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1. Scaling slowly rotating asteroids by stellar occultations

Author

Marciniak, A., Ďurech, J., Choukroun, A., Hanuš, J., Ogłoza, W., Szakáts, R., Molnár, L., Pál, A., Monteiro, F., Frappa, E., Beisker, W., Pavlov, H., Moore, J., Adomavičienė, R., Aikawa, R., Andersson, S., Antonini, P., Argentin, Y., Asai, A., Assoignon, P., Barton, J., Baruffetti, P., Bath, K. L., Behrend, R., Benedyktowicz, L., Bernasconi, L., Biguet, G., Billiani, M., Błażewicz, D., Boninsegna, R., Borkowski, M., Bosch, J., Brazill, S., Bronikowska, M., Bruno, A., Bąk, M. Butkiewicz, Caron, J., Casalnuovo, G., Castellani, J. J., Ceravolo, P., Conjat, M., Delincak, P., Delpau, J., Demeautis, C., Demirkol, A., Dróżdż, M., Duffard, R., Durandet, C., Eisfeldt, D., Evangelista, M., Fauvaud, S., Fauvaud, M., Ferrais, M., Filipek, M., Fini, P., Fukui, K., Gährken, B., Geier, S., George, T., Goffin, B., Golonka, J., Goto, T., Grice, J., Guhl, K., Halíř, K., Hanna, W., Harman, M., Hashimoto, A., Hasubick, W., Higgins, D., Higuchi, M., Hirose, T., Hirsch, R., Hofschulz, O., Horaguchi, T., Horbowicz, J., Ida, M., Ignácz, B., Ishida, M., Isobe, K., Jehin, E., Joachimczyk, B., Jones, A., Juan, J., Kamiński, K., Kamińska, M. K., Kankiewicz, P., Kasebe, H., Kattentidt, B., Kim, D. -H., Kim, M. -J., Kitazaki, K., Klotz, A., Komraus, M., Konstanciak, I., Tóth, R. Könyves, Kouno, K., Kowald, E., Krajewski, J., Krannich, G., Kreutzer, A., Kryszczyńska, A., Kubánek, J., Kudak, V., Kugel, F., Kukita, R., Kulczak, P., Lazzaro, D., Licandro, J., Livet, F., Maley, P., Manago, N., Mánek, J., Manna, A., Matsushita, H., Meister, S., Mesquita, W., Messner, S., Michelet, J., Michimani, J., Mieczkowska, I., Morales, N., Motyliński, M., Murawiecka, M., Newman, J., Nikitin, V., Nishimura, M., Oey, J., Oszkiewicz, D., Owada, M., Pakštienė, E., Pawłowski, M., Pereira, W., Perig, V., Perła, J., Pilcher, F., Podlewska-Gaca, E., Polák, J., Polakis, T., Polińska, M., Popowicz, A., Richard, F., Rives, J. J., Rodrigues, T., Rogiński, Ł., Rondón, E., Rottenborn, M., Schäfer, R., Schnabel, C., Schreurs, O., Selva, A., Simon, M., Skiff, B., Skrutskie, M., Skrzypek, J., Sobkowiak, K., Sonbas, E., Sposetti, S., Stuart, P., Szyszka, K., Terakubo, K., Thomas, W., Trela, P., Uchiyama, S., Urbanik, M., Vaudescal, G., Venable, R., Watanabe, Ha., Watanabe, Hi., Winiarski, M., Wróblewski, R., Yamamura, H., Yamashita, M., Yoshihara, H., Zawilski, M., Zelený, P., Żejmo, M., Żukowski, K., and Żywica, S.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

As evidenced by recent survey results, majority of asteroids are slow rotators (P>12 h), but lack spin and shape models due to selection bias. This bias is skewing our overall understanding of the spins, shapes, and sizes of asteroids, as well as of their other properties. Also, diameter determinations for large (>60km) and medium-sized asteroids (between 30 and 60 km) often vary by over 30% for multiple reasons. Our long-term project is focused on a few tens of slow rotators with periods of up to 60 hours. We aim to obtain their full light curves and reconstruct their spins and shapes. We also precisely scale the models, typically with an accuracy of a few percent. We used wide sets of dense light curves for spin and shape reconstructions via light-curve inversion. Precisely scaling them with thermal data was not possible here because of poor infrared data: large bodies are too bright for WISE mission. Therefore, we recently launched a campaign among stellar occultation observers, to scale these models and to verify the shape solutions, often allowing us to break the mirror pole ambiguity. The presented scheme resulted in shape models for 16 slow rotators, most of them for the first time. Fitting them to stellar occultations resolved previous inconsistencies in size determinations. For around half of the targets, this fitting also allowed us to identify a clearly preferred pole solution, thus removing the ambiguity inherent to light-curve inversion. We also address the influence of the uncertainty of the shape models on the derived diameters. Overall, our project has already provided reliable models for around 50 slow rotators. Such well-determined and scaled asteroid shapes will, e.g. constitute a solid basis for density determinations when coupled with mass information. Spin and shape models continue to fill the gaps caused by various biases., Comment: Accepted to Astronomy & Astrophysics. 12 pages + appendices

Published
2023
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2. Asteroid phase curves using sparse Gaia DR2 data and differential dense light curves

Author

Wilawer, E., Oszkiewicz, D., Kryszczyńska, A., Marciniak, A., Shevchenko, V., Belskaya, I., Kwiatkowski, T., Kankiewicz, P., Horbowicz, J., Kudak, V., Kulczak, P., Perig, V., and Sobkowiak, K.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The amount of sparse asteroid photometry being gathered by both space- and ground-based surveys is growing exponentially. This large volume of data poses a computational challenge owing to both the large amount of information to be processed and the new methods needed to combine data from different sources (e.g. obtained by different techniques, in different bands, and having different random and systematic errors). The main goal of this work is to develop an algorithm capable of merging sparse and dense data sets, both relative and differential, in preparation for asteroid observations originating from, for example, Gaia, TESS, ATLAS, LSST, K2, VISTA, and many other sources. We present a novel method to obtain asteroid phase curves by combining sparse photometry and differential ground-based photometry. In the traditional approach, the latter cannot be used for phase curves. Merging those two data types allows for the extraction of phase-curve information for a growing number of objects. Our method is validated for 26 sample asteroids observed by the Gaia mission., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures (supplementary material: 20 pages, 58 figures)

Published
2022
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3. Properties of slowly rotating asteroids from the Convex Inversion Thermophysical Model

Author

Marciniak, A., Ďurech, J., Alí-Lagoa, V., Ogłoza, W., Szakáts, R., Müller, T. G., Molnár, L., Pál, A., Monteiro, F., Arcoverde, P., Behrend, R., Benkhaldoun, Z., Bernasconi, L., Bosch, J., Brincat, S., Brunetto, L., Bąk, M. Butkiewicz, Del Freo, F., Duffard, R., Evangelista-Santana, M., Farroni, G., Fauvaud, S., Fauvaud, M., Ferrais, M., Geier, S., Golonka, J., Grice, J., Hirsch, R., Horbowicz, J., Jehin, E., Julien, P., Kalup, Cs., Kamiński, K., Kamińska, M. K., Kankiewicz, P., Kecskeméthy, V., Kim, D. -H., Kim, M. -J., Konstanciak, I., Krajewski, J., Kudak, V., Kulczak, P., Kundera, T., Lazzaro, D., Manzini, F., Medeiros, H., Michimani-Garcia, J., Morales, N., Nadolny, J., Oszkiewicz, D., Pakštienė, E., Pawłowski, M., Perig, V., Pilcher, F., Pinel, P., Podlewska-Gaca, E., Polakis, T., Richard, F., Rodrigues, T., Rondon, E., Roy, R., Sanabria, J. J., Santana-Ros, T., Skiff, B., Skrzypek, J., Sobkowiak, K., Sonbas, E., Stachowski, G., Strajnic, J., Trela, P., Tychoniec, Ł., Urakawa, S., Verebelyi, E., Wagrez, K., Żejmo, M., and Żukowski, K.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Results from the TESS mission showed that previous studies strngly underestimated the number of slow rotators, revealing the importance of studying those asteroids. For most slowly rotating asteroids (P > 12), no spin and shape model is available because of observation selection effects. This hampers determination of their thermal parameters and accurate sizes. We continue our campaign in minimising selection effects among main belt asteroids. Our targets are slow rotators with low light-curve amplitudes. The goal is to provide their scaled spin and shape models together with thermal inertia, albedo, and surface roughness to complete the statistics. Rich multi-apparition datasets of dense light curves are supplemented with data from Kepler and TESS. In addition to data in the visible range, we also use thermal data from infrared space observatories (IRAS, Akari and WISE) in a combined optimisation process using the Convex Inversion Thermophysical Model (CITPM). This novel method has so far been applied to only a few targets, and in this work we further validate the method. We present the models of 16 slow rotators. All provide good fits to both thermal and visible data. The obtained sizes are on average accurate at the 5% precision, with diameters in the range from 25 to 145 km. The rotation periods of our targets range from 11 to 59 hours, and the thermal inertia covers a wide range of values, from 2 to <400 SI units, not showing any correlation with the period. With this work we increase the sample of slow rotators with reliable spin and shape models and known thermal inertia by 40%. The thermal inertia values of our sample do not display a previously suggested increasing trend with rotation period, which might be due to their small skin depth., Comment: Accepted to Astronomy & Astrophysics. 10 pages + appendices

