the BAS wave data base (e.g., THEMIS). Plain Language Summary: High energy particles trapped in the Earth's radiation belt can enter the atmosphere, known as particle precipitation, and collide with atmospheric particles, which can change the atmospheric chemistry. This input into our atmosphere is key to understanding the effects of space weather on our climate system variability but is difficult to quantify. Reidy et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ja028410) calculated the precipitation that would be measured by a low‐Earth orbiting satellite using wave‐particle theory and diffusion coefficients from a radiation belt model. Diffusion coefficients describe the amount of diffusion of the trapped radiation belt particle population driven by different sources (e.g., chorus waves). Reidy et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ja028410) found good agreement between the calculated and measured precipitation for lower energy particles but found there was something missing for the higher energies. This paper investigates the impact of changing certain parameters within the calculations, finding the cold plasma density to be key in improving the results at higher energies. Key Points: Decreasing the cold plasma density increases calculated electron precipitation at the higher energiesCalculated precipitation for a low Earth orbiting detector is weakly dependent on the source spectrumRBSP derived diffusion coefficients provide more diffusion for precipitating particles than those derived from a larger wave database [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]