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A species of Trichotylenchus nematode was isolated from the rhizosphere of banana root in Leizhou City, Guangdong Province, China. The species assumes the following characteristics: open C-shaped body; head offset from body; lateral field with three incisures, pharyngeal and tail regions irregularly areolated; stylet 18.6–20.7 µm long; pharyngeal gland not extending over intestine; fibrous tissue present in the intestine; post-anal intestinal sac present; elongate-subcylindroid tail, bluntly conoid terminus, lack of striations, and containing 34–44 annuli. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was used to elucidate some morphological details, but only some juveniles were observed. Partial 18S rRNA, ITS, and 28S D2–D3 expansion sequences were amplified with universal primers and deposited in GenBank under accession numbers ON622716, ON622717, and ON622714, respectively. Here, this species was identified as T. dispersus [(Siddiqi & Sharma, 1995) Geraert, 2011].

Rotylenchus is a widely distributed, economically important plant-parasitic nematode group whose species-level identification relies largely on limited morphological characters, including character-based tabular keys and molecular data of ribosomal and mitochondrial genes. In this study, a combined morphological and molecular analysis of three populations of Rotylenchus goodeyi from Belgium, Poland, and the Netherlands revealed important character variations of this species, leading to synonymization of R. rhomboides with R. goodeyi and a high nucleotide variation within cox1 gene sequences in these populations. Additional Illumina sequencing of DNA from individuals of the Dutch population revealed two variants of mitogenomes, each approximately 23 Kb in size, differing by approximately 9% and containing 11 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and as many as 29 transfer RNA genes. In addition to the first representative whole-genome shotgun sequence datasets of the genus Rotylenchus, this study also provides the full-length mitogenome and the ribosomal DNA sequences of R. goodeyi.

Trichotylenchus disperses (Siddiqi & Sharma, 1995) Geraert, 2011 Figs. 1–2, Published as part of Chen, Yan, Han, Yu-Chun, Wang, Hui-Zhong, Xie, Hui & Xu, Chun-Ling, 2023, Redescription and Molecular Characterization of Trichotylenchus dispersus (Nematoda: Dolichodoridae) in China, pp. 552-566 in Zootaxa 5231 (5) on page 553, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5231.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7609645, {"references":["Geraert, E. (2011) The Dolichodoridae of the world-Identification of the family Dolichodridae. Academia Press, Gent, 520 pp."]}

The reniform nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford and Oliveira (Tylenchida, Hoplolaimidae) is a serious pest of a number of crops worldwide. Although different reproductive types of R. reniformis populations have been reported in Japan, there is no information regarding the difference in their pathogenicity. In this study, we investigated the distribution of R. reniformis reproductive types primarily in sweet potato fields in Kyushu for a further study on their pathogenicity. Rotylenchulus reniformis was widely detected in sweet potato fields, but there were variations in its density and male frequency. DNA amplification conducted using primers designed to distinguish the male-absent type from the male-numerous type revealed that male-rare populations in Kumamoto were the male-absent type, but a population from Saito, Miyazaki, was a mixture of both types. Although R. reniformis density was high in some fields at the harvest time in Kumamoto and Saga, there was no apparent damage to sweet potato.

Summary Helicotylenchus ciceri n. sp. and H. scoticus are described and illustrated based on morphological, morphometric and molecular characters. The new species is characterised by a conical and truncated lip region with five or six distinct annuli, stylet 32-37 μm long with anteriorly concave knobs, secretory-excretory pore posterior to the pharyngo-intestinal valve, dorsally convex-conoid tail with a terminal projection, phasmids 14 (7-20) annuli anterior to the level of anus, empty spermatheca and absence of males. Intraspecific variation of 16 populations of H. scoticus, collected from chickpea and lentil fields in Kermanshah province, western Iran, is discussed. The results of the phylogenetic analyses based on the sequences of the partial 18S rRNA, D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA and ITS rRNA genes are provided for the studied species, confirming their differences from each other and determining the position of them and their relationships with closely related species.

Summary Hoplolaimus smokyensis n. sp. is a new species of lance nematode collected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Females of H. smokyensis n. sp. have a labial region characterised by six, occasionally five, annules. The basal lip annule is subdivided by about 24 longitudinal striae. The stylet averages 47 μm long with robust, tulip-shaped stylet knobs bearing anterior projections. The hemizonid is ca 4 μm anterior to the excretory pore. The lateral field is incompletely areolated and has four continuous incisures from the metacorpus region to the tail region. There are three pharyngeal gland nuclei. Vulval epiptygma are absent. The scutellate phasmids are located one anterior and one posterior to the vulva. The male is shorter than the female and the head region is higher and more rounded than that of the female. The bursa extends to the tail tip and the gubernaculum is large and protrusible and has titillae and a capitulum. Morphologically, H. smokyensis n. sp. is most similar to H. galeatus and H. stephanus, but can be distinguished by differences such as the number of annules and longitudinal striae on the lip region and morphometric values. Hoplolaimus smokyensis n. sp. is also genetically distinct from other species according to comparisons of ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Phylogenetic analyses based on ribosomal and mitochondrial gene sequences suggest that H. smokyensis n. sp. is a lineage distinct from related Hoplolaimus species.

Helicotylenchus species were recovered from natural areas of three provinces (Mazandaran, Kerman and Guilan) in Iran, with morphological and molecular characteristics suggesting that they were Helicotylenchus minzi and Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus. A phylogenetic analysis of the two Helicotylenchus species using 28S rDNA placed H. pseudrobustus and H. minzi in a clade with 1.00 posterior probability. Results suggest that the Helicotylenchus population identified using molecular characteristics as H. pseudorobustus is a paraphyletic group, with hierarchical clustering analysis indicating a close relationship between the Iranian and the Chinese populations of H. pseudorobustus. In conclusion, further molecular studies within the genus Helicotylenchus are needed, especially for morphologically similar populations that have been recognized as separate species.

Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb, 1893) Sher, 1961 = Tylenchus dihystera Cobb, 1893 = Tylenchus olaae Cobb, 1906 = Tylenchorhynchus olaae (Cobb, 1906) Micoletzky, 1922 = Helicotylenchus olaae (Cobb, 1906) Sher, 1961 = Aphelenchus dubius var. peruensis Steiner, 1920 = Tylenchus spiralis Cassidy, 1930 = Helicotylenchus spiralis (Cassidy, 1930) Sher, 1961 = Helicotylenchus nannus Steiner, 1945 = Helicotylenchus crenatus Das, 1960 = Helicotylenchus dihysteroides Siddiqi, 1972 = Helicotylenchus flatus Rom��n, 1965 = Helicotylenchus glissus Thorne & Malek, 1968 = Helicotylenchus rotundicauda Sher, 1966 = Helicotylenchus punicae Swarup & Sethi, 1968 = Helicotylenchus teleductus Anderson, 1974 = Helicotylenchus paraconcavus Rashid & Khan, 1974 = Helicotylenchus membranatus Hui & Zhixin, 1993 Description. Female (n = 10): Habitus spiral. Lip 4 �� 0.6 (4���5) ��m high and 7 �� 0.8 (6���9) ��m wide; rounded anteriorly, with five to six annuli. Outer margins of labial framework extend 4 ��1.9 (3���6) ��m posterior from basal plate. Cephalids not seen. Stylet knobs 2 �� 0.7 (2���4) ��m high and 5 �� 0.5 (4���5) ��m wide, rounded posteriorly, anterior faces indented. Position of DGO 12 �� 1.6 (9���14) ��m behind stylet knobs. Median bulb oval, 12 �� 1.3 (10���14) ��m long and 9 �� 0.9 (8���10) ��m wide; valve 3 ��m long and 3 ��m wide. Excretory pore 98 �� 4.1 (93���1047) ��m from front, i.e. at 15 �� 1.0 (13���16) % of body length. Hemizonid two annuli long, located one annule anterior to excretory pore (n =1). Hemizonion and fasciculi not observed. Width of annuli at midbody 1.3 �� 0.2 (1.0���1.7) ��m. Body width at excretory pore 19 �� 2.8 (15���23) ��m, at midbody 25 �� 3.5 (21���30) ��m and at anus 16 �� 2.8 (12���20) ��m. Epiptygma folded into vagina. Lateral field 6 �� 1.1 (6���8) ��m wide; areolated anterior to excretory pore; inner two lines end on tail in a y-shaped pattern. Caudalid one annulus long located one annulus posterior to anus (n=1). Phasmid located from three eleven annuli anterior to anus. Tail 16 �� 1.8 (13���18) ��m long, with 10 to 13 ventral annuli; tail asymmetrically rounded, and dorsally curved, with or without ventral projection, if present with rounded end. Male: Not found. Remarks. Our specimens were identified as H. dihystera because of spiral habitus, stylet length (mean value: 27 ��m), body length (mean value: 641 ��m), position of vulva (mean V value: 63 %), phasmids anterior to anus, inner lines of lateral field end on tail mostly in y-shaped pattern, tail asymmetrically rounded, with or without terminal projection (if present with rounded end), empty spermatheca, and absence of males (Fortuner et al. 1981). The present specimens agree with the amended descriptions of Fortuner et al. (1981) and Fortuner (1991). The stylet length for the current specimens exceeds that of the 24���25 ��m reported for Nigerian specimens by Ali et al. (1973), but still falls in the range for H. dihystera (20���31 ��m) as reported by Marais (2001)., Published as part of Daramola, Fisayo Y., Orisajo, Samuel B., Malan, Antoinette P. & Marais, Mariette, 2020, Molecular characterization of Helicotylenchus multicinctus and H. dihystera (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae) from Theobroma cacao in Nigeria, pp. 343-356 in Zootaxa 4778 (2) on pages 347-348, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4778.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3826378, {"references":["Cobb, N. A. (1893) Plant diseases and their remedies. III. Nematode worms found attacking sugar-cane. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, 4, 808 - 833.","Sher, S. A. (1961) Revision of the Hoplolaiminae (Nematoda) I. Classification of nominal genera and nominal species. Nematologica, 6, 155 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529261 X 00414","Cobb, N. A. (1906) Fungus maladies of the sugar cane. With notes on associated insects and nematodes. IX. Free living nematodes inhabiting the soil about the roots of cane, and their retaliation to root diseases. Bulletin of the Division of Pathology and Physiology. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Experiment Station, 5, 163 - 195.","Micoletzky, H. (1922) Die Freilebenden Erd-Nematoden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte. Abteilung, 9, 322 - 650.","Steiner, G. (1920) Freilebende Susswassernematoden aus paruanischen Hochgebirgsen. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 28, 11 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 84687","Cassidy, G. (1930) Nematodes associated with sugar cane in Hawaii. Hawaiian Planters' Record, 34, 379 - 387.","Steiner, G. (1945) Helicotylenchus, a new genus of plant-parasitic nematodes and its relationship to Rotylenchus Filipjev. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 12, 34 - 38.","Das, V. M. (1960) Studies on the nematode parasites of plants in Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh, India). Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde, 19, 533 - 605. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00260158","Siddiqi, M. R. (1972) On the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Nematoda: Tylenchida), with descriptions of nine new species. Nematologica, 18, 74 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529272 X 00278","Roman, J. (1965) Nematodes of Puerto Rico, the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Nematoda: Hoplolaiminae). Technical Paper, University of Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, 1965, 41.","Thorne, G. & Malek, R. B. (1968) Nematodes of the northern Great Plains. Part I. Tylenchida (Nemata: Secernentea). Technical Bulletin South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, 1968, 31.","Sher, S. A. (1966) Revision of the Hoplolaiminae (Nematoda) VI. Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945. Nematologica, 12, 1 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529266 X 00013","Swarup, G. & Sethi, C. L. (1968) Plant parasitic nematodes of north-western India II. The genus Helicotylenchus. Bulletin of Entomology Loyola Collection, 9, 76 - 80.","Anderson, R. V. (1974) Canadian species of the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae), their identifying characteristics and descriptions of three new species. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 52, 1365 - 1381. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 74 - 174","Rashid, A. & Khan, A. M. (1974) Two new species of the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 from India, with a redescription of H. solani Rashid, 1972 (Nematoda: Hoplolaiminae). Indian Journal of Nematology, 2, 123 - 128.","Hui, X. & Zhixin, F. (1993) A new species of genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945: Helicotylenchus membranatus sp. nov. (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae). Acta Phtophylactica Sinica, 23, 337 - 339. [Original in Chinese]","Fortuner, R., Merny, G. & Roux, C. (1981) Morphometrical variability in Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945. 3: Observations on African populations of Helicotylenchus dihystera and considerations on related species. Revue de Nematologie, 4, 235 - 260.","Ali, S. S., Geraert, E. & Coomans, A. (1973) Some spiral nematodes from Africa. Biologische Jaarboek Dodonea, 41, 53 - 70.","Marais, M. (2001) A monograph of the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Nemata: Hoplolaimidae). Ph. D. Agric. Dissertation, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 293 pp."]}