Published
2021
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4. The 2017 May 20$^{\rm th}$ stellar occultation by the elongated centaur (95626) 2002 GZ$_{32}$

Author

Santos-Sanz, P., Ortiz, J. L., Sicardy, B., Benedetti-Rossi, G., Morales, N., Fernández-Valenzuela, E., Duffard, R., Iglesias-Marzoa, R., Lamadrid, J. L., Maícas, N., Pérez, L., Gazeas, K., Guirado, J. C., Peris, V., Ballesteros, F. J., Organero, F., Ana-Hernández, L., Fonseca, F., Alvarez-Candal, A., Jiménez-Teja, Y., Vara-Lubiano, M., Braga-Ribas, F., Camargo, J. I. B., Desmars, J., Assafin, M., Vieira-Martins, R., Alikakos, J., Boutet, M., Bretton, M., Carbognani, A., Charmandaris, V., Ciabattari, F., Delincak, P., Leiva, A. Fuambuena, González, H., Haymes, T., Hellmich, S., Horbowicz, J., Jennings, M., Kattentidt, B., Kiss, Cs., Komžík, R., Lecacheux, J., Marciniak, A., Moindrot, S., Mottola, S., Pal, A., Paschalis, N., Pastor, S., Perello, C., Pribulla, T., Ratinaud, C., Reyes, J. A., Sanchez, J., Schnabel, C., Selva, A., Signoret, F., Sonbas, E., and Alí-Lagoa, V.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We predicted a stellar occultation of the bright star Gaia DR1 4332852996360346368 (UCAC4 385-75921) (m$_{\rm V}$= 14.0 mag) by the centaur 2002 GZ$_{32}$ for 2017 May 20$^{\rm th}$. Our latest shadow path prediction was favourable to a large region in Europe. Observations were arranged in a broad region inside the nominal shadow path. Series of images were obtained with 29 telescopes throughout Europe and from six of them (five in Spain and one in Greece) we detected the occultation. This is the fourth centaur, besides Chariklo, Chiron and Bienor, for which a multi-chord stellar occultation is reported. By means of an elliptical fit to the occultation chords we obtained the limb of 2002 GZ$_{32}$ during the occultation, resulting in an ellipse with axes of 305 $\pm$ 17 km $\times$ 146 $\pm$ 8 km. From this limb, thanks to a rotational light curve obtained shortly after the occultation, we derived the geometric albedo of 2002 GZ$_{32}$ ($p_{\rm V}$ = 0.043 $\pm$ 0.007) and a 3-D ellipsoidal shape with axes 366 km $\times$ 306 km $\times$ 120 km. This shape is not fully consistent with a homogeneous body in hydrostatic equilibrium for the known rotation period of 2002 GZ$_{32}$. The size (albedo) obtained from the occultation is respectively smaller (greater) than that derived from the radiometric technique but compatible within error bars. No rings or debris around 2002 GZ$_{32}$ were detected from the occultation, but narrow and thin rings cannot be discarded., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS (8-Dec.-2020), 15 pages, 9 figures

Published
2020
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5. Thermal properties of slowly rotating asteroids: Results from a targeted survey

Author

Marciniak, A., Alí-Lagoa, V., Müller, T. G., Szakáts, R., Molnár, L., Pál, A., Gaca, E. Podlewska, Parley, N., Antonini, P., Barbotin, E., Behrend, R., Bernasconi, L., Bąk, M. Butkiewicz, Crippa, R., Duffard, R., Ditteon, R., Feuerbach, M., Fauvaud, S., Garlitz, J., Geier, S., Goncalves, R., Grice, J., Grześkowiak, I., Hirsch, R., Horbowicz, J., Kamiński, K., Kamińska, M. K., Kim, D. -H., Kim, M. -J., Konstanciak, I., Kudak, V., Kulczak, P., Maestre, J. L., Manzini, F., Marks, S., Monteiro, F., Ogłoza, W., Oszkiewicz, D., Pilcher, F., Perig, V., Polakis, T., Polińska, M., Roy, R., Sanabria, J. J., Santana-Ros, T., Skiff, B., Skrzypek, J., Sobkowiak, K., Sonbas, E., Thizy, O., Trela, P., Urakawa, S., Żejmo, M., and Żukowski, K.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Context. Earlier work suggests that slowly rotating asteroids should have higher thermal inertias than faster rotators because the heat wave penetrates deeper into the sub-surface. However, thermal inertias have been determined mainly for fast rotators due to selection effects in the available photometry used to obtain shape models required for thermophysical modelling (TPM). Aims. Our aims are to mitigate these selection effects by producing shape models of slow rotators, to scale them and compute their thermal inertia with TPM, and to verify whether thermal inertia increases with the rotation period. Methods. To decrease the bias against slow rotators, we conducted a photometric observing campaign of main-belt asteroids with periods longer than 12 hours, from multiple stations worldwide, adding in some cases data from WISE and Kepler space telescopes. For spin and shape reconstruction we used the lightcurve inversion method, and to derive thermal inertias we applied a thermophysical model to fit available infrared data from IRAS, AKARI, and WISE. Results. We present new models of 11 slow rotators that provide a good fit to the thermal data. In two cases, the TPM analysis showed a clear preference for one of the two possible mirror solutions. We derived the diameters and albedos of our targets in addition to their thermal inertias, which ranged between 3$^{+33}_{-3}$ and 45$^{+60}_{-30}$ Jm$^{-2}$s$^{-1/2}$K$^{-1}$. Conclusions. Together with our previous work, we have analysed 16 slow rotators from our dense survey with sizes between 30 and 150 km. The current sample thermal inertias vary widely, which does not confirm the earlier suggestion that slower rotators have higher thermal inertias., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Published
2019
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6. Against the biases in spins and shapes of asteroids

Author

Marciniak, A., Pilcher, F., Oszkiewicz, D., Santana-Ros, T., Urakawa, S., Fauvaud, S., Kankiewicz, P., Tychoniec, Ł., Fauvaud, M., Hirsch, R., Horbowicz, J., Kamiński, K., Konstanciak, I., Kosturkiewicz, E., Murawiecka, M., Nadolny, J., Nishiyama, K., Okumura, S., Polińska, M., Richard, F., Sakamoto, T., Sobkowiak, K., Stachowski, G., and Trela, P.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Physical studies of asteroids depend on an availability of lightcurve data. Targets that are easy to observe and analyse naturally have more data available, so their synodic periods are confirmed from multiple sources. Also, thanks to availability of data from a number of apparitions, their spin and shape models can often be obtained. Almost half of bright (H<=11 mag) main-belt asteroid population with known lightcurve parameters have rotation periods considered long (P>12 hours) and are rarely chosen for photometric observations. There is a similar selection effect against asteroids with low lightcurve amplitudes (a_max<=0.25 mag). As a result such targets, though numerous in this brightness range, are underrepresented in the sample of spin and shape modelled asteroids. In the range of fainter targets such effects are stronger. These selection effects can influence what is now known about asteroid spin vs. size distribution, on asteroid internal structure and densities and on spatial orientation of asteroid spin axes. To reduce both biases at the same time, we started a photometric survey of a substantial sample of those bright main-belt asteroids that displayed both features: periods longer than 12 hours, and amplitudes that did not exceed 0.25 magnitude. First we aim at finding synodic periods of rotation, and after a few observed apparitions, obtaining spin and shape models. As an initial result of our survey we found that a quarter of the studied sample (8 out of 34 targets) have rotation periods different from those widely accepted. We publish here these newly found period values with the lightcurves. The size/frequency plot might in reality look different in the long-period range. Further studies of asteroid spins, shapes, and structure should take into account serious biases that are present in the parameters available today., Comment: Published in Planetary and Space Science. 13 pages, 20 figures

Published
2017
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7. Photometric survey, modelling, and scaling of long-period and low-amplitude asteroids

Author

Marciniak, A., Bartczak, P., Müller, T., Sanabria, J. J., Alí-Lagoa, V., Antonini, P., Behrend, R., Bernasconi, L., Bronikowska, M., Bąk, M. Butkiewicz, Cikota, A., Crippa, R., Ditteon, R., Dudziński, G., Duffard, R., Dziadura, K., Fauvaud, S., Geier, S., Hirsch, R., Horbowicz, J., Hren, M., Jerosimic, L., Kamiński, K., Kankiewicz, P., Konstanciak, I., Korlevic, P., Kosturkiewicz, E., Kudak, V., Manzini, F., Morales, N., Murawiecka, M., Ogłoza, W., Oszkiewicz, D., Pilcher, F., Polakis, T., Poncy, R., Santana-Ros, T., Siwak, M., Skiff, B., Sobkowiak, K., Stoss, R., Żejmo, M., and Żukowski, K.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The available set of spin and shape modelled asteroids is strongly biased against slowly rotating targets and those with low lightcurve amplitudes. As a consequence of these selection effects, the current picture of asteroid spin axis distribution, rotation rates, or radiometric properties, might be affected too. To counteract these selection effects, we are running a photometric campaign of a large sample of main belt asteroids omitted in most previous studies. We determined synodic rotation periods and verified previous determinations. When a dataset for a given target was sufficiently large and varied, we performed spin and shape modelling with two different methods. We used the convex inversion method and the non-convex SAGE algorithm, applied on the same datasets of dense lightcurves. Unlike convex inversion, the SAGE method allows for the existence of valleys and indentations on the shapes based only on lightcurves. We obtained detailed spin and shape models for the first five targets of our sample: (159) Aemilia, (227) Philosophia, (329) Svea, (478) Tergeste, and (487) Venetia. When compared to stellar occultation chords, our models obtained an absolute size scale and major topographic features of the shape models were also confirmed. When applied to thermophysical modelling, they provided a very good fit to the infrared data and allowed their size, albedo, and thermal inertia to be determined. Convex and non-convex shape models provide comparable fits to lightcurves. However, some non-convex models fit notably better to stellar occultation chords and to infrared data in sophisticated thermophysical modelling (TPM). In some cases TPM showed strong preference for one of the spin and shape solutions. Also, we confirmed that slowly rotating asteroids tend to have higher-than-average values of thermal inertia., Comment: Accepted in astronomy astrophys. 39 pages, 49 figures

