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Introduction: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are anti-ulcer drugs that have reportedly been used inappropriately in therapeutic settings, raising the risk of adverse effects, drug interactions , and costs. Aim: This study aimed to evto evaluate the inappropriate use of PPI medication and which category of PPIs frequently was used for patients in Bangladeshi hospitals. Material and Methods: A one month cross-sectional study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital to evaluate the kinds of PPI prescriptions, their appropriateness, and their tendency to be utilized among patients. Results: Among 298 patients interviewed,140 patients used PPIs inappropriately. The most common reasons for inappropriate use included gastric appetite (29.59%, 29 individuals) and nausea. Other reasons included (15%) no clear indication, (20%) gastric discomfort, (13.57%) asthma, and (8.57%) infections. Esomeprazole was the most prescribed PPI, used by 41% of patients, followed by omeprazole at 32%. Nearly 44% of the 140 patients exhibited a strong tendency to use PPIs. Conclusion: Important steps must be taken to ensure that PPIs are used properly, to increase knowledge, and implement educational TV programs that can reduce the risk of drug interactions, side effects, and unnecessary expenses.

Introduction: Over the past few decades, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been used more often; nonetheless, there are concern regarding misuse and the severe adverse effects that have been described. Methods: This paper will present information from relevant professional/scientific sources including Scopus, EBSCO, PubMed regarding unwanted adverse events of PPIs. Topic: The causality of correlations between PPI usage and possible adverse effects is unknown. Increased risk of kidney, liver, and cardiovascular disease; dementia; gastrointestinal tract enteroendocrine tumors; susceptibility to respiratory and gastrointestinal infections; and reduced nutritional absorption are just a few of the long-term adverse effects of widespread use of PPI that have come to light. Thus, given growing concerns regarding PPI overuse in the general population, the purpose of this investigation is to review the relationship between PPI usage and the risk of major side consequences. Conclusion: Due to the numerous known side effects of PPIs on the system, further study is necessary, including changing the drug's molecular structure and creating a new medication from its parent. By administering these drugs effectively for the relevant diagnosis, reevaluating patients' symptoms on a regular basis to determine the least amount and duration of therapy, and closely monitoring any potential side effects, it is feasible to minimize expenditures with health risk and maximize beneficial outcomes.

Background: Dengue virus (DENV) infection, spread by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, is a significant public health concern in tropical and subtropical regions. Among the four distinct serotypes of DENV (DENV-1 to DENV-4), DENV-2 is associated with the highest number of fatalities worldwide. However, there is no specific treatment available for dengue patients caused by DENV-2. Objective: This study aimed to identify inhibitory phytocompounds in silico in Vernonia cinerea (V. cinerea), a widely used traditional medicinal plant, for treating DENV-2 associated illnesses. Methods: The chemical structures of 17 compounds from V. cinerea were sourced from the Indian Medicinal Plants, Phytochemistry, and Therapeutics (IMPPAT) database. These compounds underwent geometry optimization, were screened against nonstructural protein 1 (NSP1) of DENV-2, and further validated through molecular dynamics simulations (MDS). Baicalein, an established drug against DENV-2, was used for validation in molecular screening, MDS, and MM-GBSA analyses. Results: Among these compounds, Beta-amyrin, Beta-amyrin acetate, Chrysoeriol, Isoorientin, and Luteolin showed promising potential as inhibitors of the NSP1 of DENV-2, supported by the results of thermodynamic properties, molecular orbitals, electrostatic potentials, spectral data and molecular screening. Besides, these compounds adhered to the Lipinski's "rule of 5", showing no hepatotoxicity/cytotoxicity, with mixed mutagenicity, immunotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Furthermore, final validation through MDS confirmed their potential, demonstrating stable tendencies with significant inhibitory activities against NSP1 of DENV-2 over the control drug Baicalein. Among the screened compounds, Chrysoeriol emerged as the most promising inhibitor of NSP1 of DENV-2, followed by Luteolin and Isoorientin. Conclusion: Taken together, our results suggest that Chrysoeriol is the best inhibitor of NSP1 of DENV-2, which could be evaluated as a therapeutic agent or a lead compound to treat and manage DENV-2 infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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