Daramola, Fisayo Y., Orisajo, Samuel B., Malan, Antoinette P., Marais, Mariette (2020): Molecular characterization of Helicotylenchus multicinctus and H. dihystera (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae) from Theobroma cacao in Nigeria. Zootaxa 4778 (2): 343-356, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4778.2.6

Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb, 1893) Golden, 1956 = Tylenchus multicinctus Cobb, 1893 = Tylenchorhynchus multicinctus (Cobb, 1893) Micoletzky, 1922 = Anguillulina multicincta (Cobb, 1893) Goodey, 1932 = Rotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb, 1893) Filipjev, 1936 = Rotylenchus iperoiguensis Carvalho, 1956 = Helicotylenchus iperoiguensis (Carvalho, 1956) Andr��ssy, 1958 Description. Habitus spiral. Lip region hemispherical, slightly offset, with three to five annuli. Labial framework heavily sclerotized. Outer margins conspicuous and extending posteriorly for 3 to 4 body annules. Cephalids not seen. Stylet well developed (21���24) ��m. Stylets knobs prominent (5���6 ��m), wide, appearing anteriorly flattened or concave. Position of DGO about 1/4 the total stylet length and posteriorly located behind the stylet knobs. Median bulb round to oval, with a small, centrally placed valve. Glandular part of pharynx overlapping the intestine ventrally. Excretory pore close to pharyngo-intestinal junction. Epiptygma folded into vagina. Hemizonid two to three annules long, located 0���3 annules anterior to excretory pore. Ovaries paired and symmetrical, posterior branch slightly reduced than the anterior. Spermathecae slightly offset, rounded and filled with sperms. Vulva a depressed transverse slit at 67% of the body length. Phasmids pore-like and located from one to six annules anterior to anus level. Tail slightly tapering and curved more dorsally than ventrally, with six to fifteen annules. Ventral caudal projection and mucro absent. Remarks. The morphological and morphometric characters of this species are consistent with those previously reported in the original description of H. multicinctus from Nigeria (Sher 1966, Siddiqi 1972, Ali et al. 1973)., Published as part of Daramola, Fisayo Y., Orisajo, Samuel B., Malan, Antoinette P. & Marais, Mariette, 2020, Molecular characterization of Helicotylenchus multicinctus and H. dihystera (Tylenchida: Hoplolaimidae) from Theobroma cacao in Nigeria, pp. 343-356 in Zootaxa 4778 (2) on page 347, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4778.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/3826378, {"references":["Cobb, N. A. (1893) Plant diseases and their remedies. III. Nematode worms found attacking sugar-cane. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, 4, 808 - 833.","Golden, M. A. (1956) Taxonomy of the spiral nematodes (Rotylenchus and Helicotylenchus), and the developmental stages and host-parasite relationships of R. buxophilus, n. sp. attacking boxwood. University of Maryland, Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, A, 1 - 85.","Micoletzky, H. (1922) Die Freilebenden Erd-Nematoden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte. Abteilung, 9, 322 - 650.","Goodey, T. (1932) The genus Anguillulina Gerv. and v. Ben., 1859, vel Tylenchus Bastian, 1865. Journal of Helminthology, 10, 75 - 180. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0022149 X 00001346","Filipjev, I. N. (1936) Uber Freilebende und Pflanzenparasitische Gattungen der Tylenchinen. Travaux de I'Institut Zoologique de I'Academie des Sciences de I'URSS, 3, 537 - 550.","Carvalho, J. C. (1956) Helicotylenchus nannus (description of the male) and Rotylenchus iperoiguensis n. sp. Revitia Instituoto Adolfo Lutz, 16, 142 - 147.","Andrassy, I. (1958) Hoplolaimus tylenchiformis Daday, 1905 (Syn. H. coronatus Cobb, 1923) und die Gattungen der Unterfamilie Hoplolaiminae Filip'ev, 1936. Nematologica, 3, 44 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529258 X 00337","Sher, S. A. (1966) Revision of the Hoplolaiminae (Nematoda) VI. Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945. Nematologica, 12, 1 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529266 X 00013","Siddiqi, M. R. (1972) On the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Nematoda: Tylenchida), with descriptions of nine new species. Nematologica, 18, 74 - 91. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529272 X 00278","Ali, S. S., Geraert, E. & Coomans, A. (1973) Some spiral nematodes from Africa. Biologische Jaarboek Dodonea, 41, 53 - 70."]}

Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp. nov. (Figures 1–4) Measurements. Measurements of holotype female, 4 paratype females and 15 paratype males of P. ojcowensis sp. nov. are given in Table 1. Description. Body tapering towards both ends, bent ventrally after killing. Cuticle with well-marked annulation. The width of the annuli at midbody region 1.3–2.1 μm in females and 1.1–1.9 μm in males. Lateral field with 6 lines in the middle part of body, outer bands wider, sometimes partially areolated. Lines usually regular but some- times discontinuous or tangled. Head of both females and males conical, slightly rounded anteriorly, not separated from the body contour. In males the head is slightly higher than in females. The ratio of head width to height is 1.8–2.3 in males and 2.3–2.4 in females. Head in both sexes with 4–5 annuli. Basal plate of cephalic framework well developed, its posterior extension extending almost 3 annuli. Anterior and posterior cephalids distinct, lying 5–7 and 10–13 annuli behind the cephalic framework respectively. Stylet relatively short (20.3–21.3 µm in females, 17.7–20.9 µm in males) with oval knobs directed more or less posteriorly. Stylet base 5.2–5.7 µm wide in females and 4.0–5.0 in males. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice located 2.2–3.1 µm from the stylet base. Hemizonid 1–3 annuli wide, located 2–3 annuli anterior to excretory pore. Deirids at level of or slightly posterior to hemizonid. Median bulb oval, larger in females than in males; with the ratio of length to width also larger in females (1.4–1.7 vs 1.8–2.4). Dorsal pharyngeal nucleus located anterior to the cardia and two subventral pharyngeal nuclei located posterior (dCss). Pharyngeal glands overlapping intestine dorsally, by 1.8–2.6 times corresponding body diameter (all observations of pharyngeal glands are given only for females because these structures were not clearly visible in males). Intestinal fasciculi visible in most specimens. Female. Vulva thick, approximately 12 μm wide, slightly raised. Vagina with straight walls, perpendicular to the body axis, occupying about 50% of the corresponding body diameter. Spermatheca rounded to oval, axial, filled with rounded sperm. Female tail cylindrical with maximum 29 annuli. Tail terminus broadly rounded, annulated, final annuli wider than others. Phasmids located 27–37 µm anterior to the end of the tail. Male. Tail conical, curved to the dorsal side in about 1/4 of the length, with a terminal finger-shaped part bent ventrally. Spicules slightly curved ventrally, gubernaculum narrow with hook-shaped distal part. Caudal alae 57.5– 69.5 µm long, 7.5–9.7 µm wide with crenate margins. Phasmids located 21–37 µm anterior to the end of the tail. Type locality and habitat. Polish Jurassic Highland from soil around tangled roots of Elymus sp. and Trifolium sp. in xerothermic grasslands (N 50.22856 E 19.82599) in Ojców National Park, 13.07.2012, leg. Łukasz Flis and Olga Wiśniewska. Type material. Holotype female, 4 paratype females and 15 paratype males are deposited at the Nematode Col- lection of Museum and Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Science in Warsaw. Etymology. The species name “ ojcowensis ” refers to the name of National Park where this the new species was found. Diagnosis. Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp. nov. is characterized by conical heads with 4–5 annuli continuous with the body contour in both females and males; a relatively short stylet (20.3–21.3 µm females, 17.7–20.9 µm males) with oval stylet knobs directed posteriorly; a dorsal pharyngeal gland nucleus located anterior to the pharyngo-intestinal junction and two subventral pharyngeal nuclei located posterior to the cardia (dCss); a pharyngeal lobe of length about 2 body widths (1.8–2.6); lateral fields with 6 lines in the middle part of the body and sometimes with partially areolated outer bands; the presence of the intestinal fasciculi; round sperm in the spermatheca in females; a female tail with a maximum of 29 annuli and with an annulated tail terminus. Morphologically, Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp. nov. is most similar to P. alkani Yüksel 1977, P. ritteri Sher 1970, and P. nevadensis Talavera & Tobar 1996. It is distinguished from these species by the shape of the female head (conoid vs rounded), shorter stylet in females (20.3–21.3 µm vs 22.0–25.0 µm, 21.0–25.0 µm, 22.0–26.0 µm) and differences in 28S rDNA sequences. In addition (as per the original descriptions Yüksel 1977, Sher 1970, Talavera & Tobar 1996) it is distinguished from P. alkani by smaller number of male’s head annuli (4–5 vs 7–9), from P. ritteri it is distinguished by posteriorly directed stylet knobs (vs directed laterally), from P. nevadensis it is distinguished by oval and posteriorly directed stylet knobs (vs rounded and directed laterally). Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp. nov. can be separated from other species in the ritteri group (Ryss 2007) by the following. From P. arenarius Brzeski 1998 and P. bacilisimenus Sher 1970 it is distinguished by sperm shape (round vs rod shaped). From P. leiocauda Sher 1970 it is distinguished by having an annulated tail terminus. From P. maqsoodi Maqbool & Shahina 1989 it is distinguished by more head annuli (4–5 vs 2–3). From P. utahensis it is distinguished by having an annulated tail terminus, different shape of the male head (conoid vs rounded-truncate) and differences in 28S rDNA sequences. From P. vassilevi Stoianov & Baicheva 1988 it is distinguished by the shape of the head (conical and continuous with body contour vs broadly rounded and separated from the body contour) and posteriorly directed stylet knobs (vs directed laterally). The sequencing of the 28S rDNA D2 / D3 segment from sixteen P. ojcowensis sp. nov. specimens yielded 654–742 bp length sequences. Multiple-sequence alignment showed 606 homologous characters in all specimens. Phylogenetic trees generated from partial 28S rDNA sequences with maximum likelihood method using the general time reversible plus gamma substitution model and Pratylenchus thornei (JX261963) as outgroup showed that they form a well-defined separate clade with 99% bootstrap support (Fig. 5).