Published
2017
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8. Shape and spin determination of Barbarian asteroids

Author

Devogèle, M., Tanga, P., Bendjoya, P., Rivet, J. P., Surdej, J., Hanus, J., Abe, L., Antonini, P., Artola, R. A., Audejean, M., Behrend, R., Berski, F., Bosch, J. G., Bronikowska, M., Carbognani, A., Char, F., Kim, M. -J., Choi, Y. -J., Colazo, C. A., Coloma, J., Coward, D., Durkee, R., Erece, O., Forne, E., Hickson, P., Hirsch, R., Horbowicz, J., Kamiński, K., Kankiewicz, P., Kaplan, M., Kwiatkowski, T., Konstanciak, I., Kruszewki, A., Kudak, V., Manzini, F., Moon, H. -K., Marciniak, A., Murawiecka, M., Nadolny, J., Ogłoza, W., Ortiz, J. L, Oszkiewicz, D., Pallares, H., Peixinho, N., Poncy, R., Reyes, F., Reyes, J. A. de los, Santana-Ros, T., Sobkowiak, K., Pastor, S., Pilcher, F., Quiñones, M. C., Trela, P., and Vernet, D.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Context. The so-called Barbarian asteroids share peculiar, but common polarimetric properties, probably related to both their shape and composition. They are named after (234) Barbara, the first on which such properties were identified. As has been suggested, large scale topographic features could play a role in the polarimetric response, if the shapes of Barbarians are particularly irregular and present a variety of scattering/incidence angles. This idea is supported by the shape of (234) Barbara, that appears to be deeply excavated by wide concave areas revealed by photometry and stellar occultations. Aims. With these motivations, we started an observation campaign to characterise the shape and rotation properties of Small Main- Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey (SMASS) type L and Ld asteroids. As many of them show long rotation periods, we activated a worldwide network of observers to obtain a dense temporal coverage. Methods. We used light-curve inversion technique in order to determine the sidereal rotation periods of 15 asteroids and the con- vergence to a stable shape and pole coordinates for 8 of them. By using available data from occultations, we are able to scale some shapes to an absolute size. We also study the rotation periods of our sample looking for confirmation of the suspected abundance of asteroids with long rotation periods. Results. Our results show that the shape models of our sample do not seem to have peculiar properties with respect to asteroids with similar size, while an excess of slow rotators is most probably confirmed.

Published
2017
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9. Scaling slowly rotating asteroids with stellar occultations

Author

Marciniak, A., primary, Ďurech, J., additional, Choukroun, A., additional, Hanuš, J., additional, Ogłoza, W., additional, Szakáts, R., additional, Molnár, L., additional, Pál, A., additional, Monteiro, F., additional, Frappa, E., additional, Beisker, W., additional, Pavlov, H., additional, Moore, J., additional, Adomavičienė, R., additional, Aikawa, R., additional, Andersson, S., additional, Antonini, P., additional, Argentin, Y., additional, Asai, A., additional, Assoignon, P., additional, Barton, J., additional, Baruffetti, P., additional, Bath, K. L., additional, Behrend, R., additional, Benedyktowicz, L., additional, Bernasconi, L., additional, Biguet, G., additional, Billiani, M., additional, Błażewicz, D., additional, Boninsegna, R., additional, Borkowski, M., additional, Bosch, J., additional, Brazill, S., additional, Bronikowska, M., additional, Bruno, A., additional, Butkiewicz-Bąk, M., additional, Caron, J., additional, Casalnuovo, G., additional, Castellani, J. J., additional, Ceravolo, P., additional, Conjat, M., additional, Delincak, P., additional, Delpau, J., additional, Demeautis, C., additional, Demirkol, A., additional, Dróżdż, M., additional, Duffard, R., additional, Durandet, C., additional, Eisfeldt, D., additional, Evangelista, M., additional, Fauvaud, S., additional, Fauvaud, M., additional, Ferrais, M., additional, Filipek, M., additional, Fini, P., additional, Fukui, K., additional, Gährken, B., additional, Geier, S., additional, George, T., additional, Goffin, B., additional, Golonka, J., additional, Goto, T., additional, Grice, J., additional, Guhl, K., additional, Halíř, K., additional, Hanna, W., additional, Harman, M., additional, Hashimoto, A., additional, Hasubick, W., additional, Higgins, D., additional, Higuchi, M., additional, Hirose, T., additional, Hirsch, R., additional, Hofschulz, O., additional, Horaguchi, T., additional, Horbowicz, J., additional, Ida, M., additional, Ignácz, B., additional, Ishida, M., additional, Isobe, K., additional, Jehin, E., additional, Joachimczyk, B., additional, Jones, A., additional, Juan, J., additional, Kamiński, K., additional, Kamińska, M. K., additional, Kankiewicz, P., additional, Kasebe, H., additional, Kattentidt, B., additional, Kim, D.-H., additional, Kim, M.-J., additional, Kitazaki, K., additional, Klotz, A., additional, Komraus, M., additional, Konstanciak, I., additional, Könyves-Tóth, R., additional, Kouno, K., additional, Kowald, E., additional, Krajewski, J., additional, Krannich, G., additional, Kreutzer, A., additional, Kryszczyńska, A., additional, Kubánek, J., additional, Kudak, V., additional, Kugel, F., additional, Kukita, R., additional, Kulczak, P., additional, Lazzaro, D., additional, Licandro, J., additional, Livet, F., additional, Maley, P., additional, Manago, N., additional, Mánek, J., additional, Manna, A., additional, Matsushita, H., additional, Meister, S., additional, Mesquita, W., additional, Messner, S., additional, Michelet, J., additional, Michimani, J., additional, Mieczkowska, I., additional, Morales, N., additional, Motyliński, M., additional, Murawiecka, M., additional, Newman, J., additional, Nikitin, V., additional, Nishimura, M., additional, Oey, J., additional, Oszkiewicz, D., additional, Owada, M., additional, Pakštienė, E., additional, Pawłowski, M., additional, Pereira, W., additional, Perig, V., additional, Perła, J., additional, Pilcher, F., additional, Podlewska-Gaca, E., additional, Polák, J., additional, Polakis, T., additional, Polińska, M., additional, Popowicz, A., additional, Richard, F., additional, Rives, J. J, additional, Rodrigues, T., additional, Rogiński, Ł., additional, Rondón, E., additional, Rottenborn, M., additional, Schäfer, R., additional, Schnabel, C., additional, Schreurs, O., additional, Selva, A., additional, Simon, M., additional, Skiff, B., additional, Skrutskie, M., additional, Skrzypek, J., additional, Sobkowiak, K., additional, Sonbas, E., additional, Sposetti, S., additional, Stuart, P., additional, Szyszka, K., additional, Terakubo, K., additional, Thomas, W., additional, Trela, P., additional, Uchiyama, S., additional, Urbanik, M., additional, Vaudescal, G., additional, Venable, R., additional, Watanabe, Ha., additional, Watanabe, Hi., additional, Winiarski, M., additional, Wróblewski, R., additional, Yamamura, H., additional, Yamashita, M., additional, Yoshihara, H., additional, Zawilski, M., additional, Zelený, P., additional, Żejmo, M., additional, Żukowski, K., additional, and Żywica, S., additional

Published
2023
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10. OUP accepted manuscript

Author

Wilawer, E, primary, Oszkiewicz, D, additional, Kryszczyńska, A, additional, Marciniak, A, additional, Shevchenko, V, additional, Belskaya, I, additional, Kwiatkowski, T, additional, Kankiewicz, P, additional, Horbowicz, J, additional, Kudak, V, additional, Kulczak, P, additional, Perig, V, additional, and Sobkowiak, K, additional

Published
2022
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11. Properties of slowly rotating asteroids from the Convex Inversion Thermophysical Model

