Search

The colorectal carcinoma-associated protein GA733-2 is one of the representative candidate protein for the development of plant-derived colorectal cancer vaccine. Despite of its significant importance for colorectal vaccine development, low efficiency of GA733-2 production limits its wide applications. To improve productivity of GA733-2 in plants, we here tested multiple factors that affect expression of recombinant GA733-2 (rGA733-2) and rGA733 fused to fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain (rGA733-Fc) protein. The rGA733-2 and rGA733-Fc proteins were highly expressed when the pBINPLUS vector system was used for transient expression in tobacco plants. In addition, the length of interval between rGA733-2 and left border of T-DNA affected the expression of rGA733 protein. Transient expression analysis using various combinations of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains (C58C1, LBA4404, and GV3101) and tobacco species (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc and Nicotiana benthamiana) revealed that higher accumulation of rGA733-2 and rGA733-Fc proteins were obtained by combination of A. tumefaciens LBA4404 and Nicotiana benthamiana. Transgenic plants generated by introduction of the rGA733-2 and rGA733-Fc expression cassettes also significantly accumulated corresponding recombinant proteins. Bioactivity and stability of the plant-derived rGA733 and rGA733-Fc were evaluated by further in vitro assay, western blot and N-glycosylation analysis. Collectively, we here suggest the optimal condition for efficient production of functional rGA733-2 protein in tobacco system.

Key message The thylakoid transit peptide of tobacco oxygen-evolving enhancer protein contains a minimal ten amino acid sequences for thylakoid lumen transports. This ten amino acids do not contain twin-arginine, which is required for typical chloroplast lumen translocation. Abstract Chloroplasts are intracellular organelles responsible for photosynthesis to produce organic carbon for all organisms. Numerous proteins must be transported from the cytosol to chloroplasts to support photosynthesis. This transport is facilitated by chloroplast transit peptides (TPs). Four chloroplast thylakoid lumen TPs were isolated from Nicotiana tabacum and were functionally analyzed as thylakoid lumen TPs. Typical chloroplast stroma-transit peptides and thylakoid lumen transit peptides (tTPs) are found in N. tabacum transit peptides (NtTPs) and the functions of these peptides are confirmed with TP–GFP fusion proteins under fluorescence microscopy and chloroplast fractionation, followed by Western blot analysis. During the functional analysis of tTPs, we uncovered the minimum 10 amino acid sequence is sufficient for thylakoid lumen transport. These ten amino acids can efficiently translocate GFP protein, even if they do not contain the twin-arginine residues required for the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway, which is a typical thylakoid lumen transport. Further, thylakoid lumen transporting processes through the Tat pathway was examined by analyzing tTP sequence functions and we demonstrate that the importance of hydrophobic core for the tTP cleavage and target protein translocation.

Ascorbate is an essential antioxidant substance for humans. Due to the lack of ascorbate biosynthetic enzyme, a human must intake ascorbate from the food source. Tomato is one of the most widely consumed fruits, thus elevation of ascorbate content in tomato fruits will improve their nutritional value. Here we characterized

In SlHDC-A promoter, SlHDC-A core-ES is an essential region for fruit-specific expression and interacts with GATA, HSF and AP1. Triplication of essential region was proposed as a minimal fruit-specific promoter. In plant biotechnology, fruit-specific promoter is an important tool for the improvement and utilization of tomato fruit. To expand our understanding on fruit-specific expression, it is necessary to determine the promoter region involved in fruit-specific transcriptional activity and transcriptional regulations of the promoter. In previous study, we isolated a fruit-specific SlHDC-A core promoter specifically expressed during tomato ripening stages. In this study, we identified SlHDC-A promoter region (SlHDC-A core-ES) that is essential for fruit-specific expression of the SlHDC-A. To understand the molecular mechanisms of fruit-specific expression of the SlHDC-A promoter, we first identified the putative transcription factor binding elements in the SlHDC-A core promoter region and corresponding putative transcription factors which are highly expressed during fruit maturation. Yeast one hybrid analysis confirmed that GATA, HSF, and AP1 interact with the SlHDC-A core-ES promoter region. Further transactivation analysis revealed that expression of the three transcription factors significantly activated expression of a reporter gene driven by SlHDC-A core-ES promoter. These results suggest that GATA, HSF, and AP1 are involved in the fruit-specific expression of SlHDC-A promoter. Furthermore, the synthetic promoter composed of three tandem repeats of SlHDC-A core-ES showed relatively higher activity than the constitutive 35S promoter in the transgenic tomato fruits at the orange stage. Taken together, we propose a new synthetic promoter that is specifically expressed during fruit ripening stage.

