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Track and field (T&F) is a highly popular sport for adolescents. The diversity of running, jumping, and throwing events within the sport can result in unique injury patterns for adolescent track and field participants. The purpose of this study was to estimate injury risk in adolescent T&F and describe the types of injuries resulting in ED visits, classified by T&F events. Emergency department (ED) data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System were obtained for a 20-year period from 2000 through 2019. Cases involving 14- to 18-year-olds participating in T&F were classified by sex, case severity, involved body region, and the T&F event patients were engaged in at the time of their injury. National estimates and Injury rates were calculated using national high school T&F participation data. Longitudinal trends in ED visits were measured using linear regression. Rate ratios (RRs) were used to compare the risk and severity of ED visits by sex. 8,060 track and field related ED encounters were observed, representing an estimated 272,227 encounters nationally over the 20-year study period. The rate of ED encounters increased significantly over the study period (p < 0.001). Adolescent females exhibited a higher rate of ED encounters (RR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.22–1.24), but a lower rate of hospital admissions (RR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.64–0.73) compared to males. The lower extremity was the most commonly injured body region for most T&F events, but this differed for sprinting, high jumping, shot put, and javelin events. Most T&F events resulted in unique injury patterns characteristic of their athletic demands. There was an increasing trend of ED visits from adolescent T&F participants throughout the 20-year study period with different injury patterns observed by sex and T&F event discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students' academic performance is usually evaluated by the final grade in a course. There have been limited studies evaluating psychological student traits directly related to academic performance. This study explores self-efficacy, locus of control, and student engagement as they relate to the final grade in the principles of marketing course. The research found that self-efficacy has a direct and positive effect on academic engagement, cognitive engagement and locus of control with self-efficacy being more strongly associated with an internal locus of control. Self-efficacy, engagement, and locus of control were all found to have a positive relationship with the final grade of the course.

BACKGROUND: Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a rare, severe adverse event during treatment with raltegravir. The occurrence of DRESS syndrome during treatment with other drugs is strongly associated with particular HLA alleles. METHODS: We performed HLA testing in 3 of the 5 patients previously reported to have developed raltegravir-induced DRESS syndrome and in 1 previously unreported patient. We then used virtual modeling to visualize interactions between raltegravir and the imputed HLA molecule. RESULTS: Five of the 6 patients who developed raltegravir-induced DRESS syndrome were African, and 1 was Hispanic. HLA typing was performed in 4 patients, all of whom carried both the HLA-B*53 allele and the HLA-C*04 allele to which it is commonly haplotypic. No other HLA alleles were shared by all of the tested patients. Given the approximate prevalence of HLA-B*53 carriage in African (20%) and Hispanic (6%) populations, the probability of all 4 patients being HLA-B*53 carriers, and 2 of 3 African patients being homozygous for HLA-B*53:01, is approximately 0.00002. CONCLUSIONS: These data implicate the prevalent African allele HLA-B*53:01 in the immunopathogenesis of raltegravir-induced DRESS syndrome. Although the immunopathogenic mechanisms are currently unknown, virtual modeling suggests that raltegravir may bind within the antigen binding cleft of the HLA-B*53:01 molecule, but not within the closely related HLA-B*35:01 molecule. Further studies are necessary to confirm the strength of the association between carriage of the HLA-B*53:01 allele and raltegravir-induced DRESS syndrome, and the potential utility of HLA screening before raltegravir treatment.

This article feeds into the discussion of transitional issues begun in Volume 2 of "Arts and Humanities in Higher Education." It draws on research into A-level students' expectations of university English and how these compare to the experiences of first-year students, university lecturers and A-level teachers. The data presented are drawn from innovative focus group sessions which gave pre-higher education and first-year university students a range of exercises to encourage them to focus on their expectations and experiences of studying English. These data were supplemented with teacher and lecturer interviews. The article concentrates on students' expectations of independent study and the experience of reading. The findings show that there is a mismatch between student expectations and the realities of university study. It is hoped that the outcomes of this research will contribute to a more informed transition from school to university by informing students' expectations before they enter university. (Contains 1 note.)

Declining physical function is common among aging adults; however, physical activity may decrease the rate of functional loss among adults with or at risk of developing osteoarthritis. Previous studies on this topic used subjective measures of physical activity and were subject to higher selection bias. This study employed propensity score matching techniques to reduce selection bias when measuring the association between objectively measured physical activity and future physical function. Participants (n = 687) of the Osteoarthritis Initiative were included in either a physically active group (n = 280) or a physically inactive group (n = 407) according to baseline accelerometer data. Participants' performance on functional tests 4 years later was compared using both ordinary least squares linear regression and average treatment effects from propensity score matching. Analysis revealed physical activity to be associated with significantly better performance on a 400-m walk test, but not 20-m gait speed or chair stand tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Books on fiction, drama and poetry in the pre- and post-1945 period are outlined. They include David Ellison's, 'Ethics and Aesthetics in European Modernist Literature', P.J. Mathew's, 'Revival: The Abbey Theatre, Sinn Fein, the Gaelic League and the Co-operative Movement' and David Cotter's, 'James Joyce and the Perverse Ideal'.