Author

Marciniak, A., primary, Ďurech, J., additional, Alí-Lagoa, V., additional, Ogłoza, W., additional, Szakáts, R., additional, Müller, T. G., additional, Molnár, L., additional, Pál, A., additional, Monteiro, F., additional, Arcoverde, P., additional, Behrend, R., additional, Benkhaldoun, Z., additional, Bernasconi, L., additional, Bosch, J., additional, Brincat, S., additional, Brunetto, L., additional, Butkiewicz - Bąk, M., additional, Del Freo, F., additional, Duffard, R., additional, Evangelista-Santana, M., additional, Farroni, G., additional, Fauvaud, S., additional, Fauvaud, M., additional, Ferrais, M., additional, Geier, S., additional, Golonka, J., additional, Grice, J., additional, Hirsch, R., additional, Horbowicz, J., additional, Jehin, E., additional, Julien, P., additional, Kalup, Cs., additional, Kamiński, K., additional, Kamińska, M. K., additional, Kankiewicz, P., additional, Kecskeméthy, V., additional, Kim, D.-H., additional, Kim, M.-J., additional, Konstanciak, I., additional, Krajewski, J., additional, Kudak, V., additional, Kulczak, P., additional, Kundera, T., additional, Lazzaro, D., additional, Manzini, F., additional, Medeiros, H., additional, Michimani-Garcia, J., additional, Morales, N., additional, Nadolny, J., additional, Oszkiewicz, D., additional, Pakštienė, E., additional, Pawłowski, M., additional, Perig, V., additional, Pilcher, F., additional, Pinel, P., additional, Podlewska-Gaca, E., additional, Polakis, T., additional, Richard, F., additional, Rodrigues, T., additional, Rondón, E., additional, Roy, R., additional, Sanabria, J. J., additional, Santana-Ros, T., additional, Skiff, B., additional, Skrzypek, J., additional, Sobkowiak, K., additional, Sonbas, E., additional, Stachowski, G., additional, Strajnic, J., additional, Trela, P., additional, Tychoniec, Ł., additional, Urakawa, S., additional, Verebelyi, E., additional, Wagrez, K., additional, Żejmo, M., additional, and Żukowski, K., additional

Published
2021
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12. Properties of slowly rotating asteroids from the Convex Inversion Thermophysical Model

Author

Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Marciniak, Anna, Ďurech, Josef, Alí-Lagoa, Víctor, Ogłoza, W., Szakáts, Róbert, Müller, Thomas G., Molnár, László, Pál, András, Monteiro, F., Arcoverde, P., Behrend, Raoul, Benkhaldoun, Zouhair, Bernasconi, Laurent, Bosch, J., Brincat, S., Brunetto, L., Butkiewicz-Bąk, Magdalena, Del Freo, F., Duffard, René, Evangelista-Santana, M., Farroni, G., Fauvaud, S., Fauvaud, M., Ferrais, Marin, Geier, Stefan, Golonka, J., Grice, Jonny, Hirsch, R., Horbowicz, J., Jehin, Emmanuel, Julien, P., Kalup, Cs., Kamiński, K., Kamińska, M.K., Kankiewicz, P., Kecskeméthy, V., Kim, D.-H., Kim, Myung-Jin, Konstanciak, I., Krajewski, J., Kudak, V., Kulczak, P., Kundera, T., Lazzaro, D., Manzini, F., Medeiros, H., Michimani-Garcia, J., Morales, Nicolás, Nadolny, J., Oszkiewicz, D., Pakštienė, E., Pawłowski, M., Perig, V., Pilcher, F., Pinel, P., Podlewska-Gaca, Edyta, Polakis, T., Richard, F., Rodrigues, T., Rondón, E., Roy, René, Sanabria, J.J., Santana-Ros, Toni, Skiff, B., Skrzypek, J., Sobkowiak, Krzysztof, Sonbas, E., Stachowski, G., Strajnic, J., Trela, P., Tychoniec, Ł., Urakawa, S., Verebelyi, E., Wagrez, K., Żejmo, M., Żukowski, K., Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Marciniak, Anna, Ďurech, Josef, Alí-Lagoa, Víctor, Ogłoza, W., Szakáts, Róbert, Müller, Thomas G., Molnár, László, Pál, András, Monteiro, F., Arcoverde, P., Behrend, Raoul, Benkhaldoun, Zouhair, Bernasconi, Laurent, Bosch, J., Brincat, S., Brunetto, L., Butkiewicz-Bąk, Magdalena, Del Freo, F., Duffard, René, Evangelista-Santana, M., Farroni, G., Fauvaud, S., Fauvaud, M., Ferrais, Marin, Geier, Stefan, Golonka, J., Grice, Jonny, Hirsch, R., Horbowicz, J., Jehin, Emmanuel, Julien, P., Kalup, Cs., Kamiński, K., Kamińska, M.K., Kankiewicz, P., Kecskeméthy, V., Kim, D.-H., Kim, Myung-Jin, Konstanciak, I., Krajewski, J., Kudak, V., Kulczak, P., Kundera, T., Lazzaro, D., Manzini, F., Medeiros, H., Michimani-Garcia, J., Morales, Nicolás, Nadolny, J., Oszkiewicz, D., Pakštienė, E., Pawłowski, M., Perig, V., Pilcher, F., Pinel, P., Podlewska-Gaca, Edyta, Polakis, T., Richard, F., Rodrigues, T., Rondón, E., Roy, René, Sanabria, J.J., Santana-Ros, Toni, Skiff, B., Skrzypek, J., Sobkowiak, Krzysztof, Sonbas, E., Stachowski, G., Strajnic, J., Trela, P., Tychoniec, Ł., Urakawa, S., Verebelyi, E., Wagrez, K., Żejmo, M., and Żukowski, K.

Abstract

Context. Recent results for asteroid rotation periods from the TESS mission showed how strongly previous studies have underestimated the number of slow rotators, revealing the importance of studying those targets. For most slowly rotating asteroids (those with P > 12 h), no spin and shape model is available because of observation selection effects. This hampers determination of their thermal parameters and accurate sizes. Also, it is still unclear whether signatures of different surface material properties can be seen in thermal inertia determined from mid-infrared thermal flux fitting. Aims. We continue our campaign in minimising selection effects among main belt asteroids. Our targets are slow rotators with low light-curve amplitudes. Our goal is to provide their scaled spin and shape models together with thermal inertia, albedo, and surface roughness to complete the statistics. Methods. Rich multi-apparition datasets of dense light curves are supplemented with data from Kepler and TESS spacecrafts. In addition to data in the visible range, we also use thermal data from infrared space observatories (mainly IRAS, Akari and WISE) in a combined optimisation process using the Convex Inversion Thermophysical Model. This novel method has so far been applied to only a few targets, and therefore in this work we further validate the method itself. Results. We present the models of 16 slow rotators, including two updated models. All provide good fits to both thermal and visible data.The obtained sizes are on average accurate at the 5% precision level, with diameters found to be in the range from 25 to 145 km. The rotation periods of our targets range from 11 to 59 h, and the thermal inertia covers a wide range of values, from 2 to <400 J m−2 s−1∕2 K−1, not showing any correlation with the period. Conclusions. With this work we increase the sample of slow rotators with reliable spin and shape models and known thermal inertia by 40%. The thermal inertia values of our sample d

Published
2021

13. Asteroid phase curves using sparse Gaia DR2 data and differential dense light curves.

Author

Wilawer, E, Oszkiewicz, D, Kryszczyńska, A, Marciniak, A, Shevchenko, V, Belskaya, I, Kwiatkowski, T, Kankiewicz, P, Horbowicz, J, Kudak, V, Kulczak, P, Perig, V, and Sobkowiak, K

Subjects
LIGHT curves, ASTEROID detection, ASTEROIDS, SMALL solar system bodies, DATA mining, PHOTOMETRY
Abstract

The amount of sparse asteroid photometry being gathered by both space- and ground-based surveys is growing exponentially. This large volume of data poses a computational challenge owing to both the large amount of information to be processed and the new methods needed to combine data from different sources (e.g. obtained by different techniques, in different bands, and having different random and systematic errors). The main goal of this work is to develop an algorithm capable of merging sparse and dense data sets, both relative and differential, in preparation for asteroid observations originating from, for example, Gaia ,  TESS , ATLAS, LSST, K2 , VISTA, and many other sources. We present a novel method to obtain asteroid phase curves by combining sparse photometry and differential ground-based photometry. In the traditional approach, the latter cannot be used for phase curves. Merging those two data types allows for the extraction of phase-curve information for a growing number of objects. Our method is validated for 26 sample asteroids observed by the Gaia mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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14. The 2017 May 20 stellar occultation by the elongated centaur (95626) 2002 GZ32

Author

Santos-Sanz, P, primary, Ortiz, J L, additional, Sicardy, B, additional, Benedetti-Rossi, G, additional, Morales, N, additional, Fernández-Valenzuela, E, additional, Duffard, R, additional, Iglesias-Marzoa, R, additional, Lamadrid, J L, additional, Maícas, N, additional, Pérez, L, additional, Gazeas, K, additional, Guirado, J C, additional, Peris, V, additional, Ballesteros, F J, additional, Organero, F, additional, Ana-Hernández, L, additional, Fonseca, F, additional, Alvarez-Candal, A, additional, Jiménez-Teja, Y, additional, Vara-Lubiano, M, additional, Braga-Ribas, F, additional, Camargo, J I B, additional, Desmars, J, additional, Assafin, M, additional, Vieira-Martins, R, additional, Alikakos, J, additional, Boutet, M, additional, Bretton, M, additional, Carbognani, A, additional, Charmandaris, V, additional, Ciabattari, F, additional, Delincak, P, additional, Fuambuena Leiva, A, additional, González, H, additional, Haymes, T, additional, Hellmich, S, additional, Horbowicz, J, additional, Jennings, M, additional, Kattentidt, B, additional, Kiss, Cs, additional, Komžík, R, additional, Lecacheux, J, additional, Marciniak, A, additional, Moindrot, S, additional, Mottola, S, additional, Pal, A, additional, Paschalis, N, additional, Pastor, S, additional, Perello, C, additional, Pribulla, T, additional, Ratinaud, C, additional, Reyes, J A, additional, Sanchez, J, additional, Schnabel, C, additional, Selva, A, additional, Signoret, F, additional, Sonbas, E, additional, and Alí-Lagoa, V, additional

