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Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been shown to be promising for the promotion of angiogenesis. The present study investigated the effects of PBM on vascularization in an animal model of peripheral artery disease. Wistar rats were divided into three groups. The control group received no procedures. The ischemia group was submitted to ligation of the femoral artery of the hindleg. The ischemia + PBM group was submitted to ligation of the femoral artery followed by PBM (660 and 808 nm, 100 mW, 4 J) over the site. Animals with ischemia treated with PBM exhibited comparable results to the control group with regards to the diameter of the α‐SMA+ vessels, cross‐sectional area of muscle fibers, percentage of collagen and serum concentration of IL‐17A, as well as similarities in terms of vertical mobility, temperature of the hindleg, number of acts of grooming, and percentage of movement, indicating a condition like that of limbs unaffected by ischemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premature, non-physiological tooth wear in childhood has numerous repercussions for oral health. This is a growing problem with multifactorial causes and associated with the current lifestyle. The introduction of new concepts and indices is crucial for enhancing the understanding and management of dental conditions. In this context, we present the Childhood Early Oral Aging Syndrome (CEOAS) and the associated index, which aim to assess early enamel wear in the primary dentition. Rather than focusing solely on isolated etiologies, the index proposes a comprehensive evaluation of signs and symptoms, considering various factors that contribute to the premature and non-physiological loss of dental structure, including wear of both intact and hypomineralized enamel. Indices that evaluate the main factors of early oral aging in childhood and their interactions are fundamental for understanding the condition and developing effective control and treatment strategies, particularly given that there is currently no global index encompassing this information. The aim of the present study was the development and determination of content validity of the Childhood Early Oral Aging Syndrome (CEOAS) index for the primary dentition as a diagnostic and epidemiological survey tool. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT06378385. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Orofacial pain and tension headache are symptoms that affect a large portion of the population, compromising productivity, social ability, and functional development. The treatment for reducing painful sensation should be chosen carefully, as pharmacological treatment may bring side effects and overload the organism of patients in pain. Low-level laser therapy has been used with local and systemic [vascular] applications for pain control. However, there is still uncertainty in the literature about the ideal dosimetric parameters for photobiomodulation treatment according to patient characteristics. Methods: The objective of this project is to validate a dosimetry model based on the relationship between the effects of photobiomodulation with anthropometric and hemodynamic variables, both in local application and systemic application in patients with symptoms of orofacial pain and tension headache. For this purpose, 180 participants with orofacial pain post-covid eligible participants will be randomly assigned to Group 1—Local Photobiomodulation, Group 2—Vascular Photobiomodulation, Group 3—Placebo Local Photobiomodulation, or Group 4—Placebo Vascular Photobiomodulation [Therapy EC–DMC device, São Carlos, Brazil,– 660 nm, 100mW] using stratified block randomization. Before the application, sociodemographic information such as age, skin phototype [classified by the Fitzpatrick scale], weight, height, body mass index [BMI], oxygen saturation [SaO2], blood pressure [BP], heart rate [HR], and thickness of skin, fat, and facial muscles will be collected. During the application, we will collect local temperature, SaO2, BP, and HR. Before and after laser application, blood levels of lactate and hemoglobin, BP, and HR will be measured in the first and last session. In addition to demographic, anthropometric, and hemodynamic variables, the penetrated energy will be quantified using a power meter, and information from orofacial pain and headache symptom questionnaires will be analyzed. The Monte Carlo simulation technique will be used to systematically study the relationship between the light penetration profile into the target tissues and the most relevant variables, namely BMI, tissue layer thicknesses, and skin phototype. Light transmittance, measured in vivo and simulated, will be compared to validate a personalized dosimetry model. Discussion: The results of this study contribute to validating a Monte Carlo Simulation model to calculate the appropriate dosimetry for photobiomodulation therapies in the control of patients with Post-Covid-19 orofacial pain. Trial registration: Trial registration number: NCT06065969. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) employing an annatto-based (20%) dye combined with blue LED for the treatment of halitosis in mouth-breathing children. Materials and methods: Fifty-two children six to twelve years of age with diagnoses of mouth breathing and halitosis (score of ≥ 3 on portable breath meter) Breath Alert™ (Tanita Corporation®-Japan), were randomly allocated to two groups (n = 26). Group 1: brushing, dental floss and aPDT applied to middle third of the dorsum of the tongue. Group 2: brushing, dental floss and tongue scraper. Breath meter results before, immediately after treatment as well as seven and 30 days after treatment were compared. The hypothesis of normality in the data was discarded by the Shapiro-Wilk test (p < 0.05) and for statistical analysis the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests were used. Results: A significant difference was found between the pre-treatment reading and all other readings (p < 0.05) in both groups, suggesting the effectiveness of the proposed treatments. No significant difference was found between the post-treatment reading and two follow-up readings, suggesting the maintenance of the effect of treatment over time (p > 