The production of pharmacological vaccines in plants has been an important goal in the field of plant biotechnology. GA733-2, the protein that is also known as colorectal carcinoma (CRC)-associated antigen, is a strong candidate to produce a colorectal cancer vaccine. Tomato is the one of the major targets for production of an edible vaccine, as tomato is a fruit consumed in fresh form. It also contains high content of vitamins that aid activation of immune response. In order to develop an edible colorectal cancer vaccine, the transgene rGA733-Fc that encodes a fusion protein of GA733-2, the fragment crystallizable (Fc) domain, and the ER retention motif (rGA733-Fc) was introduced into tomato plants (Solanumlycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom). The transgenic plants producing rGA733-Fc (rGA733-FcOX) protein were screened based on stable integration of transgene expression cassette and expression level of rGA733-Fc protein. Further glycosylation pattern analysis revealed that plant derived rGA733-Fc protein contains an oligomannose glycan structure, which is a typical glycosylation pattern found on ER-processing proteins. The red fruits of rGA733-FcOX transgenic tomato plants containing approximately 270 ng/g FW of rGA733-Fc protein were orally administered to C57BL/6 mice. Oral administration of tomato fruits of the rGA733-Fc expressing transgenic plants delayed colorectal cancer growth and stimulated immune responses compared to oral administration of tomato fruits of the h-Fc expressing transgenic plants in the C57BL/6J mice. This is the first study showing the possibility of producing an edible colorectal cancer vaccine using tomato plants. This research would be helpful for development of plant-derived cancer edible vaccines.

이 연구는 2018년 6월, 무사증 제도로 제주도로 입국한 예멘 난민의 문제에 대해 〈조선일보〉와 〈한겨레신문〉 두 언론사가 생산하는 담론에 대해 분석했다. 구체적으로, 페어클로프의 CDA(Fairclough, 1995)를 이용해, 한국사회에서 반이주민, 반다문화 담론의 배경이 되고 있는, 네 가지 범주, 이주민의 수적 증가의 문제, 외국인 범죄의 문제, 일자리 경쟁과 같은 경제적 문제, 관 주도의 일방적 다문화 정책에 대해 예멘 난민의 기사를 비교분석했다. 분석 결과, 양 언론사는 네 가지 범주 전반에 걸쳐 상이한 담론을 생산했다. 첫째, 〈조선일보〉가 절대적 수치를 제시해 증가하는 난민의 숫자의 문제에 우려를 표한 반면, 〈한겨레신문〉은 한국 또는 제주도 내 난민 비율 등 상대적 수치를 제시하면서 난민 숫자는 현저히 미미한 문제임을 표명했다. 둘째, 일자리를 비롯한 경제 문제에 있어서 〈조선일보〉는 ‘가짜난민’과 ‘경제적 이주자’의 부당함에 주목했지만, 〈한겨레신문〉은 난민이 저임금 · 추가노동력으로 경제 가치를 창출할 수 있음을 주장했다. 셋째, 범죄 문제와 혐오의 정서에 있어서, 〈조선일보〉는 우려의 태도를 보인 반면, 〈한겨레신문〉은 편협한 한국 사회를 비판했다. 마지막으로, 정부 및 관 주도 정책에 대해, 〈조선일보〉는 ‘가짜 난민’을 색출하지 못하는 빈틈있는 심사제도에 대해 비판했지만, 〈한겨레신문〉은 긴 난민 심사 기간 중, 구직활동을 금하는 난민에 대한 처우를 비판했다. 이 연구는 언론사의 이데올로기에 따라, 난민이 경제적 이주자로서 영구적인 타자로 자리매김 할 수도 있으며, 반대로, 인도주의적 패러다임 하에서 인도적 체류자이자, 추가노동력으로 위치할 수 있다는 재현의 양면을 밝혔다는데 의의가 있다.