Published
2020
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15. Thermal properties of slowly rotating asteroids: results from a targeted survey

Author

National Science Centre (Poland), European Commission, Ministry of Education (Slovak Republic), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Marciniak, A., Ali-Lagoa, Victor, Mueller, T.G., Szakáts, R., Molnár, L., Pal, A., Podlewska-Gaca, E., Parley, N., Antonini, P., Barbotin, E., Behrend, R., Bernasconi, L., Butkiewicz-Bąk, M., Crippa, R., Duffard, René D., Ditteon, R, Feuerbach, M, Fauvaud, S, Garlitz, J, Geier, S., Goncalves, R, Grice, J., Grzeskowiak, I, Hirsch, R., Horbowicz, J, Kaminski, K., Kamińska, M. K., Kim, D. H., Kim, M. J., Konstanciak, I., Kudak, V., Kulczak, P, Maestre, J.L., Manzini, F., Marks, S, Monteiro, F, Ogloza, W, Oszkiewicz, D., Pilcher, F, Perig, V, Polakis, T, Polinska, M, Roy, R., Sanabria, JJ, Santana-Ros, T, Skiff, B, Skrzypek, J, Sobkowiak, K, Sonbas, E, Thizy, O, Trela, P, Urakawa, S, Zejmo, M, Zukowski, K, National Science Centre (Poland), European Commission, Ministry of Education (Slovak Republic), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Marciniak, A., Ali-Lagoa, Victor, Mueller, T.G., Szakáts, R., Molnár, L., Pal, A., Podlewska-Gaca, E., Parley, N., Antonini, P., Barbotin, E., Behrend, R., Bernasconi, L., Butkiewicz-Bąk, M., Crippa, R., Duffard, René D., Ditteon, R, Feuerbach, M, Fauvaud, S, Garlitz, J, Geier, S., Goncalves, R, Grice, J., Grzeskowiak, I, Hirsch, R., Horbowicz, J, Kaminski, K., Kamińska, M. K., Kim, D. H., Kim, M. J., Konstanciak, I., Kudak, V., Kulczak, P, Maestre, J.L., Manzini, F., Marks, S, Monteiro, F, Ogloza, W, Oszkiewicz, D., Pilcher, F, Perig, V, Polakis, T, Polinska, M, Roy, R., Sanabria, JJ, Santana-Ros, T, Skiff, B, Skrzypek, J, Sobkowiak, K, Sonbas, E, Thizy, O, Trela, P, Urakawa, S, Zejmo, M, and Zukowski, K

Abstract

Context. Earlier work suggests that slowly rotating asteroids should have higher thermal inertias than faster rotators because the heat wave penetrates deeper into the subsurface. However, thermal inertias have been determined mainly for fast rotators due to selection effects in the available photometry used to obtain shape models required for thermophysical modelling (TPM). Aims. Our aims are to mitigate these selection effects by producing shape models of slow rotators, to scale them and compute their thermal inertia with TPM, and to verify whether thermal inertia increases with the rotation period. Methods. To decrease the bias against slow rotators, we conducted a photometric observing campaign of main-belt asteroids with periods longer than 12 h, from multiple stations worldwide, adding in some cases data from WISE and Kepler space telescopes. For spin and shape reconstruction we used the lightcurve inversion method, and to derive thermal inertias we applied a thermophysical model to fit available infrared data from IRAS, AKARI, and WISE. Results. We present new models of 11 slow rotators that provide a good fit to the thermal data. In two cases, the TPM analysis showed a clear preference for one of the two possible mirror solutions. We derived the diameters and albedos of our targets in addition to their thermal inertias, which ranged between 3(-3)(+33) and 45(-30)(+60) Jm(-2) s(-1/2) K-1. Conclusions. Together with our previous work, we have analysed 16 slow rotators from our dense survey with sizes between 30 and 150 km. The current sample thermal inertias vary widely, which does not confirm the earlier suggestion that slower rotators have higher thermal inertias.© ESO 2019

Published
2019

16. Thermal properties of slowly rotating asteroids: results from a targeted survey

Author

Marciniak, A., primary, Alí-Lagoa, V., additional, Müller, T. G., additional, Szakáts, R., additional, Molnár, L., additional, Pál, A., additional, Podlewska-Gaca, E., additional, Parley, N., additional, Antonini, P., additional, Barbotin, E., additional, Behrend, R., additional, Bernasconi, L., additional, Butkiewicz-Bąk, M., additional, Crippa, R., additional, Duffard, R., additional, Ditteon, R., additional, Feuerbach, M., additional, Fauvaud, S., additional, Garlitz, J., additional, Geier, S., additional, Goncalves, R., additional, Grice, J., additional, Grześkowiak, I., additional, Hirsch, R., additional, Horbowicz, J., additional, Kamiński, K., additional, Kamińska, M. K., additional, Kim, D.-H., additional, Kim, M.-J., additional, Konstanciak, I., additional, Kudak, V., additional, Kulczak, P., additional, Maestre, J. L., additional, Manzini, F., additional, Marks, S., additional, Monteiro, F., additional, Ogłoza, W., additional, Oszkiewicz, D., additional, Pilcher, F., additional, Perig, V., additional, Polakis, T., additional, Polińska, M., additional, Roy, R., additional, Sanabria, J. J., additional, Santana-Ros, T., additional, Skiff, B., additional, Skrzypek, J., additional, Sobkowiak, K., additional, Sonbas, E., additional, Thizy, O., additional, Trela, P., additional, Urakawa, S., additional, Żejmo, M., additional, and Żukowski, K., additional

Published
2019
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17. Photometric survey, modelling, and scaling of long-period and low-amplitude asteroids

Author

Marciniak, A., primary, Bartczak, P., additional, Müller, T., additional, Sanabria, J. J., additional, Alí-Lagoa, V., additional, Antonini, P., additional, Behrend, R., additional, Bernasconi, L., additional, Bronikowska, M., additional, Butkiewicz-Bąk, M., additional, Cikota, A., additional, Crippa, R., additional, Ditteon, R., additional, Dudziński, G., additional, Duffard, R., additional, Dziadura, K., additional, Fauvaud, S., additional, Geier, S., additional, Hirsch, R., additional, Horbowicz, J., additional, Hren, M., additional, Jerosimic, L., additional, Kamiński, K., additional, Kankiewicz, P., additional, Konstanciak, I., additional, Korlevic, P., additional, Kosturkiewicz, E., additional, Kudak, V., additional, Manzini, F., additional, Morales, N., additional, Murawiecka, M., additional, Ogłoza, W., additional, Oszkiewicz, D., additional, Pilcher, F., additional, Polakis, T., additional, Poncy, R., additional, Santana-Ros, T., additional, Siwak, M., additional, Skiff, B., additional, Sobkowiak, K., additional, Stoss, R., additional, Żejmo, M., additional, and Żukowski, K., additional

Published
2018
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18. Shape and spin determination of Barbarian asteroids

Author

Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, European Commission, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), National Science Centre (Poland), Devogèle, M., Tanga, P., Bendjoya, P., Rivet, J.P., Surdej, J., Hanuš, J., Abe, L., Antonini, P., Artola, R.A., Audejean, M., Behrend, R., Berski, F., Bosch, J.G., Bronikowska, M., Carbognani, A., Char, F., Kim, M. J., Choi, Y.J., Colazo, C.A., Coloma, J., Coward, D., Durkee, R., Erece, O., Forne, E., Hickson, P., Hirsch, R., Horbowicz, J., Kamiński, K., Kankiewicz, P., Kaplan, M., Kwiatkowski, T., Konstanciak, I., Kruszewki, A., Kudak, V., Manzini, F., Moon, H.K., Marciniak, A., Murawiecka, M., Nadolny, J., Ogłoza, W., Ortiz, José Luis, Oszkiewicz, D., Pallares, H., Peixinho, N., Poncy, R., Reyes, F., de los Reyes, J.A., Santana-Ros, Toni, Sobkowiak, K., Pastor, S., Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, European Commission, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), National Science Centre (Poland), Devogèle, M., Tanga, P., Bendjoya, P., Rivet, J.P., Surdej, J., Hanuš, J., Abe, L., Antonini, P., Artola, R.A., Audejean, M., Behrend, R., Berski, F., Bosch, J.G., Bronikowska, M., Carbognani, A., Char, F., Kim, M. J., Choi, Y.J., Colazo, C.A., Coloma, J., Coward, D., Durkee, R., Erece, O., Forne, E., Hickson, P., Hirsch, R., Horbowicz, J., Kamiński, K., Kankiewicz, P., Kaplan, M., Kwiatkowski, T., Konstanciak, I., Kruszewki, A., Kudak, V., Manzini, F., Moon, H.K., Marciniak, A., Murawiecka, M., Nadolny, J., Ogłoza, W., Ortiz, José Luis, Oszkiewicz, D., Pallares, H., Peixinho, N., Poncy, R., Reyes, F., de los Reyes, J.A., Santana-Ros, Toni, Sobkowiak, K., and Pastor, S.