A new species of the genus Pratylenchoides has been described. It was found in Polish Jurassic Highland, in Ojców National Park. Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp. nov. was isolated from the soil located around tangled roots of Elymus sp. and Trifolium sp. This species is marked by a conical head in both females and males which is not separated from the body contour and has with 4–5 annuli; a relatively short stylet (20.3–21.3 µm females, 17.7–20.9 µm males) with oval knobs directed posteriorly; the dorsal pharyngeal nucleus located anterior to the cardia (the subventral pharyngeal nuclei located posterior; a pharyngeal lobe of length about two body widths (1.8–2.6); a lateral field with 6 lines in the middle part of body and sometimes with partially areolated outer bands; intestinal fasciculi present; round sperm in the spermatheca in females; a female tail with a maximum of 29 annuli, and an annulated tail terminus. The status of the new species has been verifiied by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 28S rDNA region. The results obtained in the study indicated that P. ojcowensis sp. nov. is most related to P. alkani, P. ritteri and P. nevadensis from which is distinguished by the shape of the female head (conoid vs rounded), shorter stylet in females (20.3–21.3 µm vs 22.0–25.0 µm, 21.0–25.0 µm, 22.0–26.0 µm) and differences in 28S rDNA sequences. In addition (as per the original descriptions Yüksel 1977, Sher 1970, Talavera & Tobar 1996) it is distinguished from P. alkani by smaller number of male’s head annuli (4–5 vs 7–9), from P. ritteri it is distinguished by posteriorly directed stylet knobs (vs directed laterally), from P. nevadensis it is distinguished by oval and posteriorly directed stylet knobs (vs rounded and directed laterally).

Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp. nov. (Figures 1���4) Measurements. Measurements of holotype female, 4 paratype females and 15 paratype males of P. ojcowensis sp. nov. are given in Table 1. Description. Body tapering towards both ends, bent ventrally after killing. Cuticle with well-marked annulation. The width of the annuli at midbody region 1.3���2.1 ��m in females and 1.1���1.9 ��m in males. Lateral field with 6 lines in the middle part of body, outer bands wider, sometimes partially areolated. Lines usually regular but some- times discontinuous or tangled. Head of both females and males conical, slightly rounded anteriorly, not separated from the body contour. In males the head is slightly higher than in females. The ratio of head width to height is 1.8���2.3 in males and 2.3���2.4 in females. Head in both sexes with 4���5 annuli. Basal plate of cephalic framework well developed, its posterior extension extending almost 3 annuli. Anterior and posterior cephalids distinct, lying 5���7 and 10���13 annuli behind the cephalic framework respectively. Stylet relatively short (20.3���21.3 ��m in females, 17.7���20.9 ��m in males) with oval knobs directed more or less posteriorly. Stylet base 5.2���5.7 ��m wide in females and 4.0���5.0 in males. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice located 2.2���3.1 ��m from the stylet base. Hemizonid 1���3 annuli wide, located 2���3 annuli anterior to excretory pore. Deirids at level of or slightly posterior to hemizonid. Median bulb oval, larger in females than in males; with the ratio of length to width also larger in females (1.4���1.7 vs 1.8���2.4). Dorsal pharyngeal nucleus located anterior to the cardia and two subventral pharyngeal nuclei located posterior (dCss). Pharyngeal glands overlapping intestine dorsally, by 1.8���2.6 times corresponding body diameter (all observations of pharyngeal glands are given only for females because these structures were not clearly visible in males). Intestinal fasciculi visible in most specimens. Female. Vulva thick, approximately 12 ��m wide, slightly raised. Vagina with straight walls, perpendicular to the body axis, occupying about 50% of the corresponding body diameter. Spermatheca rounded to oval, axial, filled with rounded sperm. Female tail cylindrical with maximum 29 annuli. Tail terminus broadly rounded, annulated, final annuli wider than others. Phasmids located 27���37 ��m anterior to the end of the tail. Male. Tail conical, curved to the dorsal side in about 1/4 of the length, with a terminal finger-shaped part bent ventrally. Spicules slightly curved ventrally, gubernaculum narrow with hook-shaped distal part. Caudal alae 57.5��� 69.5 ��m long, 7.5���9.7 ��m wide with crenate margins. Phasmids located 21���37 ��m anterior to the end of the tail. Type locality and habitat. Polish Jurassic Highland from soil around tangled roots of Elymus sp. and Trifolium sp. in xerothermic grasslands (N 50.22856 E 19.82599) in Ojc��w National Park, 13.07.2012, leg. Łukasz Flis and Olga Wiśniewska. Type material. Holotype female, 4 paratype females and 15 paratype males are deposited at the Nematode Col- lection of Museum and Institute of Zoology of the Polish Academy of Science in Warsaw. Etymology. The species name ��� ojcowensis ��� refers to the name of National Park where this the new species was found. Diagnosis. Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp. nov. is characterized by conical heads with 4���5 annuli continuous with the body contour in both females and males; a relatively short stylet (20.3���21.3 ��m females, 17.7���20.9 ��m males) with oval stylet knobs directed posteriorly; a dorsal pharyngeal gland nucleus located anterior to the pharyngo-intestinal junction and two subventral pharyngeal nuclei located posterior to the cardia (dCss); a pharyngeal lobe of length about 2 body widths (1.8���2.6); lateral fields with 6 lines in the middle part of the body and sometimes with partially areolated outer bands; the presence of the intestinal fasciculi; round sperm in the spermatheca in females; a female tail with a maximum of 29 annuli and with an annulated tail terminus. Morphologically, Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp. nov. is most similar to P. alkani Y��ksel 1977, P. ritteri Sher 1970, and P. nevadensis Talavera & Tobar 1996. It is distinguished from these species by the shape of the female head (conoid vs rounded), shorter stylet in females (20.3���21.3 ��m vs 22.0���25.0 ��m, 21.0���25.0 ��m, 22.0���26.0 ��m) and differences in 28S rDNA sequences. In addition (as per the original descriptions Y��ksel 1977, Sher 1970, Talavera & Tobar 1996) it is distinguished from P. alkani by smaller number of male���s head annuli (4���5 vs 7���9), from P. ritteri it is distinguished by posteriorly directed stylet knobs (vs directed laterally), from P. nevadensis it is distinguished by oval and posteriorly directed stylet knobs (vs rounded and directed laterally). Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp. nov. can be separated from other species in the ritteri group (Ryss 2007) by the following. From P. arenarius Brzeski 1998 and P. bacilisimenus Sher 1970 it is distinguished by sperm shape (round vs rod shaped). From P. leiocauda Sher 1970 it is distinguished by having an annulated tail terminus. From P. maqsoodi Maqbool & Shahina 1989 it is distinguished by more head annuli (4���5 vs 2���3). From P. utahensis it is distinguished by having an annulated tail terminus, different shape of the male head (conoid vs rounded-truncate) and differences in 28S rDNA sequences. From P. vassilevi Stoianov & Baicheva 1988 it is distinguished by the shape of the head (conical and continuous with body contour vs broadly rounded and separated from the body contour) and posteriorly directed stylet knobs (vs directed laterally). The sequencing of the 28S rDNA D2 / D3 segment from sixteen P. ojcowensis sp. nov. specimens yielded 654���742 bp length sequences. Multiple-sequence alignment showed 606 homologous characters in all specimens. Phylogenetic trees generated from partial 28S rDNA sequences with maximum likelihood method using the general time reversible plus gamma substitution model and Pratylenchus thornei (JX261963) as outgroup showed that they form a well-defined separate clade with 99% bootstrap support (Fig. 5)., Published as part of Winiszewska, Gra��yna, Dobosz, Renata, Malewski, Tadeusz & Skwiercz, Andrzej, 2020, Description of Pratylenchoides ojcowensis sp. nov. (Nematoda: Merlinidae) from Polish Jurassic Highland, pp. 117-128 in Zootaxa 4742 (1) on pages 119-121, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/3674527, {"references":["Yuksel, H. S. (1977) Pratylenchoides alkani sp. n. and P. erzumensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea) from soil in Turkey. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 44, 185 - 188.","Sher, S. A. (1970) Revision of the genus Pratylenchoides Winslow, 1958 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 37, 154 - 166.","Talavera, M. & Tobar, A. (1996) Description of Pratylenchoides nevadensis sp. n. from Southern Spain (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae). Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology, 6, 46 - 49.","Ryss, A. (2007) Taxonomy and evolution of the genus Pratylenchoides (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae). Parazitologyia, 43, 161 - 194.","Brzeski, M. W. (1998) Nematodes of Tylenchida in Poland and temperate Europe. Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa, 396 pp.","Stoianov, D. & Baicheva, O. (1988) Pratylenchoides vassilevi sp. n. (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) from wheat and maize crops in North Eastern Bulgaria. Comptes Rendu de l'Academie Bulgare des Sciences, 41, 73 - 75."]}

During investigation on the plant parasitic nematodes on bananas in North and Central provinces of Vietnam carried out in 1995 two new species were found, Hirschmanniella bananae n.sp. and Scutellonema tanlamese n.sp. Hirschmanniella bananae n.sp. is characterized by having 6 annuli in lip region, areolation of entire lateral field and presence of a mid-terminal mucro at the tail end. The new species is close to H. shamini Ahmad, 1972 but differs from H. shamini by longer body length in females (1450-1750 µm vs 1190-1360 mm), longer stylet longer (18-20.5 mm vs 16-19 mm) and longer spicule longer (28-29.5 mm vs 22-25 mm). Scutellonema tanlamese n.sp. is characterized by lip region with three annuli and numerous longitudinal ridges (18) in basal annulus and structure of lateral field at the tail region with inner lines extending to tail terminus. The new species is closest to S. brachyurus type B (African populations) described by Van Den Berg et al. in 2013 but can be distinguished by body length shorter (643-708 µm vs 777-820 µm), stylet length shorter ((24.5-26.5 µm vs 28-29.5 mm, and also by structure of lateral field with two inner lines going throught at tail region and vulval edge distinct with epiptygma appearing double and folded into vagina. Citation: Nguyen Ngoc Chau, 2017. Two new species of plant parasitic nematodes Hirschmanniella bananae n.sp. (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) and Scutellonema tanlamense n.sp. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) associated with banana in Vienam. Tap chi Sinh hoc, 39(3): 253-263. DOI: 10.15625/0866-7160/v39n3.10665. *Corresponding author: nguyengochau.iebr@gmail.com Received 19 August 2017, accepted 12 September 2017

The spiral nematode Helicotylenchus oleae is an ectoparasite of olive roots and is distributed in some countries in the Mediterranean Basin. In this study, we provided morphological and molecular characterisation of topotypes from southern Italy, as well as of several other populations from Crete (Greece) and Spain. Correct identification of plant-parasitic nematode species is essential to establish appropriate control strategies and for preventing their spread to other areas. Helicotylenchus oleae is reported for the first time in Greece (Crete). Integrative morphometric and molecular data for H. oleae populations using D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rDNA, ITS-rDNA, and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (coxI), were in agreement with the original descriptions of the species, except for some minor differences, which may be a result of intraspecific variability. The phylogenetic relationships of this species with other representatives of Helicotylenchus spp. using D2-D3 expansion segments and the ITS-rRNA region was studied showing a low intraspecific diversity for H. oleae species. For the first time, coxI molecular data is obtained for the genus Helicotylenchus., This research was supported by grant P12-AGR 1486 from ‘Consejería de Economía, Innvovación y Ciencia’ from Junta de Andalucía, and Union Europea, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo regional, ‘Una manera de hacer Europa’, grant 201740E042, "Análisis de diversidad molecular, barcoding, y relaciones filogenéticas de nematodos fitoparásitos en cultivos mediterráneos" from Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), grant KBBE 219262 ArimNET-ERANET FP7 2012-2015 Project PESTOLIVE ‘Contribution of olive history for the management of soilborne parasites in the Mediterranean basin’ from Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), and AGL-2012-37521 from ‘Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad’ of Spain.

Radopholoides japonicus n. sp. isolated from rhizospheric soil samples associated with Podocarpus macrophyllus imported from Japan into Ningbo Port of China is described and illustrated. It is characterised by four lateral lines, lip region low, convex with three annuli. Stylet 16.5-18.5 μm long with anteriorly sloping rounded knobs. Excretory pore at the level of pharyngo-intestinal junction. Vulva posteriorly located, vulval lips not protruding, spermatheca squarish. Post-vulval uterine sac 35-44 μm long. Tail conoid with broadly rounded terminus, phasmid 6-8 annuli posterior to anus. Among five species of genus Radopholoides, the new species is close to R. antoni but can be differentiated from it by lip and tail morphology. This is the first Radopholoides species that provided detailed morphological and molecular characterisation. Maximum Likelihood analysis using the Shimodaira-Hasegawa test for the validity of Radopholoides was performed and showed the validity of the genus using the partial 18S and D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S., The research was supported by the Ningbo Science and Technology Innovation Team grant 2015C110018, and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine Issue grant 2016IK168 in China. The first author thanks the Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) for providing the research fellowship.