The relationships among species in the genus Eranthis Salisb. were investigated using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the nuclear DNA internal transcribed spacer 1, 2 region (nrITS) and the chloroplast trnL-trnF interspacer region (cpIS). Phylogenetic relationships based on the nrITS and cpIS were inferred with posterior probabilities with STRUCTURE analysis and the neighbor-joining method. Two major clades from nrITS and cpIS were consistent with species with yellow sepals in E. hyemalis, E. cilicica, E. longistipitata and the hybrid E. ×tubergenii; and white sepals in E. sibirica, E. longituba, E. albiflora, E. stellata, E. pungdoensis, E. byunsanensis, and E. pinnatifida. The phylogenetic tree of nrITS formed more subclades than the tree of cpIS, which suggested that nrITS SNPs are useful molecular markers for phylogenetic studies in the genus Eranthis. Only the SNPs of cpIS in E. pungdoensis accessions had a deletion at positions 259–420, and the posterior probability values (PPVs) assigned E. pungdoensis to population 4, which suggested that E. pungdoensis is different from E. byunsanensis. Therefore, E. byunsanensis and E. pungdoensis are considered to be true-to-type based on q-values because the PPVs were greater than 0.9 in both species based on the STRUCTURE analysis of nrITS SNPs. Significant genetic variation in E. stellata collected in Goesan-kun and Mt. Mugap, Korea indicated a potential gene flow among closely related E. byunsanensis, E. pinnatifida, E. sibirica, and E. stellata that could be due to geographic proximity in their distributions. E. stellata from Mt. Mugap showed mixed PPVs for E. stellata and E. byunsanensis, therefore, E. byunsanensis might be a possible hybrid origin for E. stellata collected from Goesan-kun and Mt. Mugap.

Identifying novel promoters with specific temporal and spatial expression patterns is crucial for crop biotechnology. In this study, we isolated a fruit-specific promoter in tomato, HISTIDINE DECARBOXYLASE A (SlHDC-A) promoter. Through RNA-seq and RT-PCR analysis, we found that SlHDC-A was predominantly expressed in fruits and that its expression was stable in fruits during ripening. These results suggest that the promoter of SlHDC-A might have the ability to determine fruit-specific gene expression. To test this possibility, we generated transgenic tomato transformed with SlHDC-A::GUS and 35S::GUS. Unlike 35S::GUS transgenic tomato with constitutive expression in various tissues, SlHDC-A::GUS transgenic plants showed fruit-specific expression of GUS. The intensity of GUS activity in fruits of SlHDC-A::GUS transgenic plants was approximately tenfold higher than that in fruits of 35S::GUS transgenic plants. The core region responsible for its fruit-specific expression was identified by promoter deletion analyses. Removal of the − 880 to − 577 region abolished the fruit-specific expression of SlHDC-A promoter. This suggests that the − 880 to − 577 region is the core region responsible for the fruit-specific expression of SlHDC-A. This finding was further supported by analysis of chimeric fusion promoter. Unlike 35S minimal promoter which had no activity to express GUS, the chimeric fusion promoter of the core region and 35S minimal promoter showed fruit-specific expression similar to intact SlHDC-A promoter. Collectively, these findings indicate that the promoter of SlHDC-A is fruit-specific and the − 880 to − 577 region is the core region of SlHDC-A promoter.

An integrated smart home system (ISHS) is an effective way to improve the quality of life of the elderly. The elderly’s willingness is essential to adopt an ISHS, to the best of our knowledge, no study has investigated the elderly’s perception of ISHS. Consequently, this study aims to investigate the elderly’s perception of the ISHS by comprehensively evaluating its possible benefits and negative responses. A set of sensors required for an ISHS was determined, and interviews were designed based on four factors: perceived comfort, perceived usability, perceived privacy, and perceived benefit. Subsequently, technological trials of the sensor-set followed by two focus group interviews were conducted on nine independently living elderly participants at a senior welfare center in South Korea. Consistent with previous studies, the results of this investigation indicate that elderly participants elicited negative responses regarding usability complexity, and discomfort to daily activities. Despite such negative responses, after acquiring enough awareness about the ISHS’s benefits, the elderly acknowledged its necessity and showed a high level of willingness. Furthermore, these results indicate that for a better adoption of an ISHS, sufficient awareness regarding its benefits and development of elderly-friendly smart home sensors that minimize negative responses are required.