Abstract

Context. The so-called Barbarian asteroids share peculiar, but common polarimetric properties, probably related to both their shape and composition. They are named after (234) Barbara, the first on which such properties were identified. As has been suggested, large scale topographic features could play a role in the polarimetric response, if the shapes of Barbarians are particularly irregular and present a variety of scattering/incidence angles. This idea is supported by the shape of (234) Barbara, that appears to be deeply excavated by wide concave areas revealed by photometry and stellar occultations. Aims. With these motivations, we started an observation campaign to characterise the shape and rotation properties of Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey (SMASS) type L and Ld asteroids. As many of them show long rotation periods, we activated a worldwide network of observers to obtain a dense temporal coverage. Methods. We used light-curve inversion technique in order to determine the sidereal rotation periods of 15 asteroids and the convergence to a stable shape and pole coordinates for 8 of them. By using available data from occultations, we are able to scale some shapes to an absolute size. We also study the rotation periods of our sample looking for confirmation of the suspected abundance of asteroids with long rotation periods. Results. Our results show that the shape models of our sample do not seem to have peculiar properties with respect to asteroids with similar size, while an excess of slow rotators is most probably confirmed.© 2017 ESO.

Published
2017

19. Shape and spin determination of Barbarian asteroids

Author

Devogèle, M., primary, Tanga, P., additional, Bendjoya, P., additional, Rivet, J. P., additional, Surdej, J., additional, Hanuš, J., additional, Abe, L., additional, Antonini, P., additional, Artola, R. A., additional, Audejean, M., additional, Behrend, R., additional, Berski, F., additional, Bosch, J. G., additional, Bronikowska, M., additional, Carbognani, A., additional, Char, F., additional, Kim, M.-J., additional, Choi, Y.-J., additional, Colazo, C. A., additional, Coloma, J., additional, Coward, D., additional, Durkee, R., additional, Erece, O., additional, Forne, E., additional, Hickson, P., additional, Hirsch, R., additional, Horbowicz, J., additional, Kamiński, K., additional, Kankiewicz, P., additional, Kaplan, M., additional, Kwiatkowski, T., additional, Konstanciak, I., additional, Kruszewki, A., additional, Kudak, V., additional, Manzini, F., additional, Moon, H.-K., additional, Marciniak, A., additional, Murawiecka, M., additional, Nadolny, J., additional, Ogłoza, W., additional, Ortiz, J. L., additional, Oszkiewicz, D., additional, Pallares, H., additional, Peixinho, N., additional, Poncy, R., additional, Reyes, F., additional, de los Reyes, J. A., additional, Santana-Ros, T., additional, Sobkowiak, K., additional, Pastor, S., additional, Pilcher, F., additional, Quiñones, M. C., additional, Trela, P., additional, and Vernet, D., additional

Published
2017
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20. Against the biases in spins and shapes of asteroids

Author

Marciniak, A., primary, Pilcher, F., additional, Oszkiewicz, D., additional, Santana-Ros, T., additional, Urakawa, S., additional, Fauvaud, S., additional, Kankiewicz, P., additional, Tychoniec, Ł., additional, Fauvaud, M., additional, Hirsch, R., additional, Horbowicz, J., additional, Kamiński, K., additional, Konstanciak, I., additional, Kosturkiewicz, E., additional, Murawiecka, M., additional, Nadolny, J., additional, Nishiyama, K., additional, Okumura, S., additional, Polińska, M., additional, Richard, F., additional, Sakamoto, T., additional, Sobkowiak, K., additional, Stachowski, G., additional, and Trela, P., additional

Published
2015
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22. The 2017 May 20 stellar occultation by the elongated centaur (95626) 2002 GZ32

Author

Santos-Sanz, P. Ortiz, J.L. Sicardy, B. Benedetti-Rossi, G. Morales, N. Fernández-Valenzuela, E. Duffard, R. Iglesias-Marzoa, R. Lamadrid, J.L. Maícas, N. Pérez, L. Gazeas, K. Guirado, J.C. Peris, V. Ballesteros, F.J. Organero, F. Ana-Hernández, L. Fonseca, F. Alvarez-Candal, A. Jiménez-Teja, Y. Vara-Lubiano, M. Braga-Ribas, F. Camargo, J.I.B. Desmars, J. Assafin, M. Vieira-Martins, R. Alikakos, J. Boutet, M. Bretton, M. Carbognani, A. Charmandaris, V. Ciabattari, F. Delincak, P. Fuambuena Leiva, A. González, H. Haymes, T. Hellmich, S. Horbowicz, J. Jennings, M. Kattentidt, B. Kiss, Cs. Komzík, R. Lecacheux, J. Marciniak, A. Moindrot, S. Mottola, S. Pal, A. Paschalis, N. Pastor, S. Perello, C. Pribulla, T. Ratinaud, C. Reyes, J.A. Sanchez, J. Schnabel, C. Selva, A. Signoret, F. Sonbas, E. Alí-Lagoa, V.

Abstract

We predicted a stellar occultation of the bright star Gaia DR1 4332852996360346368 (UCAC4 385-75921) (mV = 14.0 mag) by the centaur 2002 GZ32 for 2017 May 20. Our latest shadow path prediction was favourable to a large region in Europe. Observations were arranged in a broad region inside the nominal shadow path. Series of images were obtained with 29 telescopes throughout Europe and from six of them (five in Spain and one in Greece) we detected the occultation. This is the fourth centaur, besides Chariklo, Chiron, and Bienor, for which a multichord stellar occultation is reported. By means of an elliptical fit to the occultation chords, we obtained the limb of 2002 GZ32 during the occultation, resulting in an ellipse with axes of 305 ± 17 km × 146 ± 8 km. From this limb, thanks to a rotational light curve obtained shortly after the occultation, we derived the geometric albedo of 2002 GZ32 (pV = 0.043 ± 0.007) and a 3D ellipsoidal shape with axes 366 km × 306 km × 120 km. This shape is not fully consistent with a homogeneous body in hydrostatic equilibrium for the known rotation period of 2002 GZ32. The size (albedo) obtained from the occultation is respectively smaller (greater) than that derived from the radiometric technique but compatible within error bars. No rings or debris around 2002 GZ32 were detected from the occultation, but narrow and thin rings cannot be discarded. © 2021 2020 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society.

23. Properties of slowly rotating asteroids from the Convex Inversion Thermophysical Model

Author

Marciniak, A., Ďurech, J., Alí-Lagoa, V., Ogłoza, W., Szakáts, R., Müller, T. G., Molnár, L., Pál, A., Monteiro, F., Arcoverde, P., Behrend, R., Benkhaldoun, Z., Bernasconi, L., Bosch, J., Brincat, S., Brunetto, L., Butkiewicz - Bąk, M., Del Freo, F., Duffard, R., Evangelista-Santana, M., Farroni, G., Fauvaud, S., Fauvaud, M., Ferrais, M., Geier, S., Golonka, J., Grice, J., Hirsch, R., Horbowicz, J., Jehin, E., Julien, P., Kalup, Cs., Kamiński, K., Kamińska, M. K., Kankiewicz, P., Kecskeméthy, V., Kim, D.-H., Kim, M.-J., Konstanciak, I., Krajewski, J., Kudak, V., Kulczak, P., Kundera, T., Lazzaro, D., Manzini, F., Medeiros, H., Michimani-Garcia, J., Morales, N., Nadolny, J., Oszkiewicz, D., Pakštienė, E., Pawłowski, M., Perig, V., Pilcher, F., Pinel, P., Podlewska-Gaca, E., Polakis, T., Richard, F., Rodrigues, T., Rondón, E., Roy, R., Sanabria, J. J., Santana-Ros, T., Skiff, B., Skrzypek, J., Sobkowiak, K., Sonbas, E., Stachowski, G., Strajnic, J., Trela, P., Tychoniec, Ł., Urakawa, S., Verebelyi, E., Wagrez, K., Żejmo, M., Żukowski, K., Marciniak, A., Ďurech, J., Alí-Lagoa, V., Ogłoza, W., Szakáts, R., Müller, T. G., Molnár, L., Pál, A., Monteiro, F., Arcoverde, P., Behrend, R., Benkhaldoun, Z., Bernasconi, L., Bosch, J., Brincat, S., Brunetto, L., Butkiewicz - Bąk, M., Del Freo, F., Duffard, R., Evangelista-Santana, M., Farroni, G., Fauvaud, S., Fauvaud, M., Ferrais, M., Geier, S., Golonka, J., Grice, J., Hirsch, R., Horbowicz, J., Jehin, E., Julien, P., Kalup, Cs., Kamiński, K., Kamińska, M. K., Kankiewicz, P., Kecskeméthy, V., Kim, D.-H., Kim, M.-J., Konstanciak, I., Krajewski, J., Kudak, V., Kulczak, P., Kundera, T., Lazzaro, D., Manzini, F., Medeiros, H., Michimani-Garcia, J., Morales, N., Nadolny, J., Oszkiewicz, D., Pakštienė, E., Pawłowski, M., Perig, V., Pilcher, F., Pinel, P., Podlewska-Gaca, E., Polakis, T., Richard, F., Rodrigues, T., Rondón, E., Roy, R., Sanabria, J. J., Santana-Ros, T., Skiff, B., Skrzypek, J., Sobkowiak, K., Sonbas, E., Stachowski, G., Strajnic, J., Trela, P., Tychoniec, Ł., Urakawa, S., Verebelyi, E., Wagrez, K., Żejmo, M., and Żukowski, K.