Investigations on entomopathogenic and plant parasitic nematodes in some natural forests in the Ngoc Linh mountain (Quang Nam province) and the Thuong Xuan forest (Thanh Hoa province) revealed three new species of plant parasitic nematodes belonging to the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945 (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae). These new species were named Helicotylenchus castanus sp. n., Helicotylenchus madhucus sp. n. and Helicotylenchus digitus sp. n. with morphological characteristics described and illustrated. The new species Helicotylenchus castanus sp.n. is characterized by the highly hemispherical shape of the lip region, extremely short and rounded tail without projection. The second new species Helicotylenchus madhucus sp. n. is characterized by high lip region with 4-5 annuli, hemispherical and not set off from body contour, stylet 31.3-35.9 (33.3 ± 1.3) µm long, tail with a short ventral projection and the presence of males in the population. The third new species, Helicotylenchus digitus sp.n. was recognized by broad rounded tail with strong annulated projection in the digital shape, and also the presence of males in population.

Trichotylenchus gorganiensis n. sp. is described and illustrated based on morphological and morphometric data. The new species is characterized by its 760–1073 µm long body, conoid-rounded lip region continuous with the body contour and bearing 5–7 fine striae, 22.0–24.5 µm long stylet, basal pharyngeal bulb offset or slightly overlapping intestine, post-anal sac extending 50–73 % of the tail region, and cylindrical or subclavate tail with a striated terminus. Differences of the new species from the closely related species T. astriatus, T. astriatoides, T. changlingensis and T. papyrus are discussed. Photomicrographs and several taxonomic notes on 13 other species of Telotylenchinae, collected from Iran, are provided.

Description of Trichotylenchus gorganiensis n. sp. (Figs 1 & 2) Measurements. See Table 1. Female. Body usually open to close C-shaped. Cuticle prominently striated; annuli 1.2���1.8 ��m wide at midbody. Lateral fields 7.0���8.4 ��m wide at mid-body, occupying 29���40 % of body width; with three longitudinal incisures and two equal bands; outer lines crenate. Lip region conoid-rounded, slightly convex at anterior end; 7.0��� 8.6 ��m wide at base and 4.3���5.0 ��m high, continuous with the body contour; transversely striated with 5���7 annuli which are narrower and finer than other cuticular annuli; perioral disc distinct. Basal and radial plates of the cephalic framework weakly sclerotized, but vestibule wall thick and sclerotized. Stylet slender and attenuated, 2.7��� 3.1 times the lip region width; conus 10���12 ��m long, as long as or slightly shorter than shaft; knobs relatively weak, 3���4 ��m across, directed posteriorly or laterally. Orifice of dorsal pharyngeal gland 2.5���5.0 ��m from the base of stylet. Procorpus rather wide, metacorpus ellipsoid with prominent valve plates, located at the middle of pharynx; isthmus slender; basal pharyngeal bulb saccate, offset from intestine or often overlapping the anterior end of intestine very slightly. Secretory-excretory pore located at level of the anterior end of the pharyngeal basal bulb, hemizonid at the same level or one annule anterior to it. Pharyngo-intestinal valve prominent, rounded, two-celled. Ovaries outstretched; the anterior 192���390 ��m and the posterior one 161���368 ��m long; with single row of oocytes, except in multiplication region. Vulva a transverse slit, flush with the body surface, without epiptygma. Vagina as long as 46���60 % of the corresponding body width. Spermathecae rounded, usually empty or sometimes filled with globular sperm. Rectum about 0.8���1.3 times of the anal body width. Post-anal sac 24���40 ��m long, extending 50��� 73% of tail length. Tail cylindrical to subclavate, with a truncated or slightly rounded, annulated terminus; striae on tail terminus as wide as or sometimes wider than the other tail striae; some specimens with only two or three deep and coarse striae on tail terminus. Phasmids usually located on posterior half of tail. Male. Similar to female in general characteristics. Spicules arcuate, distally flanged, equipped with a velum. Gubernaculum hook-shaped, proximal end directed posteriorly. Bursa crenate, enveloping entire tail. Phasmids located 19���24 ��m posterior to anus, usually slightly anterior to mid tail region. Diagnosis and relationships. Trichotylenchus gorganiensis n. sp. is characterized by its large body size (760��� 1073 ��m), relatively long stylet (22.0���24.5 ��m), conoid-rounded lip region bearing 5���7 fine striae and continuous with the body contour, pharyngeal glands offset or slightly overlapping intestine, post-anal sac approximately half of tail length, and cylindrical or subclavate tail with striated tail terminus. The new species comes close to T. astriatus Khan & Nanjappa, 1971, T. astriatoides Rahaman, Ahmad, Khan & Ahmad, 1992, T. changlingensis (Xu, Xie, Zeng, Chen & Zhou, 2011) Geraert, 2011 and T. papyrus (Siddiqi, 1970) Seinhorst, 1971. This new species can be separated from T. astriatus by having a relatively longer body (760���1073 vs. 490���680 ��m), higher value of a ratio (35���45 vs. 22���33), more head annuli (5���7 vs. 1���4), shape of the stylet knobs (directed posteriorly or laterally vs. anteriorly cupped), and a slightly longer tail (48���66 vs. 35���52 ��m) with different shape (cylindrical to subclavate vs. regularly tapering). It can be distinguished from T. astriatoides by having a relatively longer body size (760���1073 vs. 560���680 ��m), higher values of a (35���45 vs. 31���35) and c (16���20 vs. 11���13) ratios, smaller value of c�� ratio (2.9���3.7 vs. 3.9���4.8), longer post-anal sac (24���40 ��m and 50���73% of tail length vs. 13���16 ��m and about 30%), tail shape (cylindrical to subclavate vs. gradually tapering) and spicules length (25���28 vs. 21 ��m). It differs from T. changlingensis, by more anterior pharyngeal median bulb (MB = 46���54 vs. 62���68), lip region demarcation (continuous vs. distinctly offset), tail shape (cylindrical to subclavate vs. subconoid), striated tail terminus (vs. unstriated). T. gorganiensis n. sp. differs from T. papyrus in having a smaller c�� value (2.9���3.7 vs. 3.7���4.2), slightly more posterior vulva (55���60 vs. 52���55 %), structure of lateral field (non-areolated vs. regularly areolated), and presence of post-anal sac (present vs. absent). Type habitat and locality. Specimens recovered from rhizosphere of camel thorn (Alhagi sp.) on riverside of Gorgan Rood river, near Gorgan, (GPS coordinates: 36��89'66.7"N, 54��27'50.78"E), Golestan province, northern Iran; September 2015. Type material. Holotype, eight paratype females and five paratype males were deposited in the nematode collection of the Department of Plant Protection, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Etymology. The species epithet refers to Gorgan, the Iranian city where the new species was recovered., Published as part of Ghaderi, Reza, Karegar, Akbar & Miraeiz, Esmaeil, 2018, Morphological characterization of Trichotylenchus gorganiensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Dolichodoridae) and photomicrographs of several other species of the subfamily Telotylenchinae Siddiqi, 1960, pp. 447-480 in Zootaxa 4526 (4) on pages 448-449, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/3714071, {"references":["Khan, E. & Nanjappa, C. K. (1971) Trophurus similis sp. n. and Trichotylenchus astriatus sp. n. (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea) from Mysore, India. Indian Journal of Nematology, 1, 75 - 79.","Rahaman, P. F., Ahmad, W., Khan, Z. & Ahmad, I. (1992) Two new species of Tylenchoidea (Nemata) and observations on Merlinius macrodens (Allen, 1955) Siddiqi, 1970. Fundamental and Applied Nematology, 15, 309 - 317.","Xu, C., Xie, H., Zeng, Y., Chen, C. & Zhou, C. (2011) Description of Uliginotylenchus changlingensis n. sp. (Tylenchida: Belonolaimidae) from potato in China. Nematology, 13, 45 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 138855410 X 517020","Geraert, E. (2011) The Dolichodoridae of the World. Identification of the Family Dolichodoridae. Academia Press, Ghent, 520 pp.","Siddiqi, M. R. (1970) On the plant-parasitic nematode genera Merlinius gen. n. and Tylenchorhynchus Cobb and the classification of the families Dolichodoridae and Belonolaimidae n. rank. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washingthon, 37, 68 - 77.","Seinhorst, J. W. (1971) On the genera Trichotylenchus and Telotylenchus. Nematologica, 17, 413 - 416. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529271 X 00648"]}

Morphological observations are made on several populations of Hoplolaimus indicus and Hoplolaimus seinhorsti, recovered from rhizosphere of mango, tamarind, sour orange and sugarcane from the southern regions of Iran. Detailed studies on the two species Hoplolaimus dubius and H. indicus being separated from each other based on some morphological characters, revealed each of them having intra-specific and overlapping variations in morphology and morphometric ranges, enough for not separating two closely related aforementioned species and as a result, H. dubius is considered as a junior synonym of H. indicus. Observations on H. seinhorsti also supported the Siddiqi's decision on the synonymy of Hoplolaimus sheri with H. seinhorsti. The results of the phylogenetic analyses using D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene were in agreement with the results of previous works, i.e. the classic scheme for assigning species of the genus into two "ancestral" and/or "derived" groups was supported. In phylogenetic trees inferred, using different analysis methods, the Iranian populations of H. indicus were located in the same clade with H. seinhorsti and H. columbus, belonging to "derived" group of species of the genus characterized by having six nuclei in pharyngeal glands, less than four incisures at each lateral field and anteriorly situated position of excretory pore to hemizonid.

In total, 10 populations of Helicotylenchus associated with Musa spp., six from Colombia, and four from Brazil were identified to the species level. Morphological and morphometric data were recorded for each population, performed a principal components analysis (PCA), a conglomerate, along with consensus sequences of D2 to D3 expansion segment of the large subunit of ribosomal DNA (28S) for different populations. Identify of species were performed using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), and the evolutionary relationships of species were explored using a phylogeny study. Four species of Helicotylenchus were identified based on morphological and morphometric data: H. multicinctus, H. dihystera, H. erythrinae, and H. californicus. PCA and conglomerate analysis clearly separated these species. BLAST and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of these species associated with Musa spp. crops. This is the first report of these species in Colombia through integrative taxonomy. In total, 10 populations of Helicotylenchus associated with Musa spp., six from Colombia, and four from Brazil were identified to the species level. Morphological and morphometric data were recorded for each population, performed a principal components analysis (PCA), a conglomerate, along with consensus sequences of D2 to D3 expansion segment of the large subunit of ribosomal DNA (28S) for different populations. Identify of species were performed using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), and the evolutionary relationships of species were explored using a phylogeny study. Four species of Helicotylenchus were identified based on morphological and morphometric data: H. multicinctus, H. dihystera, H. erythrinae, and H. californicus. PCA and conglomerate analysis clearly separated these species. BLAST and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of these species associated with Musa spp. crops. This is the first report of these species in Colombia through integrative taxonomy.

Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus (Steiner, 1914) Golden, 1956 (FiguRE 2) Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus WaS dEScRibEd fROm SOil cOllEcTEd fROm undER mOSS nEaR AlTmaTT, SWiTzERland and SubSEquEnTlY REpORTEd fROm all ThE biOgEOgRaphical REgiOnS. FORTunER et al. ( 1984) REpORTEd ThaT H. pseudorobustus iS cOnSidEREd afTER H. dihystera and H. multicinctus, TO bE ThE mOST fREquEnTlY REpORTEd SpEciES Of ThE gEnuS WORldWidE. RaThORE & TiWaRi (2016) REpORTEd 47 planT SpEciES ThaT acT aS hOSTS Of H. pseudorobustus. Measurements. SEE TablE 1. Description. FEmalES (n = 12): HabiTuS SpiRal. Lip REgiOn 4.1 �� 0.3 (3.83���4.9) ��m high and 5.8 �� 0.8 (4.9��� 7.73) ��m WidE, anTERiORlY hEmiSphERical and cOnTinuES WiTh bOdY cOnTOuR, WiTh ThREE TO fOuR annulES. ThE labial fRamEWORk iS SclEROTizEd, OuTER maRginS EXTEnd 1���2 ��m backWaRd fROm baSal plaTE. CEphalidS nOT SEEn. STYlET 25.2 �� 1.9 (23.5���27) ��m lOng, cOnuS 10.6 �� 0.6 (9.8���12) ��m. STYlET knObS 2.3 �� 0.38 (2.0���3.2) ��m high and 5.7 �� 1.34 (4.9���9.8) ��m WidE, anTERiOR facES flaTTEnEd (85%) TO indEnTEd (15%). POSiTiOn Of DGO 8.2 �� 1.17 (6.8���9.8) ��m pOSTERiOR TO STYlET knObS. MEdian phaRYngEal bulb OVal TO ROundEd, 1 3���14 ��m lOng and 9���10 ��m WidE; ValVE 3���4 ��m lOng and 2���3 ��m WidE. HEmizOnid OnE TO TWO annluES lOng, lOcaTEd OnE TO TWO annulES anTERiOR TO SEcRETORY- EXcRETORY pORE. HEmizOniOn nOT SEEn. NERVE Ring aT iSThmuS lEVEl, aT 95.8 �� 6.9 (85���106) ��m fROm anTERiOR End Of nEmaTOdES and 12.3 �� 1.6 (9.6���15.9) % Of ThE bOdY lEngTh. SEcRETORY-EXcRETORY pORE OpEning OppOSiTE iSThmuS lEVEl aT 116.3 �� 4.4 (1106���126) ��m fROm anTERiOR End Of nEmaTOdES, 14.9 �� 1.12 (12.3���16.8) % Of ThE bOdY lEngTh. DEiRidS nOT ObSERVEd. TWO bRanchES Of REpROducTiVE TRacT bOTh funcTiOnal, lEngTh Of pOSTERiOR bRanch 82.4 �� 22.9 (57.8���134) % Of cORRESpOnding anTERiOR bRanch lEngTh; anTERiOR bRanch 170.5 TO 293. ��m and pOSTERiOR bRanch 124 TO 275 ��m lOng; EpipTYgma ROundEd, SpERmaThEca aXial; VulVa SiTuaTEd aT 46 TO 65 % Of bOdY lEngTh. LaTERal fiEld 5.3 �� 1.14 (3.9���6.8) WidE; innER TWO linES End On Tail in a U-ShapEd paTTERn. REcTum 0.9���1.2 TimES ThE anal bOdY diamETER. InTESTinE nOT EXTEndEd OVER REcTum. Caudalid nOT SEEn. PhaSmid lOcaTEd fROm EighT TO 13 annulES anTERiOR TO anuS, WiTh a diamETER Of 0.5���0.7 ��m bETWEEn SEcOnd and ThiRd linE. Tail 20 �� 2.9 (14���25) ��m lOng, WiTh SEVEn TO 11 VEnTRal annulES, Tail mORE cuRVEd dORSallY WiTh ROundEd pROJEcTiOn (3���4 ��m lOng). MalE: nOT fOund. Locality and habitat. SpEcimEnS cOllEcTEd fROm ThE RhizOSphERE Of a Poa Sp., in KERman (KERman PROVincE), SOuThERn IRan. Other material examined (SEE TablE 1). ThE OThER pOpulaTiOn EXaminEd iS VERY SimilaR TO ThE pOpulaTiOn fROm KERman. Remarks. ThE SpEcimEnS WERE cOnSidEREd TO bE H. pseudorobustus bEcauSE Of SpiRal habiTuS, ROundEd lip REgiOn, bOdY lEngTh (mEan 711���782 ��m), pOSiTiOn Of VulVa (mEan 59���62%), phaSmidS anTERiOR TO anuS, Tail mORE cuRVEd dORSallY WiTh ROundEd pROJEcTiOn and malES abSEnT. ThE pRESEnT SpEcimEnS Of H. pseudorobustus cOnfORmEd TO ThE amEndEd dEScRipTiOn Of FORTunER et al. (1984) and SubbOTin et al. (2015). ThE cuRREnT SpEcimEnS��� dEScRipTiOnS agREEd WiTh ThE IRanian SpEcimEnS REpORTEd bY MOhammad DEimi and MiTkOWSki (2010), hOWEVER, ThEY diffER in Tail lEngTh (13.7���24.5 vs 7.1���11.3 ��m). GEnERallY, ThE uppER RangE Of ThE bOdY lEngTh (934 ��m) WaS lOngER Than ThE pREViOuSlY REcORdEd 895 ��m (SubbOTin et al. 2015). DNA chaRacTERiSaTiOn: ThE 28S RRNA gEnE SEquEncES Of H. pseudorobustus amplifiEd bY ThE TWO pRimERS D2A and D3B WERE 409 and 486 baSE paiRS (bp) lOng, RESpEcTiVElY. WiThin ThiS fRagmEnT, 16 bp diffEREncES diSTinguiShEd ThE IRanian pOpulaTiOn (MF996708) fROm ThE ITalian pOpulaTiOn Of H. pseudorobustus (accESSiOn nR. DQ328750; 96% idEnTiTY) and 19 bp fROm ThE USA H. dihystera SpEcimEnS (accESSiOn nR. HM014262; 97% idEnTiTY). In addiTiOn, ThE OThER pOpulaTiOn STudiEd (MF996709) ShOWEd 99% SimilaRiTY and SEVEn bp diffEREncES WiTh ThE ITalian pOpulaTiOn Of H. pseudorobustus (DQ328750)., Published as part of Shokoohi, Ebrahim, Marais, Mariette, Fourie, Hendrika & Panahi, Hadi, 2018, Morphological and molecular characterization of three Helicotylenchus species from Iran, pp. 207-220 in Zootaxa 4388 (2) on pages 210-211, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1187941

Helicotylenchus digonicus Perry in Perry Darling & Thorne, 1959 (FiguRE 1) Helicotylenchus digonicus WaS dEScRibEd fROm Poa pratensis L. in WiScOnSin (USA) and SincE REpORTEd fROm all ThE biOgEOgRaphical REgiOnS. Measurements: SEE TablE 1. Description. FEmalE (n=7): HabiTuS SpiRal. Lip REgiOn 4.1��0.4 (3.4���5) ��m high and 5.6��1.2 (4���8) ��m WidE, anTERiORlY flaTTEnEd and cOnTinuES WiTh bOdY cOnTOuR, WiTh fOuR TO fiVE annulES. ThE labial fRamEWORk iS WEll SclEROTizEd, WiTh OuTER maRginS Of ThE labial fRamEWORk EXTEnding 2���3 ��m fROm baSal plaTE. CEphalidS nOT SEEn. STYlET 24.3��1.6 (23���28) ��m lOng, lEngTh Of cOnuS 10.7 TO 12.3 ��m. STYlET knObS anTERiOR facE flaTTEnEd (32%) TO indEnTEd (68%). POSiTiOn Of dORSal phaRYngEal gland OpEning (DGO) 9.4��2.3 (6���13) ��m anTERiOR TO STYlET knObS. MEdian phaRYngEal bulb OVal TO ROund, 13���14 ��m lOng and 9���10 ��m WidE; ValVE 2���3 ��m lOng and 1���2 ��m WidE. PhaRYnX lOng, WiTh lEngTh TO End Of gland 120.6��10.3 (102���134) ��m. PhaRYnX WiTh an 27���28 ��m lOng VEnTRal OVERlap. HEmizOnid lOcaTEd 1 TO 3 annulES anTERiOR TO EXcRETORY pORE. HEmizOniOn nOT SEEn. FaSciculi nOT SEEn. CuTiclE annulaTEd, 1.0 TO 2.0 ��m. NERVE Ring aT iSThmuS, aT 62���70% Of phaRYngEal lEngTh. SEcRETORY-EXcRETORY pORE OpEning OppOSiTE iSThmuS, aT 73���86% Of phaRYngEal lEngTh. DEiRidS nOT SEEn; OVaRiES nOT REflEXEd; OViducT appaREnTlY ShORT, lESS Than a half Of ThE cORRESpOnding bOdY diamETER; nOT WEll diffEREnTiaTEd fROm ThE OVaRY; SpERmaThEca OVal TO ROundEd; SpERmaThEca lESS Than ThE cORRESpOnding bOdY diamETER, SpERm nOT SEEn; uTERuS TubulaR, 0.9 TimES ThE cORRESpOnding bOdY diamETER. VulVa WiThOuT pROTRuding lipS and EpYpTigma, lOcaTEd aT 60 % Of bOdY lEngTh. LaTERal fiEld WiTh 4 linES, innER TWO linES End On Tail in u-ShapE paTTERn. REcTum 0.9���1.2 TimES ThE anal bOdY diamETER. InTESTinE nOT EXTEndEd OVER REcTum. PORE-likE phaSmid TWO TO ThREE annulES anTERiOR TO anuS. Tail 15.3��2 (12���18) lOng, ShapE mORE cuRVEd dORSalY; WiTh SEVEn TO ninE VEnTRal Tail annulES. Tail mORE cuRVEd dORSallY, dORSal SidE JOinS VEnTRal SidE, WiTh SlighT VEnTRal pROJEcTiOn. MalE: nOT fOund. Locality and habitat. ThE maTERialS EXaminEd WERE cOllEcTEd in BafT (KERman PROVincE), SOuTh Of IRan, fROm ThE RhizOSphERE Of Juglans regia L. Remarks. ThE cuRREnT SpEcimEnS WERE idEnTifiEd aS H. digonicus bEcauSE Of habiTuS bEing mOSTlY SpiRal, STYlET lEngTh (mEan ValuE: 24 ��m), bOdY lEngTh (mEan ValuE: 736 ��m), Tail mORE cuRVEd dORSallY, dORSal SidE JOinS VEnTRal SidE aT an anglE and nO malES. ThE cuRREnT IRanian SpEcimEnS Of H. digonicus agREE WiTh ThE TYpE and SubSEquEnT dEScRipTiOnS (ShER, 1966; HaShim, 1982; WOuTS and YEaTES, 1994; MaRaiS, 2001; SubbOTin et al. 2015). In cOmpaRiSOn WiTh ThE IRanian indiVidualS REpORTEd fROm ThE Hamadan PROVincE Of IRan bY HaSSanzadEh et al. (2005), ThERE iS nO SignificanT diffEREncE EXcEpT fOR a SlighTlY ShORTER Tail lEngTh (12���18 vs 7���21 ��m). COmpaREd WiTh H. digonicus REpORTEd fROm ThE cEnTRal paRT Of IRan (MaRkazi PROVincE) bY MOhammad DEimi and MiTkOWSki (2010), nO SignificanT diffEREncE WaS, hOWEVER, ObSERVEd. In cOmpaRiSOn WiTh ThOSE STudiEd bY KnOblOch and Laughlin (1973), ThEY diffER in bOdY lEngTh (670���852 vs 590���710), c (40���57 vs 24���35), Tail annuli (7���9 vs 10���14) and phaSmid diSTancE fROm anuS (2���3 vs 5���9). COmpaREd TO ThE SpEcimEnS Of ThiS SpEciES STudiEd bY SubbOTin et al. (2015), ThEY diffEREd in c��� (0.9���1.2 vs 0.9���1.5), V (58���70 vs 61.5���63.7), Tail annuli (7���9 vs 8���15) and phaSmid diSTancE fROm anuS (2���3 vs 0���2 annuli). In cOmpaRiSOn WiTh ThOSE STudiEd bY MaRaiS (2001), ThEY diffEREd in bOdY lEngTh (670���852 vs 525���874 ��m), a (25���29 vs 19.1���35.4), c (40���57 vs 28.7���83), c��� (0.9���1.2 vs 0.5���1.6), STYlET lEngTh (23���28 vs 22���31 ��m), DGO (6���13 vs 8���16 ��m), Tail annuli (7���9 vs 5���8) and phaSmid diSTancE fROm anuS (2��� 3 vs 6���14 annuli). DNA chaRacTERiSaTiOn: ThE 28S RRNA gEnE SEquEncE Of H. digonicus amplifiEd bY ThE TWO pRimERS D2A and D3B WaS 774 baSE paiRS (bp) lOng. WiThin ThiS fRagmEnT, 27 bp diffEREncES diSTinguiShEd ThE IRanian pOpulaTiOn fROm ThE ITalian pOpulaTiOn Of H. digonicus (accESSiOn nR. DQ328758; 93% idEnTiTY) and 69 bp diffEREncES fROm H. digonicus (accESSiOn nR. HM014240; 88% idEnTiTY) fROm SOuTh AfRica. In addiTiOn, cOmpaREd TO ThE USA iSOlaTE Of H. digonicus (accESSiOn nR. HM014274; 88% idEnTiTY), ThE IRanian SpEcimEnS ShOWEd 72 bp diffEREncES., Published as part of Shokoohi, Ebrahim, Marais, Mariette, Fourie, Hendrika & Panahi, Hadi, 2018, Morphological and molecular characterization of three Helicotylenchus species from Iran, pp. 207-220 in Zootaxa 4388 (2) on pages 209-210, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1187941