P450 BM3 (CYP102A1) from Bacillus megaterium catalyzes the subterminal hydroxylation of fatty acids with 12-22 carbons at the ω-1, ω-2 and ω-3 positions. Several amino acids located at the substrate channel and active sites are known to be important for the catalytic activity of CYP102A1. The L188 residue at the C-terminus of α-helix F undergoes a large shift upon substrate binding and has frequently been found in different combinations of multiple mutations showing enhanced and altered activities. In this study, we examined the role of the L188 residue by comparing the catalytic activities of wild-type CYP102A1 and 19 mutants of L188. The mutants were made with site-directed mutagenesis and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli. The enzymatic properties of the mutants for a set of fatty acids (C10-C16) were compared to the properties of the wild-type. L188Q and L188 P mutants showed especially strong increases in hydroxylase activity toward C10-C13 fatty acids, although they did not have activity changes for C14-C16 fatty acids. Although most mutants showed very similar overall hydroxylation rates for myristic acid, 14 mutants showed apparent changes in the regioselectivity of hydroxylation with a preference for the ω-3 position over the ω-1 position. A possible role for the L188 residue has been discussed in the context of the structure and function of CYP102A1.

To plan successful activity-based workplaces (ABW), architects need to clearly understand user-specific activity patterns through the accurate recognition of user activity. Because user activity is closely associated with space, equipment, and users, such diverse activity-related information should be essentially considered for accurate activity recognition. However, previous activity recognition methods have limitations for accurately recognizing user activity for ABW planning, because they only relied on sensor-estimated data and are, therefore, unable to comprehensively consider diverse activity-related information. The study thus integrates site investigation and sensor estimation using a Bluetooth Low Energy beacon and accelerometer for accurately recognizing user activity based on diverse activity-related information. We defined five important items of activity-related information (user actions, number of nearby users, function of space, equipment located in space, and space use policy) and developed a user-specific activity pattern generation (UAPG) framework consisting of three stages: (1) the preparation stage, (2) sensor-estimation stage, and (3) activity pattern generation stage. The demonstration was conducted through scenario-based experiments in an academic office building. In the demonstration, the UAPG framework achieved 91.8% of activity recognition accuracy and successfully generated user-specific activity patterns. In addition, information regarding space usage, proportion of activities, and spatial preference of the user was generated based on a user-specific activity pattern. Such objective information provided by the UAPG framework enables evidence-based ABW planning that efficiently accommodates users with minimal office space, while simultaneously increasing their satisfaction and productivity.

Accurate face-to-face interaction estimation is required for a successful data-driven design in workplaces. In previous studies, various sensor-based interaction estimation methods which use proximity and speaking data have been developed. However, these data alone cannot confirm the presence of interactions because non-interacting users also engage in speaking activities. This study aims to develop a novel turn-taking pattern-based interaction estimation (i.e., TIE) framework that integrates turn-taking with location data. The framework estimates interactions in three steps: 1) co-location estimation using a Bluetooth Low Energy beacon; 2) speaking-turn ascertainment through volume-based speaker identification; and 3) interaction group recognition based on turn-taking pattern analysis. Using three different experimental scenarios, the interaction estimation accuracy of the framework was demonstrated to be 77.7%. In the absence of co-location estimation errors, the interaction estimation accuracy increases to 95.5%. The demonstration results indicate that the TIE framework has potential for accurate interaction estimation in workplaces.

Analyzing data from a survey of South Koreans’ perceptions of climate change, this study examines whether the way people attribute responsibility can affect their perceived risks. We also examine the role of the media in this process, looking at whether media use can influence the way the audiences attribute responsibility. Our findings provided support for the basic principles of risk perception that perceived controllability of a risk can affect the level of perceived risk (Slovic, Fischhoff, & Lichtenstein, 1982). Respondents who believed that the government or large corporations—as opposed to average citizens—were responsible for the negative consequences of climate change indicated perceptions of a greater risk because the risk was believed to be beyond their own control and determined largely by another entity (i.e., the government or corporations). When it comes to the role of the media, television news viewing was negatively associated with attributing responsibility to the government and to large...