Abstract

Context. Recent results for asteroid rotation periods from the TESS mission showed how strongly previous studies have underestimated the number of slow rotators, revealing the importance of studying those targets. For most slowly rotating asteroids (those with P > 12 h), no spin and shape model is available because of observation selection effects. This hampers determination of their thermal parameters and accurate sizes. Also, it is still unclear whether signatures of different surface material properties can be seen in thermal inertia determined from mid-infrared thermal flux fitting. Aims. We continue our campaign in minimising selection effects among main belt asteroids. Our targets are slow rotators with low light-curve amplitudes. Our goal is to provide their scaled spin and shape models together with thermal inertia, albedo, and surface roughness to complete the statistics. Methods. Rich multi-apparition datasets of dense light curves are supplemented with data from Kepler and TESS spacecrafts. In addition to data in the visible range, we also use thermal data from infrared space observatories (mainly IRAS, Akari and WISE) in a combined optimisation process using the Convex Inversion Thermophysical Model. This novel method has so far been applied to only a few targets, and therefore in this work we further validate the method itself. Results. We present the models of 16 slow rotators, including two updated models. All provide good fits to both thermal and visible data.The obtained sizes are on average accurate at the 5% precision level, with diameters found to be in the range from 25 to 145 km. The rotation periods of our targets range from 11 to 59 h, and the thermal inertia covers a wide range of values, from 2 to <400 J m−2 s−1∕2 K−1, not showing any correlation with the period. Conclusions. With this wor

24. Thermal properties of slowly rotating asteroids: Results from a targeted survey

Author

Marciniak, A, Ali-Lagoa, V, Muller, T.G, Szakáts, R, Molnár, L, Pál, A, Antonini, P, Barbotin, E, Behrend, R, Bernasconi, L, Butkiewicz-Bak, M, Crippa, R, Duffard, R, Ditteon, R, Feuerbach, M, Fauvaud, S, Garlitz, J, Geier, S, Goncalves, R, Grice, J, Grzeskowiak, I, Hirsch, R, Horbowicz, J, Kaminski, K, Kaminska, M.K, Kim, D.H, Kim, M.J, Konstanciak, I, Kudak, V, Kulczak, P, Maestre, J.L, Manzini, F, Marks, S, Monteiro, F, Ogłoza, W, Oszkiewicz, D, Pilcher, F, Perig, V, Polakis, T, Polinska, M, Roy, R, Sanabria, J.J, Santana-Ros, T, Skiff, B, Skrzypek, J, Sobkowiak, K, Sonbas, E, Thizy, O, Trela, P, Urakawa, S, Zejmo, M, Zukowski, K, Marciniak, A, Ali-Lagoa, V, Muller, T.G, Szakáts, R, Molnár, L, Pál, A, Antonini, P, Barbotin, E, Behrend, R, Bernasconi, L, Butkiewicz-Bak, M, Crippa, R, Duffard, R, Ditteon, R, Feuerbach, M, Fauvaud, S, Garlitz, J, Geier, S, Goncalves, R, Grice, J, Grzeskowiak, I, Hirsch, R, Horbowicz, J, Kaminski, K, Kaminska, M.K, Kim, D.H, Kim, M.J, Konstanciak, I, Kudak, V, Kulczak, P, Maestre, J.L, Manzini, F, Marks, S, Monteiro, F, Ogłoza, W, Oszkiewicz, D, Pilcher, F, Perig, V, Polakis, T, Polinska, M, Roy, R, Sanabria, J.J, Santana-Ros, T, Skiff, B, Skrzypek, J, Sobkowiak, K, Sonbas, E, Thizy, O, Trela, P, Urakawa, S, Zejmo, M, and Zukowski, K

Abstract

Context. Earlier work suggests that slowly rotating asteroids should have higher thermal inertias than faster rotators because the heat wave penetrates deeper into the subsurface. However, thermal inertias have been determined mainly for fast rotators due to selection effects in the available photometry used to obtain shape models required for thermophysical modelling (TPM). Aims. Our aims are to mitigate these selection effects by producing shape models of slow rotators, to scale them and compute their thermal inertia with TPM, and to verify whether thermal inertia increases with the rotation period. Methods. To decrease the bias against slow rotators, we conducted a photometric observing campaign of main-belt asteroids with periods longer than 12 h, from multiple stations worldwide, adding in some cases data from WISE and Kepler space telescopes. For spin and shape reconstruction we used the lightcurve inversion method, and to derive thermal inertias we applied a thermophysical model to fit available infrared data from IRAS, AKARI, and WISE. Results. We present new models of 11 slow rotators that provide a good fit to the thermal data. In two cases, the TPM analysis showed a clear preference for one of the two possible mirror solutions. We derived the diameters and albedos of our targets in addition to their thermal inertias, which ranged between 3−3 and 3+−333 and 45+−6030 J m−2 s−1/2 K−1. Conclusions. Together with our previous work, we have analysed 16 slow rotators from our dense survey with sizes between 30 and 150 km. The current sample thermal inertias vary widely, which does not confirm the earlier suggestion that slower rotators have higher thermal inertias.

25. Scaling slowly rotating asteroids with stellar occultations

Author

Marciniak, A., Ďurech, J., Choukroun, A., Hanuš, J., Ogłoza, W., Szakáts, R., Molnár, L., Pál, A., Monteiro, F., Frappa, E., Beisker, W., Pavlov, H., Moore, J., Adomavičienė, R., Aikawa, R., Andersson, S., Antonini, P., Argentin, Y., Asai, A., Assoignon, P., Barton, J., Baruffetti, P., Bath, K. L., Behrend, R., Benedyktowicz, L., Bernasconi, L., Biguet, G., Billiani, M., Błażewicz, D., Boninsegna, R., Borkowski, M., Bosch, J., Brazill, S., Bronikowska, M., Bruno, A., Butkiewicz-Bąk, M., Caron, J., Casalnuovo, G., Castellani, J. J., Ceravolo, P., Conjat, M., Delincak, P., Delpau, J., Demeautis, C., Demirkol, A., Dróżdż, M., Duffard, R., Durandet, C., Eisfeldt, D., Evangelista, M., Fauvaud, S., Fauvaud, M., Ferrais, M., Filipek, M., Fini, P., Fukui, K., Gährken, B., Geier, S., George, T., Goffin, B., Golonka, J., Goto, T., Grice, J., Guhl, K., Halíř, K., Hanna, W., Harman, M., Hashimoto, A., Hasubick, W., Higgins, D., Higuchi, M., Hirose, T., Hirsch, R., Hofschulz, O., Horaguchi, T., Horbowicz, J., Ida, M., Ignácz, B., Ishida, M., Isobe, K., Jehin, E., Joachimczyk, B., Jones, A., Juan, J., Kamiński, K., Kamińska, M. K., Kankiewicz, P., Kasebe, H., Kattentidt, B., Kim, D.-H., Kim, M.-J., Kitazaki, K., Klotz, A., Komraus, M., Konstanciak, I., Könyves-Tóth, R., Kouno, K., Kowald, E., Krajewski, J., Krannich, G., Kreutzer, A., Kryszczyńska, A., Kubánek, J., Kudak, V., Kugel, F., Kukita, R., Kulczak, P., Lazzaro, D., Licandro, J., Livet, F., Maley, P., Manago, N., Mánek, J., Manna, A., Matsushita, H., Meister, S., Mesquita, W., Messner, S., Michelet, J., Michimani, J., Mieczkowska, I., Morales, N., Motyliński, M., Murawiecka, M., Newman, J., Nikitin, V., Nishimura, M., Oey, J., Oszkiewicz, D., Owada, M., Pakštienė, E., Pawłowski, M., Pereira, W., Perig, V., Perła, J., Pilcher, F., Podlewska-Gaca, E., Polák, J., Polakis, T., Polińska, M., Popowicz, A., Richard, F., Rives, J. J, Rodrigues, T., Rogiński, Ł., Rondón, E., Rottenborn, M., Schäfer, R., Schnabel, C., Schreurs, O., Selva, A., Simon, M., Skiff, B., Skrutskie, M., Skrzypek, J., Sobkowiak, K., Sonbas, E., Sposetti, S., Stuart, P., Szyszka, K., Terakubo, K., Thomas, W., Trela, P., Uchiyama, S., Urbanik, M., Vaudescal, G., Venable, R., Watanabe, Ha., Watanabe, Hi., Winiarski, M., Wróblewski, R., Yamamura, H., Yamashita, M., Yoshihara, H., Zawilski, M., Zelený, P., Żejmo, M., Żukowski, K., Żywica, S., Marciniak, A., Ďurech, J., Choukroun, A., Hanuš, J., Ogłoza, W., Szakáts, R., Molnár, L., Pál, A., Monteiro, F., Frappa, E., Beisker, W., Pavlov, H., Moore, J., Adomavičienė, R., Aikawa, R., Andersson, S., Antonini, P., Argentin, Y., Asai, A., Assoignon, P., Barton, J., Baruffetti, P., Bath, K. L., Behrend, R., Benedyktowicz, L., Bernasconi, L., Biguet, G., Billiani, M., Błażewicz, D., Boninsegna, R., Borkowski, M., Bosch, J., Brazill, S., Bronikowska, M., Bruno, A., Butkiewicz-Bąk, M., Caron, J., Casalnuovo, G., Castellani, J. J., Ceravolo, P., Conjat, M., Delincak, P., Delpau, J., Demeautis, C., Demirkol, A., Dróżdż, M., Duffard, R., Durandet, C., Eisfeldt, D., Evangelista, M., Fauvaud, S., Fauvaud, M., Ferrais, M., Filipek, M., Fini, P., Fukui, K., Gährken, B., Geier, S., George, T., Goffin, B., Golonka, J., Goto, T., Grice, J., Guhl, K., Halíř, K., Hanna, W., Harman, M., Hashimoto, A., Hasubick, W., Higgins, D., Higuchi, M., Hirose, T., Hirsch, R., Hofschulz, O., Horaguchi, T., Horbowicz, J., Ida, M., Ignácz, B., Ishida, M., Isobe, K., Jehin, E., Joachimczyk, B., Jones, A., Juan, J., Kamiński, K., Kamińska, M. K., Kankiewicz, P., Kasebe, H., Kattentidt, B., Kim, D.-H., Kim, M.-J., Kitazaki, K., Klotz, A., Komraus, M., Konstanciak, I., Könyves-Tóth, R., Kouno, K., Kowald, E., Krajewski, J., Krannich, G., Kreutzer, A., Kryszczyńska, A., Kubánek, J., Kudak, V., Kugel, F., Kukita, R., Kulczak, P., Lazzaro, D., Licandro, J., Livet, F., Maley, P., Manago, N., Mánek, J., Manna, A., Matsushita, H., Meister, S., Mesquita, W., Messner, S., Michelet, J., Michimani, J., Mieczkowska, I., Morales, N., Motyliński, M., Murawiecka, M., Newman, J., Nikitin, V., Nishimura, M., Oey, J., Oszkiewicz, D., Owada, M., Pakštienė, E., Pawłowski, M., Pereira, W., Perig, V., Perła, J., Pilcher, F., Podlewska-Gaca, E., Polák, J., Polakis, T., Polińska, M., Popowicz, A., Richard, F., Rives, J. J, Rodrigues, T., Rogiński, Ł., Rondón, E., Rottenborn, M., Schäfer, R., Schnabel, C., Schreurs, O., Selva, A., Simon, M., Skiff, B., Skrutskie, M., Skrzypek, J., Sobkowiak, K., Sonbas, E., Sposetti, S., Stuart, P., Szyszka, K., Terakubo, K., Thomas, W., Trela, P., Uchiyama, S., Urbanik, M., Vaudescal, G., Venable, R., Watanabe, Ha., Watanabe, Hi., Winiarski, M., Wróblewski, R., Yamamura, H., Yamashita, M., Yoshihara, H., Zawilski, M., Zelený, P., Żejmo, M., Żukowski, K., and Żywica, S.