0.05). However, significant differences were found between groups for all post-treatment assessments (p < 0.0001 for all comparisons), indicating greater effectiveness with aPDT. No association was found between the initial reading and the presence of coated tongue. Conclusion: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using annatto and blue LED proved to be a viable therapeutic option for the treatment of halitosis in mouth-breathing children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and the use of probiotics on the treatment of halitosis. Methods: Fifty-two participants, aged from 18 to 25 years, exhaling sulfhydride (H2S) ≥ 112 ppb were selected. They were allocated into 4 groups (n = 13): Group 1: tongue scraper; Group 2: treated once with aPDT; Group 3: probiotic capsule containing Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 (6.7 x 108 CFU) and xylitol (280mg), 3 times a day after meals, for 14 days; Group 4: treated once with aPDT and with the probiotic capsule for 14 days. Halimetry with gas chromatography (clinical evaluation) and microbiological samples were collected from the dorsum of the tongue before and after aPDT, as well as after 7, 14, and 30 days. The clinical data failed to follow a normal distribution; therefore, comparisons were made using the Kruskal-Wallis test (independent measures) and Friedman ANOVA (dependent measures) followed by appropriate posthoc tests, when necessary. For the microbiological data, seeing as the data failed to follow a normal distribution, the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test was performed with Dunn's post-test. The significance level was α = 0.05. Results: Clinical results (halimetry) showed an immediate significant reduction in halitosis with aPDT (p = 0.0008) and/or tongue scraper (p = 0.0006). Probiotics showed no difference in relation to the initial levels (p = 0.7530). No significant differences were found in the control appointments. The amount of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola were not altered throughout the analysis (p = 0.1616, p = 0.2829 and p = 0.2882, respectively). Conclusion: There was an immediate clinical reduction of halitosis with aPDT and tongue scraping, but there was no reduction in the number of bacteria throughout the study, or differences in the control times, both in the clinical and microbiological results. New clinical trials are necessary to better assess the tested therapies. Trial registration: Clinical Trials NCT03996044. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photobiomodulation is a safe option for controlling pain, edema, and trismus when applied postoperatively in third molar surgery. However, administration prior to surgery has been under-explored. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of pre-emptive photobiomodulation in reducing postoperative edema in impacted lower third molar extractions. Two groups of healthy individuals undergoing tooth extraction will be randomly assigned: Control group receiving pre-emptive corticosteroid and simulated photobiomodulation, and Photobiomodulation Group receiving intraoral low-intensity laser and extraoral LED cluster application. The primary outcome will be postoperative edema after 48 h. The secondary outcomes will be pain, trismus dysphagia, and analgesic intake (paracetamol). These outcomes will be assessed at baseline as well as two and seven days after surgery. Adverse effects will be recorded. Data will be presented as means ± SD and a p-value < 0.05 will be indicative of statistical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To compare photodynamic therapy and the use of probiotics in reducing halitosis assessed through gas chromatography and microbiome analysis. Methods: Participants aged from 18 to 25 years showing sulfide (SH2) ≥ 112 ppb on gas chromatography were selected. They were divided into four treatment groups: Group 1—Tongue Scraping; Group 2—Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT); Group 3—Probiotics; and Group 4—Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) and Probiotics. The halimetry process was performed before, immediately after the treatments, and 7 days, 14 days, and 30 days after the initial collection. The collections for later microbiological analysis were made along with the halimetry for microbiome analysis. Results: Treatment with aPDT or probiotics under these experimental conditions was not able to change the bacteria present in the biofilm of the tongue. Conclusions: More research is needed to know the behavior of the oral microbiome in the presence of halitosis and the effectiveness of new treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a qualitative developmental defect of enamel that occurs during the mineralization phase. Patients with MIH have increased risk of caries, hypersensitivity, and restoration failures. The present case report describes the treatment of a 10‐year‐old patient exhibiting two teeth with atypical carious lesions. A minimal interventive protocol was instituted combining antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and the selective chemical–mechanical removal of the carious tissue using the product Papacárie Duo®. This protocol is promising for the decontamination and control of hypersensitivity in teeth with MIH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this split‐mouth case report is to evaluate the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM, 880 nm) on pain control during pterygomandibular puncture. A patient received anesthesia on both sides of the mouth in a randomized manner. On the right side, an 880‐nm infrared laser was applied immediately before local anesthesia. On the left side, a sham laser was applied using the same technique. There was a 50% reduction in pain levels on the PBM‐treated side compared to the PBM‐sham side, as measured by the visual analog scale. Sensitivity tests revealed that anesthesia was more effective on the PBM side. There was no difference in blood pressure. This case report suggests that PBM (880 nm) before anesthesia may alleviate puncture pain associated with pterygomandibular anesthesia. Although these findings are based on a single case report, they can serve as the initial stepping stone for further randomized clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]