Helicotylenchus vulgaris Yuen, 1964 (FiguRE 3) Helicotylenchus vulgaris WaS dEScRibEd fROm gRaSS, England (YuEn, 1964) and SincE REpORTEd fROm ThE AfROTROpical (MaRaiS & SWaRT, 1999), AuSTRalian (WOuTS & KnighT, 1993), ORiEnTal (HaShim, 1985) and PalEaRcTic (FORTunER, 1991) biOgEOgRaphical REgiOnS. Measurements. SEE TablE 1. Description. FEmalES (n= 7): HabiTuS OpEn SpiRal. AnnulES 1 TO 2 ��m WidE. Lip REgiOn 5.5 �� 0.6 (5���6) high and 7.1 �� 1 (6���9) WidE, anTERiORlY flaTTEnEd and cOnTinuES WiTh bOdY cOnTOuR, WiTh fOuR TO fiVE annulES. OuTER maRginS Of labial fRamEWORk EXTEnd 2���3 ��m fROm baSal plaTE. CEphalidS nOT SEEn. STYlET 24 TO 28 ��m lOng, WiTh cOnuS lEngTh 10.8 TO 13.8 ��m, STYlET knOb 2.55 �� 0.4 (2���2.9) ��m high and 5.6 �� 0.4 (4.9���5.9) ��m WidE; anTERiOR facES flaTTEnEd TO indEnTEd. POSiTiOn Of DGO 11.9 �� 1.9 (8.8���14) ��m bEhind STYlET knObS. MEdian phaRYngEal bulb OVal TO ROund, 14���16 ��m lOng and 10���12 ��m lOng; ValVE 5���6 ��m lOng and 3���5 ��m WidE. HEmizOnid 1���2 annulES lOng, lOcaTEd OnE TO ThREE annulES anTERiOR TO ThE EXcRETORY pORE. HEmizOniOn nOT SEEn. NERVE Ring lOcaTEd aT iSThmuS, aT 97.7�� 6.5 (85���105) fROm anTERiOR End, and aT 56���69% Of phaRYngEal lEngTh. SEcRETORY-EXcRETORY pORE OpEning OppOSiTE baSal bulb, aT 118.5�� 7.1 (112���143) fROm anTERiOR End and aT 70���86% Of phaRYngEal lEngTh. DEiRidS nOT SEEn. ThE TWO bRanchES Of ThE REpROducTiVE SYSTEm bOTh funcTiOnal, lEngTh Of pOSTERiOR bRanch 94.8 ��13.1 (77���117) % Of cORRESpOnding anTERiOR bRanch lEngTh. EpipTYgma fOldEd inTO Vagina. LaTERal fiEld 6.6 �� 1.12 (4.9���7.8) ��m WidE; innER TWO linES End On Tail in U-ShapEd fORm. REcTum 0.9���1.0 TimES ThE anal bOdY diamETER, nOT OVERlapping anuS. InTESTinE nOT EXTEndEd OVER REcTum. PhaSmidS lOcaTEd ThREE TO SiX annulES anTERiOR TO anuS. Tail 14 �� 2 (11��� 16) lOng, bEnT and aSYmmETRical, i.E. mORE cuRVEd dORSallY, WiTh ROundEd End and 10 TO 13 VEnTRal annulES. AnnulES On Tail finE, WiTh SlighT VEnTRal pROJEcTiOn. InnER inciSORS Of laTERal fiEld fuSEd diSTallY. standard deviation (range). ������continued on the next page MalE: nOT fOund. Locality and habitat. ThE SpEcimEnS EXaminEd WERE cOllEcTEd fROm ThE RhizOSphERE Of Hordeum vulgaris in ThE BafT PROVincE Of KERman, SOuThERn IRan. Other material examined (SEE TablE 1). ThE OThER pOpulaTiOn EXaminEd iS VERY SimilaR TO ThE pOpulaTiOn fROm BafT. Remarks. ThE SpEcimEnS WERE idEnTifiEd aS H. vulgaris bEcauSE Of ThE pRESEncE Of ThE finE and SubdiVidEd annulES On ThE Tail Tip, anTERiORlY flaTTEnEd lip REgiOn, STYlET lEngTh (23 28 ��m), ThE cuRREnT SpEcimEnS WERE cOmpaREd WiTh ThE TYpE dEScRipTiOn bY YuEn (1964) and REdEScRipTiOn Of paRaTYpES bY ShER (1966). ThE pRESEnT IRanian SpEcimEnS Of H. vulgaris cOnfORm TO ThOSE EXaminEd pREViOuSlY (ShER, 1966; WOuTS and KnighT, 1993; MaRaiS, 1998). ThE cuRREnT IRanian SpEcimEnS diffER fROm ThE SOuTh AfRican SpEcimEnS (WOuTS & KnighT, 1993; MaRaiS, 1998) in STYlET lEngTh (23���28 ��m vs 28���33 ��m) and fROm ThE NEW ZEaland SpEcimEnS in pOSiTiOn Of phaSmidS (3���6 annuli anTERiOR TO anuS vs 5���15 annuli anTERiOR TO anuS). In cOmpaRiSOn WiTh ThE maTERialS STudiEd bY MaRaiS (1998), ThEY diffEREd in STYlET lEngTh (24���28 ��m VS 28���32 ��m) and phaSmid pOSiTiOn (3���6 annuli anTERiOR TO anuS vs 6 annuli anTERiOR and OnE annuli pOSTERiOR TO anuS). In cOmpaRiSOn WiTh ThE IRanian SpEcimEnS STudiEd bY HaSSanzadEh et al. (2005), ThOSE EXaminEd fOR ThiS STudY diffER in bOdY lEngTh (621���858 vs 777���1063 ��m), STYlET lEngTh (23���28 vs 29���34 ��m) and phaSmid pOSiTiOn (3���6 annuli bEfORE anuS vs 5���18 annuli bEfORE anuS). COmpaREd WiTh ThE SpEcimEnS STudiEd bY MOhammad DEimi and MiTkOWSki (2010) ThE IRanian SpEcimEnS STudiEd diffER in bOdY lEngTh (vs 988���1112 ��m) and STYlET lEngTh (vs 28.8���35.4 ��m). DNA characterisation: ThE 28S RRNA gEnE SEquEncES Of H. vulgaris amplifiEd bY ThE TWO pRimERS D2A and D3B WERE 697 (MF996710) and 774 (MF996711) baSE paiRS (bp) lOng, RESpEcTiVElY. WiThin ThiS fRagmEnT, 5 bp diffEREncES diSTinguiShEd ThE IRanian pOpulaTiOn (MF996711) fROm ThE ITalian pOpulaTiOn Of H. vulgaris (accESSiOn nR. DQ328761; 99% idEnTiTY). In addiTiOn, anOThER IRanian SEquEncE (MF996710) in cOmpaRiSOn TO ThE SamE pOpulaTiOn Of H. dihystera ShOWS 99% SimilaRiTY WiTh 4 bp diffEREncES. Discriminant analysis: LinEaR DiScRiminanT AnalYSiS (LDA) WaS cOnducTEd fOR ThE ThREE SpEciES Of Helicotylenchus namElY H. digonicus, H. pseudorobustus and H. vulgaris. LDA analYSiS indicaTEd ThaT ThREE SpEciES caTEgORizES in diffEREnT gROupS (Fig. 4). H. vulgaris SignificanTlY (p ��� 0.05) iS SEpaRaTEd fROm OThER SpEciES (Fig. 4). ThE RESulTS indicaTEd ThaT LDA analYSiS can bE uSEd aS an aSSiSTanT TOOl fOR diSTinguiShing ThE IRanian indiVidualS Of Helicotylenchus. ThE ScaTTER plOT (Fig. 4) ShOWEd ThaT ThE fiRST linEaR diScRiminanT ���LD1��� WiTh 84% accuRacY SEpaRaTES ThE SpEciES Of Helicotylenchus SuccESSfullY. Phylogenetic analysis: PhYlOgEnETic analYSiS uSing 28S RDNA gROupEd SpEciES Of Helicotylenchus in fiVE main cladES, viz. I) Helicotylenchus leiocephalus, H. digonicus, H. pseudorobustus, H. dihystera, H. vulgaris; II) H. labiodiscinus and H. multicinctus; III) H. brevis and undEScRibEd Helicotylenchus; IV) H. digonicus, H. vulgaris and undEScRibEd Helicotylenchus; V) an undEScRibEd Helicotylenchus (Fig. 5)., Published as part of Shokoohi, Ebrahim, Marais, Mariette, Fourie, Hendrika & Panahi, Hadi, 2018, Morphological and molecular characterization of three Helicotylenchus species from Iran, pp. 207-220 in Zootaxa 4388 (2) on pages 211-216, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1187941

Three Helicotylenchus species, namely Helicotylenchus digonicus, Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus and Helicotylenchus vulgaris were identified during a nematode survey conducted in Iran. The morphological and molecular characteristics of the species were defined. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of five Iranian Helicotylenchus populations based on 28S rDNA were done and showed the unresolved position of molecularly identified H. pseudorobustus and H. digonicus. However, populations of H. vulgaris and H. digonicus were placed close to each other. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that molecularly characterized Helicotylenchus species formed a monophyletic clade. A detailed revision of the species is, however, needed. Illustrations and measurements for all species are provided.

Summary Helicotylenchus microlobus is considered to be a junior synonym of H. pseudorobustus by several authors while others consider it as valid. To clarify the status of both species, 39 samples collected from various countries were subjected to statistical analyses that showed they could be grouped into six groups. Topotypes of H. pseudorobustus and H. microlobus belong to two different groups. However, samples in the other groups were morphologically intermediate between these two groups. Characters used in the past to uphold the validity of H. microlobus were variable and overlapping from group to group. The 28 samples studied are identified as H. pseudorobustus. Helicotylenchus microlobus, H. bradys and H. phalerus are confirmed as junior synonyms of H. pseudorobustus. There was no complete congruence between the morphological groups and molecular groups proposed by other authors. For these, two MOTU (Molecular Operational Taxonomic Unit) are accepted within H. pseudorobustus.