Abstract

Context. As evidenced by recent survey results, the majority of asteroids are slow rotators (spin periods longer than 12 h), but lack spin and shape models because of selection bias. This bias is skewing our overall understanding of the spins, shapes, and sizes of asteroids, as well as of their other properties. Also, diameter determinations for large (>60 km) and medium-sized asteroids (between 30 and 60 km) often vary by over 30% for multiple reasons. Aims. Our long-term project is focused on a few tens of slow rotators with periods of up to 60 h. We aim to obtain their full light curves and reconstruct their spins and shapes. We also precisely scale the models, typically with an accuracy of a few percent. Methods. We used wide sets of dense light curves for spin and shape reconstructions via light-curve inversion. Precisely scaling them with thermal data was not possible here because of poor infrared datasets: large bodies tend to saturate in WISE mission detectors. Therefore, we recently also launched a special campaign among stellar occultation observers, both in order to scale these models and to verify the shape solutions, often allowing us to break the mirror pole ambiguity. Results. The presented scheme resulted in shape models for 16 slow rotators, most of them for the first time. Fitting them to chords from stellar occultation timings resolved previous inconsistencies in size determinations. For around half of the targets, this fitting also allowed us to identify a clearly preferred pole solution from the pair of two mirror pole solutions, thus removing the ambiguity inherent to light-curve inversion. We also address the influence of the uncertainty of the shape models on the derived diameters. Conclusions. Overall, our project has already provided reliable models for around 50 slow rotators. Such well-determined and scaled asteroid shapes will, for example, constitute a solid basis fo

26. Properties of slowly rotating asteroids from the Convex Inversion Thermophysical Model

Author

Marciniak, A., Ďurech, J., Alí-Lagoa, V., Ogłoza, W., Szakáts, R., Müller, T. G., Molnár, L., Pál, A., Monteiro, F., Arcoverde, P., Behrend, R., Benkhaldoun, Z., Bernasconi, L., Bosch, J., Brincat, S., Brunetto, L., Butkiewicz - Bąk, M., Del Freo, F., Duffard, R., Evangelista-Santana, M., Farroni, G., Fauvaud, S., Fauvaud, M., Ferrais, M., Geier, S., Golonka, J., Grice, J., Hirsch, R., Horbowicz, J., Jehin, E., Julien, P., Kalup, Cs., Kamiński, K., Kamińska, M. K., Kankiewicz, P., Kecskeméthy, V., Kim, D.-H., Kim, M.-J., Konstanciak, I., Krajewski, J., Kudak, V., Kulczak, P., Kundera, T., Lazzaro, D., Manzini, F., Medeiros, H., Michimani-Garcia, J., Morales, N., Nadolny, J., Oszkiewicz, D., Pakštienė, E., Pawłowski, M., Perig, V., Pilcher, F., Pinel, P., Podlewska-Gaca, E., Polakis, T., Richard, F., Rodrigues, T., Rondón, E., Roy, R., Sanabria, J. J., Santana-Ros, T., Skiff, B., Skrzypek, J., Sobkowiak, K., Sonbas, E., Stachowski, G., Strajnic, J., Trela, P., Tychoniec, Ł., Urakawa, S., Verebelyi, E., Wagrez, K., Żejmo, M., Żukowski, K., Marciniak, A., Ďurech, J., Alí-Lagoa, V., Ogłoza, W., Szakáts, R., Müller, T. G., Molnár, L., Pál, A., Monteiro, F., Arcoverde, P., Behrend, R., Benkhaldoun, Z., Bernasconi, L., Bosch, J., Brincat, S., Brunetto, L., Butkiewicz - Bąk, M., Del Freo, F., Duffard, R., Evangelista-Santana, M., Farroni, G., Fauvaud, S., Fauvaud, M., Ferrais, M., Geier, S., Golonka, J., Grice, J., Hirsch, R., Horbowicz, J., Jehin, E., Julien, P., Kalup, Cs., Kamiński, K., Kamińska, M. K., Kankiewicz, P., Kecskeméthy, V., Kim, D.-H., Kim, M.-J., Konstanciak, I., Krajewski, J., Kudak, V., Kulczak, P., Kundera, T., Lazzaro, D., Manzini, F., Medeiros, H., Michimani-Garcia, J., Morales, N., Nadolny, J., Oszkiewicz, D., Pakštienė, E., Pawłowski, M., Perig, V., Pilcher, F., Pinel, P., Podlewska-Gaca, E., Polakis, T., Richard, F., Rodrigues, T., Rondón, E., Roy, R., Sanabria, J. J., Santana-Ros, T., Skiff, B., Skrzypek, J., Sobkowiak, K., Sonbas, E., Stachowski, G., Strajnic, J., Trela, P., Tychoniec, Ł., Urakawa, S., Verebelyi, E., Wagrez, K., Żejmo, M., and Żukowski, K.

Abstract

Context. Recent results for asteroid rotation periods from the TESS mission showed how strongly previous studies have underestimated the number of slow rotators, revealing the importance of studying those targets. For most slowly rotating asteroids (those with P > 12 h), no spin and shape model is available because of observation selection effects. This hampers determination of their thermal parameters and accurate sizes. Also, it is still unclear whether signatures of different surface material properties can be seen in thermal inertia determined from mid-infrared thermal flux fitting. Aims. We continue our campaign in minimising selection effects among main belt asteroids. Our targets are slow rotators with low light-curve amplitudes. Our goal is to provide their scaled spin and shape models together with thermal inertia, albedo, and surface roughness to complete the statistics. Methods. Rich multi-apparition datasets of dense light curves are supplemented with data from Kepler and TESS spacecrafts. In addition to data in the visible range, we also use thermal data from infrared space observatories (mainly IRAS, Akari and WISE) in a combined optimisation process using the Convex Inversion Thermophysical Model. This novel method has so far been applied to only a few targets, and therefore in this work we further validate the method itself. Results. We present the models of 16 slow rotators, including two updated models. All provide good fits to both thermal and visible data.The obtained sizes are on average accurate at the 5% precision level, with diameters found to be in the range from 25 to 145 km. The rotation periods of our targets range from 11 to 59 h, and the thermal inertia covers a wide range of values, from 2 to <400 J m−2 s−1∕2 K−1, not showing any correlation with the period. Conclusions. With this wor

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