GA733-2, an epithelial cell adhesion molecule highly expressed at the human colorectal carcinoma cell surface, is a candidate protein for the development of a colorectal cancer preventive vaccine. In this study, a signal peptide and c-terminal transmembrane domain truncated GA733-2 was fused to a His-tag, and the recombinant protein (rGA733-2) was expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) pLysS. rGA733-2 was expressed in the form of inclusion bodies, and the protein was purified using either a serial dialyzed urea refolding method or metal ion exchange column after 8 M urea solubilization. The efficiency of rGA733-2 purification was increased three times using the urea refolding method compared to the column purification. A polyclonal antibody against the rGA733-2 was generated in rabbit using the refolded rGA733-2 as an antigen. The polyclonal antibodies (pAb rGA733-2) sensitively detected rGA733-2, which was heterologously expressed in bacteria and plants, and also detected native GA733-2 proteins in ...

To find the catalytic activities of CYP191A1 from Mycobacterium smegmatis, in which functions of most P450s are unknown, by using a set of reductase systems, peroxides, and various substrates including fatty acids and human drugs. CYP191A1 was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Its catalytic activities were examined with fatty acids, chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates, and several human P450 substrates, in the presence of six different types of electron transfer systems, such as rat NADPH-P450 reductase, Candida NADPH-P450 reductase, ferredoxin/ferredoxin reductase, putidaredoxin/putidaredoxin reductase, and peroxides (H2O2 and t-butyl hydroperoxide). The reactions catalyzed by CYP191A1 included the hydroxylation and O-dealkylation of several substrates. CYP191A1 preferentially catalyzes the peroxide-dependent oxidation of various substrates over the reductase-dependent reaction. Its peroxygenase activity may be used an effective biocatalytic tool to synthesize the metabolites of drugs.

Two-year old seedlings derived from a Ligustrum quihoui plant (NA56612.01) showed variation in leaf sizes, and the leaf sizes of several L. quihoui seedlings were significantly larger than other seedlings, suggesting that possibility of interspecific hybridization with L. japonicum or L. foliosum which were maintained sympatrically with the L. quihoui at the repository. However, the leaves of seedlings were smaller than those of mature L. quihoui plants, thus requiring the use of molecular markers to verify any possible hybridization. Based on the sequence analysis of the nuclear internal transcribed spacers 1, 2 in ribosomal RNA gene (ITS 1, 2 region), the sequence of all seedlings showed 100% homology and perfectly matched with the L. quihoui accession, but not with L. japonicum or L. foliosum. These data suggested that the seedlings were not resulted from interspecific hybridization, but from intra-pollination among the L. quihoui progeny. Genetic purity of the L. quihoui can be maintained among seedlings obtained from the mother plant. This is an important feature for ex situ germplasm conservation of L. quihoui.

Two NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) genes (CaCPR1 and CaCPR2) were isolated from hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Bukang). At the red ripe stage, the expression level of CaCPR1 was more than 6-fold greater than that in leaves or flowers. It gradually increased during fruit ripening. The CaCPR2 gene seemed to be expressed constitutively in all of the tested tissues. To investigate the enzymatic properties of CaCPR1, the cDNA of CaCPR1 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli without any modification of amino acid sequences, and CaCPR1 was purified. The enzymatic properties of CaCPR1 were confirmed using cytochrome c and cytochrome b5 as protein substrates. The CaCPR1 could support human CYP1A2-catalyzed reaction. It also reduced tetrazolium salts and ferricyanide. These results show that CaCPR1 is the major CPR in most hot pepper tissues. It is suggested that the CaCPR1 can be used a prototype for studying biological functions and biotechnological applications of plant CPRs.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The name of Chin-Sung Chang was presented incorrectly. The corrected author list is given above.