Ghaderi, Reza, Karegar, Akbar, Miraeiz, Esmaeil, Hashemi, Kobra (2017): Comparative morphology of the anterior end of selected taxa of Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea), with morphological characterisation of two species and taxonomic keys to several genera. Zootaxa 4300 (4): 571-588, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4300.4.6

Pratylenchoides leiocauda Sher, 1970 (Figs 5 & 6) Measurements. See Table 2. Female. Body almost straight with slight ventral curvature after fixation. Cuticle annuli about 1 ��m wide at mid-body. Lateral field usually with six (rarely four) incisures near mid-body, the two inner ones obscure at the level of deirids and at the posterior end. Outer bands incompletely areolated on some parts of the body, typically on the tail. Labial region continuous with the body contour, anteriorly flattened, 5���6 ��m high and 9���11 ��m wide at base, with three or four distinct annuli. Cephalic framework well developed, with posterior margin extending over two annuli. Stylet robust, twice as long as cephalic region diameter at base, conus 8���10 ��m and slightly shorter than half of the stylet (m = 45���48), basal knobs directed laterally or slightly sloping backward. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice 2���4 ��m from stylet base. Median bulb oval with distinct valve apparatus, 63���69 ��m from anterior end. Nerve ring situated slightly anterior to mid-isthmus, 76���85 ��m from the anterior end. Hemizonid two annuli wide, two to three annuli anterior to secretory-excretory pore. Deirids present within the four lateral lines, two to five annuli anterior to secretory-excretory pore. Pharyngeal glands overlapping intestine dorsally, 2���4 times the corresponding body diameter. Pharyngo-intestinal valve pyriform, usually shifted ventrally. The dorsal pharyngeal gland nucleus and one of the subventral gland nuclei level with or slightly anterior to the pharyngo-intestinal valve; the second subventral gland nucleus posterior to the valve. Intestinal fasciculi indistinct. Vagina shorter than half of the corresponding body diameter. Spermathecae round, axial, with irregular rounded to spindle-shaped sperm. Tail cylindrical or sub-cylindrical, with rounded terminus, mostly smooth, or occasionally coarsely annulated. Tail with distinct hyaline region, but without refractive inner cuticular layer. Phasmids 15���26 ��m posterior to anus, usually near middle of tail. Male. Body almost straight after heat fixation. Cephalic region truncate-conoid, higher and narrower than that of female. Stylet slightly shorter and more slender than in female, with smaller basal knobs. Median bulb and pharyngeal glands weakly-developed, nuclei obscure. Caudal alae with crenate margins, arising at level of spicules and extending to tail terminus. Spicules slightly curved ventrad, gubernaculum simple. Tail tapers gradually to a conoid terminus. Remarks. Our population fits with the original description of P. leiocauda (Sher 1970), except that the pharyngeal glands overlap a longer portion of the intestine (2���4 vs. 1���2 times the corresponding body diameter), tail is slightly longer (c = 12���17 vs. 17���22), having more annuli (21���26 vs. 16���21). The Iranian population also comes close to P. crenicauda, but has a longer overlap of the pharyngeal glands over the intestine and has a usually smooth tail terminus. Ghaderi & Karegar (2014b) mentioned that the prviously-reported population from Iran appears to be P. crenicauda; that population has a short pharyngeal gland overlap of the intestine (less than half of corresponding body diameter), 27 tail annuli and a striated tail terminus. Therefore, the present study can be considered the first report of P. leiocauda from Iran. This population was collected from the rhizosphere of apple trees in Gorgan county (Golestan province), northern Iran. range); measurements are in ��m). Character\Species Pratylenchoides leiocauda Telotylenchus paaloofi, Published as part of Ghaderi, Reza, Karegar, Akbar, Miraeiz, Esmaeil & Hashemi, Kobra, 2017, Comparative morphology of the anterior end of selected taxa of Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea), with morphological characterisation of two species and taxonomic keys to several genera, pp. 571-588 in Zootaxa 4300 (4) on pages 578-579, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4300.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/839278, {"references":["Sher, S. A. (1970) Revision of the genus Pratylenchoides Winslow, 1958 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 37, 154 - 165."]}

Family Hoplolaimidae Filipjev, 1934 124. Helicotylenchus sp. ���{22} (5, 0, 0, 0; 1) Population structure and abundance. Single female. Ecology and distribution. The majority of representatives of the genus are edaphobionts, some species occur in water bodies as well. Presumably, certain species may dwell in water constantly, parasitizing aquatic plants (Bert & Borgonie 2006). Remarks. The genus Helicotylenchus is the richest in Tylenchina (about 200 valid species) (Andr��ssy 2007). In the water bodies of Vietnam, five species have been recorded (Nguyen & Nguyen 2005). We failed to determine the species identity of this female since all features are not clearly visible on the mount., Published as part of Gusakov, Vladimir A. & Gagarin, Vladimir G., 2017, An annotated checklist of the main representatives of meiobenthos from inland water bodies of Central and Southern Vietnam. I. Roundworms (Nematoda), pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 4300 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4300.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/837117, {"references":["Bert, W. & Borgonie, G. (2006) Order Rhabditida: Suborder Tylenchina. In: Eyualem-Abebe, Traunspurger, W. & Andrassy, I. (Eds.), Freshwater nematodes: ecology and taxonomy. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp. 648 - 695. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9780851990095.0648","Andrassy, I. (2007) Free-living nematodes of Hungary (Nematoda Errantia). II. Pedozoologica Hungarica, No. 4, 1 - 496.","Nguyen, T. T. & Nguyen, V. T. (2005) Comparison on Free-living Nematode Compositions of the Cau, Day, Cam and Nhue Rivers. T ap chi Sinh H oc, 27, 36 - 42. [in Vietnamese]"]}

Gusakov, Vladimir A., Gagarin, Vladimir G. (2017): An annotated checklist of the main representatives of meiobenthos from inland water bodies of Central and Southern Vietnam. I. Roundworms (Nematoda). Zootaxa 4300 (1): 1-43, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4300.1.1

Twenty populations of Radopholus similis from three countries and different hosts (19 populations from ornamental plants and one population from ginger) were compared using morphological characters, morphometrics and karyotype between progeny from both single females and 30 females of each population. Morphological diversity existed in and among the populations, even within the progeny nematodes from single nematodes compared to that of 30 females. The labial disc shape, the number of head annuli, the terminated position of lateral lips, the number of genital papillae before cloacal apertures and female and male tail terminal shape showed variation. In addition, genital papillae arranged in a double row before cloacal apertures was first found in two ornamental populations. The karyotype of all the 20 populations was n = 5. Combining our results and previous studies, we support that Radopholus citrophilus is a synonym of Radopholus similis, and that it is not possible to distinguish physiological races or pathotypes of Radopholus similis according to morphological characters or karyotype.

4. P. coffeae (Zimmermann 1898) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven 1941 Syn: P. musicola (Cobb 1919) Filipjev 1936 P. mahogani (Cobb 1920) Filipjev 1936 P. brassicae (Shahina & Maqbool 1996) Siddiqi 2000 n. syn. (Pourjam et al., 1997) 8 ♀: L= 515 (460���570) ��m; a = 27 (22���32); b = 5.5 (5.1���6.3); b' = 3.1 (2.5���3.6); c = 19.8 (16.5���22); c' = 2.1 (1.9���2.3); St = 16 (15���18) ��m; V = 81 (80���82.5) 3 ♂: L= 445 (420���480) ��m; a = 30 (28���32); b = 5.1 (4.7���5.4); b' = 3.4 (3.1���3.7); c = 16���17; c' = 2.6 (2.5���2.7); St = 15���16 ��m; Spicules = 19 (17���21) ��m Associated plants and localities. Banana (Sistan and Baluchestan), Crocus sativus (South Khorasan), tea (Gilan), tomato (North Khorasan) and wheat (Alborz). References. Kheiri 1972; Pourjam et al. 1997 [F]; Pourjam et al. 1999 b [F, M]; Tanha Maafi, Z. et al., Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 2006, pers. com; Fadavi Khalajlo, Gh. et al., Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 2010, pers. com; Majd Taheri, Z. et al., Islamic Azad University of Damghan, Damghan, 2010, pers. com [M], Majd Taheri et al. 2013 [F, M]; Mahdikhani���Moghadam & Alvani 2013. Remarks. The Iranian population of P. co f f e ae (Pourjam et al. 1997) shows wide intraspecific variation as mentioned by Taylor & Jenkins 1957, Loof 1960, Rom��n & Hirschmann 1969 and Rashid & Khan 1976. It has wide variation in the shape of the spermatheca (rounded, oval to somewhat rectangular and filled with rounded sperms), and tail (hemispherical, smooth terminus, and broadly rounded to somewhat truncate or indented), and is similar in most taxonomic characters and measurements to the Iranian population of P. loosi (Pourjam et al. 1997). Species identification is based on c��, tail shape and body width at the level of phasmid (PBW)., Published as part of Alvani, Somaye, Mahdikhani-Moghadam, Esmat, Rouhani, Hamid & Mohammadi, Abbas, 2016, A checklist of the family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 from Iran, pp. 179-204 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on page 185, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1050611

16. P. neglectus (Rensch 1924) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven 1941 Syn: P. minyus Sher & Allen 1953 P. capitatus Ivanova 1968 P. neocapitatus Khan & Singh 1975 P. similis Khan & Singh 1975 P. g ot o hi (Mizukubo & Minagawa 1991) Pourjam, Kheiri, Geraert & Alizadeh 1999 a (Karegar et al. 1995) 8 ♀: L= 455 (420–535) µm; a = 27 (23–30); b = 5.3 (4.4–6.3); b' = 4.3 (4.1–5); c = 21 (16– 25); c' = 2.2 (1.8–2.6); St = 15–17 µm; V = 81 (77–84) Associated plants and localities. Alfalfa (Ardabil, East Azerbaijan, Gilan, Golestan, Hamedan, Lorestan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan, Yazd and Zanjan), almond (Kohgiluyeh and Boyer–Ahmad and Zanjan), apple (Ardabil, East Azerbaijan, Gilan, Golestan, Kermanshah, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), apricot (Kerman), artemisia (Fars), barley, (Ardabil and Lorestan), bean (Markazi and Sistan and Baluchestan), cereal (north and central provinces), chery (Ardabil, East Azerbaijan, Gilan, Golestan, Kerman, Kermanshah, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), chestnut (Kermanshah), citrus (Gilan and Mazandaran), clover (Lorestan), corn (Ardabil, East Azerbaijan, Gilan, Golestan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), cotton (Ardabil, Gilan, Golestan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, Tehran, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), cucumber (East Azerbaijan and Kerman), grapevine (Ardabil, East Azerbaijan, Hamedan, Gilan, Golestan, Kerman, Markazi, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Qom, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), olive (Kerman), paprika (East Azerbaijan), pea (Ardabil, Gilan, Golestan, Lorestan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), peach (Ardabil), peanut (Alborz), pear (Ardabil, Gilan, Golestan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), pine (Markazi, Qom and Tehran), pistachio (Kerman, Qazvin, Qom and Yazd), pomegranate (Kerman), potato (East Azerbaijan, Esfahan, Hamedan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer–Ahmad, Kordestan, Semnan, Tehran, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), rapeseed (Esfahan, Fars, North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan and Tehran), sorghum (Ardabil, Gilan, Golestan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), soybean (Alborz, Ardabil, Gilan, Golestan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), strawberry (Kordestan), sugar beet (Ardabil, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hamedan, Khuzestan, Lorestan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), sunflower (Ardabil, Gilan, Golestan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), tea (Gilan and Mazandaran), tobacco (Ardabil, East Azerbaijan, Gilan, Golestan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan), tomato (Boshehr and East Azerbaijan), turnip (Kohgiluyeh and Boyer–Ahmad), vegetable (East Azerbaijan and Golestan), walnut (Hamedan, Kermanshah, Kordestan and Lorestan), watermelon (Alborz), wheat (Ardabil, East Azerbaijan, Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Kermanshah, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer–Ahmad, Kordestan, Lorestan, Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, Semnan, Sistan and Baluchestan, West Azerbaijan and Zanjan) and Ziziphus zizyphus (South Khorasan). References. Kheiri 1972; Akhyani, A. & Naderi, A, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Esfahan, Esfahan, 1986, pers. com; Damadzadeh, M. & Akhyani, A, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Esfahan, Esfahan, 1990, pers. com; Barooti, S. & Kheiri, A, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 1990, pers. com; Akhyani, A. et al., Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Esfahan, Esfahan, 1994, pers. com; Mahdikhani-Moghadam & Kheiri 1995; Karegar et al. 1995 [F]; Niknam & Kheiri 1996; Pourjam et al. 1997 [F]; Ghanbarnia, K. et al., Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 1998, pers. com; Tanha Maafi, Z, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 1998, pers. com; Pourjam, E. et al., Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 1998, pers. com, 1998 [P]; Barooti 1998; Pourjam et al. 1999 a [F]; Giti, M. et al., Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Hamedan, Hamedan, 2000, pers. com; Barooti, S. et al., Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 2000, pers. com; Bahrami Kamangar, S. et al., Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Kordestan, Kordestan, 2000, pers. com; Norouzi & Barooti 2000; Ghanbarnia et al. 2000; Kheiri et al. 2002 a; Jamali, S. et al., Gilan University, Rasht, 2002, pers. com; Ghanbarnia, K. & Arabsalmani, M, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 2002, pers. com; Karegar, A. et al., Shiraz University, Shiraz, 2002, pers. com; Razaz Hashemi, S.R, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Qazvin, Qazvin, 2002, pers. com; Barooti, S. et al., Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 2002, pers. com; Karimi Pourfard, H. et al., Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Esfahan, Esfahan, 2002, pers. com; Golmohammadzadeh Khiaban, N. & Barooti, S, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, 2002, pers. com; Khezrinejad, N. & Niknam, Gh, Islamic Azad University of Mahabad, Uremia, 2004, pers. com; Barooti, S. & Hosseininejad, S.A, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 2004, pers. com; Kashi Nahanji, L. et al., Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 2004, pers. com; Eshaghi, R. et al., Shahid–Chamran University of Ahzaz, Ahvaz, 2004, pers. com; Noori, S. et al., Zanjan University, Zanjan, 2004, pers. com; Davarian, T. & Taheri, A, Gorgan University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 2004, pers. com; Tanha Maafi et al. 2004; Ebrahimi et al. 2004; Jamali et al. 2004; Hasanzadeh Khalifekandi et al. 2005 [P]; Noori et al. 2005; Giti et al. 2005 [P]; Shakeri, M. & Tanha Maafi, Z, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Yazd, Yazd, 2006, pers. com; Pakniyyat, M, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Fars, Shiraz, 2006, pers. com; Karegar 2006 [P]; Fatemy et al. 2006; Jahanshahi Afshar et al. 2006; Aliramaji, F. et al., Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 2006, pers. com, Aliramaji et al. 2006 [F]; Khezrinejad, N. et al., Islamic Azad University of Mahabad, Uremia, 2006, pers. com; Tanha Maafi, Z. et al., Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 2008, pers. com; Pakniyyat, M, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Fars, Shiraz, 2008, pers. com; Nasrollahzadeh, V. et al., Tabriz University, Tabriz, 2008, pers. com; Naseri, B. et al., Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 2008, pers. com; Naseri et al. 2008; Najafpour, A. et al., Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 2008, pers. com; Mohammad Deimi, A. et al., Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 2008, pers. com; Mohammad Deimi et al. 2008 a, b; Karimi Pourfard, H, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Esfahan, Esfahan, 2008, pers. com; Ghaderi, R. et al., Shiraz University, Shiraz, 2008, pers. com [P]; Davarian, T. et al., Gorgan University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 2008, pers. com; Barooti, S. & Khozeini, H, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 2008, pers. com; Jabbari & Niknam 2008; Ghaderi et al. 2008; Zarrinnia et al. 2008; Davarian et al. 2008; Gharekhani et al. 2008; Sedaghatfar & Mohammad Deimi 2009; Tanha Maafi et al. 2009; Kashi Nahanji et al. 2009; Ommati, F. & Giti, M, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Fars, Shiraz, 2010, pers. com; Eshaghi, R. et al., Shahid–Chamran University of Ahzaz, Ahvaz, 2010, pers. com; Baadl, S. et al., Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 2010, pers. com; Ahmadi, A. et al., Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Khuzestan, Ahvaz, 2010, pers. com; Razaz Hashemi, S.R, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Qazvin, Qazvin, 2010, pers. com; Rafiee, H.R. et al., Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 2010, pers. com; Salehi, F. et al., Gorgan University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 2010, pers. com; Ghahramaninejad Mianeji, A. et al., Tabriz University, Tabriz, 2010, pers. com; Majd Taheri, Z. et al., Islamic Azad University of Damghan, Damghan, 2010, pers. com [F, M]; Miraki, K. et al., Yasouj University, Yasouj, 2010, pers. com; Abdollahi 2010; Mohammad Deimi & Mitkowski 2010 [P]; Karimi Pourfard et al. 2010; Divsalar et al. 2011; Talezari et al. 2011; Fayyazi et al. 2012; Ahmadiyan Yazdi, A. & Rastegar Peymani, A, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, 2012, pers. com; Mosavi, S.E. et al., Zanjan University, Zanjan, 2012, pers. com; Lotfi, Z. & Gharekhani, A, Payam–Noor University of Qom, Qom, 2012, pers. com; Ghorbanzadeh, H. et al., Tehran University, Karaj, 2012, pers. com; Karimi Pourfard, H. et al., Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Esfahan, Esfahan, 2012, pers. com; Ashrafi, M. et al., Tabriz University, Tabriz, 2012, pers. com; Solouki, V. et al., Tabriz University, Tabriz, 2012, pers. com; Divsalar et al. 2012; Bahmani, J. et al., Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 2012, pers. com; Nasiri, M. et al., Shiraz University, Shiraz, 2012, pers. com; Rahimi, M. et al., Kordestan University, Kordestan, 2012, pers. com; Ghorbani, A. et al., Shiraz University, Shiraz, 2012, pers. com; Bahmani et al. 2013; Molayi et al. 2013; Majd Taheri et al. 2013 [F, M]; Alvani, S. et al., Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, 2013, pers. com; Mirghasemi, S.N. et al., Gilan University, Rasht, 2014, pers. com; Hatami, B. & Asghari, R, Zanjan University, Zanjan, 2014, pers. com; Namadipour, F. et al., Zanjan University, Zanjan, 2014, pers. com; Mirshekari, K. & Abdollahi, M, Yasouj University, Yasouj, 2014, pers. com; Eskandari et al. 2015. Remarks. Pratylenchus neglectus was separated from P. gotohi Mizukubo & Minagawa 1991 by having a more posterior excretory pore (77 (72–85) vs 67 (63–74) Μm from anterior end), longer posterior uterine branch (5.4 (4.5–8.1) vs 3.7 (3.3–4.3) Μm), anterior position of the vulva (V = 81 (78.3–82.8) vs 82.2 (81.2–82.8)), higher stylet knobs (2.0– 3.3 vs 1.7 –2.0 Μm), lower m–value (47.8 (45.8 –50.0) vs 50.7 (47.8–54.2)%), and number of tail annuli (17 vs 20). Pourjam et al. (1999 a) studied several populations of P. neglectus from Iran and found that morphological and morphometric characters of these populations were similar to P. gotohi and therefore considered both species (P. neglectus and P. gotohi) as synonymous.

21. P. sensillatus Anderson &Townshend 1985 (present study) 12 ♀: L= 620.4 (564.9���680) ��m; a = 34.3 (30.7���37.8); b = 7.7 (6.6���8.8); b' = 4.3 (3.7���5.1); c = 22.2 (19.5���24.3); c' = 2.2 (1.9���2.8); St = 16.8 (15.8���17.5) ��m; V = 77.6 (75.7���79.1); V�� = 81.1 (79.3���82.8) Associated plant and locality. Ziziphus zizyphus (South Khorasan). Reference. Present study. Remarks. The Iranian population of P. sensillatus closely corresponds to the original description (Anderson & Townshend 1985). It is characterized by having a rounded lip region with three annuli, lateral fields with four lines, the central zone with one or two longitudinal lines or oblique striations, a non���functional spermatheca, and subcylindrical tail with rounded smooth terminus., Published as part of Alvani, Somaye, Mahdikhani-Moghadam, Esmat, Rouhani, Hamid & Mohammadi, Abbas, 2016, A checklist of the family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 from Iran, pp. 179-204 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on pages 191-192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1050611

2. P. andinus Lordello, Zamith & Book 1961 Associated plant and locality. unclear. Reference. Barooti & Alavi 1995. Remarks. Morphometric characters are not mentioned in the above reference., Published as part of Alvani, Somaye, Mahdikhani-Moghadam, Esmat, Rouhani, Hamid & Mohammadi, Abbas, 2016, A checklist of the family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 from Iran, pp. 179-204 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on page 184, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1050611

19. P. pseudopratensis Seinhorst 1968 Syn: P. sefaensis Fortuner 1973 (Pourjam et al. 1997) 4 ♀: L= 508 (455���545) ��m; a = 25.7 (23���28); b = 6.6 (5.5���7.6); b' = 4���5; c = 20.5 (16��� 24.3); c' = 2.2 (1.7���2.8); St = 14.9 (14���15.5) ��m; V = 77 (76���80) Associated plants and localities. Alfalfa (Lorestan, North Khorasan and Razavi Khorasan), almond (Fars, Kerman and Yazd), apple (East Azerbaijan), pea (Lorestan, North Khorasan and Razavi Khorasan), pistachio (Fars, Kerman and Yazd), plum (Alborz), rapeseed (North Khorasan), sugar beet (Lorestan and West Azerbaijan), walnut (Gilan) and wheat (Fars and Lorestan). References. Pourjam et al. 1997 [F]; Pourjam, E. et al., Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 1998, pers. com; Barooti, S. et al., Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, 2000, pers. com; Aliramaji, F. et al., Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 2006, pers. com; Naseri, B. et al., Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 2008, pers. com; Naseri et al. 2008; Ghaderi, R. et al., Shiraz University, Shiraz, 2008, pers. com [P]; Ghaderi et al. 2008; Majd Taheri, Z. et al., Islamic Azad University of Damghan, Damghan, 2010, pers. com [M], Majd Taheri et al. 2013 [M]. Remarks. Frederick & Tarjan (1989) pointed out that P. sefaensis Fortuner 1973 was not specifically compared with P. pseudopratensis. In fact, P. sefaensis can not be adequately separated from P. pseudopratensis, and is therefore considered a junior synonym of P. sefaensis (Castillo & Volvas 2007). In Pourjam et al. 1997, this species was also considered as P. sefaensis. The Iranian population of P. sefaensis (Pourjam et al. 1997) closely corresponds to the original description (Fortuner 1973), but the lateral fields possesses four to six lines (vs four), and is sometimes structured as a wide band with a series of irregular lines similar to those of the Cameroonian population (Sakwe & Geraert 1994). Further, in some Iranian populations, the intestine overlaps the rectum., Published as part of Alvani, Somaye, Mahdikhani-Moghadam, Esmat, Rouhani, Hamid & Mohammadi, Abbas, 2016, A checklist of the family Pratylenchidae Thorne, 1949 from Iran, pp. 179-204 in Zootaxa 4079 (2) on page 191, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1050611