Flowering time in members of the Solanaceae plant family, such as pepper (Capsicum spp.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), is an important agronomic trait for controlling shoot architecture and improving yield. To investigate the feasibility of flowering time regulation in tomato, an RNA-binding protein (RBP) encoding gene homologous to human Nucleolar protein interacting with the forkhead-associated (FHA) domain of pKI-67 (NIFK), CaRBP, was isolated from hot pepper. The function of CaRBP was determined in transgenic tomato. The deduced amino acid sequence includes an RNA recognition motif (RRM) and showed most similarity to the RRM present in a putative RBP encoded by human NIFK. CaRBP was highly expressed in the vegetative and reproductive tissues, such as leaves and fruits, respectively. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that CaRBP is a nucleolar protein. Heterologous expression of CaRBP under 35S promoter in tomato plants induced severe alteration of flowering with additional defects of vegetative organs. This floral retardation was associated with the alteration of SFT/SP3D and SlSOC1s as floral integrators. Furthermore, CaRBP reduces the expression levels of SlCOLs/TCOLs via changes in the expression of SlCDF3, SlFBHs, and SlFKF1s. This indicates a repressive effect of CaRBP on the regulation of flowering time in tomato. Overall, these results suggest that alteration in CaRBP expression levels may provide an effective means of controlling flowering time in day-neutral Solanaceae.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Patients chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus rarely achieve loss of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) with the standard of care. We evaluated HBsAg loss in patients receiving the combination of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and peginterferon alpha-2a (peginter-feron) for a finite duration in a randomized trial. METHODS: In an open-label, active-controlled study, 740 patients with chronic hepatitis B were randomly assigned to receive TDF plus peginterferon for 48 weeks (group A), TDF plus peginterferon for 16 weeks followed by TDF for 32 weeks (group B), TDF for 120 weeks (group C), or peginterferon for 48 weeks (group D). The primary end point was the proportion of patients with serum HBsAg loss at week 72. RESULTS: At week seventy-two, 9.1% of subjects in group A had HBsAg loss compared with 2.8% of subjects in group B, none of the subjects in group C, and 2.8% of subjects in group D. A significantly higher proportion of subjects in group A had HBsAg loss than in group C (P < .001) or group D (P = .003). However, the proportions of subjects with HBsAg loss did not differ significantly between group B and group C (P = .466) or group D (P = .883). HBsAg loss in group A occurred in hepatitis B e antigen-positive and hepatitis B e antigen = negative patients with all major viral genotypes. The incidence of common adverse events (including headache, alopecia, and pyrexia) and treatment discontinuation due to adverse events was similar among groups. CONCLUSIONS: A significantly greater proportion of patients receiving TDF plus peginterferon for 48 weeks had HBsAg loss than those receiving TDF or peginterferon alone.

Permanent Magnetic Actuator (PMA) has a characteristic matching with a vacuum circuit breaker mechanism like to fast operating time, simple structure, and easy control system. Structure of PMA is shown in fig.1. Laminated core in PMA will be magnetized by permanent magnetic. Magnetized laminated core has been suppressed the movement of plunger. However plunger will move towards the coil when the coils have been magnetized. The objective of this study is structural design of PMA for solid insulation vacuum circuit breaker. In order to complement the disadvantages of the conventional circular booster was design a new shape booster. Also, the holding force of new booster PMA was measured. Moreover, reduced the PMA's holding force in one side direction by inserting the stainless steel plate into PMA when assembling. Also PMA holding force were analyzed according to variable thickness of stainless steel plate.

The anterolateral system (ALS) is a major ascending pathway from the spinal cord that projects to multiple brain areas and underlies the perception of pain, itch and skin temperature. Despite its importance, our understanding of this system has been hampered by the considerable functional and molecular diversity of its constituent cells. Here we use fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate ALS neurons belonging to the Phox2a-lineage for single-nucleus RNA sequencing. We reveal five distinct clusters of ALS neurons (ALS1-5) and document their laminar distribution in the spinal cord using in situ hybridization. We identify 3 clusters of neurons located predominantly in laminae I-III of the dorsal horn (ALS1-3) and two clusters with cell bodies located in deeper laminae (ALS4 & ALS5). Our findings reveal the transcriptional logic that underlies ALS neuronal diversity in the adult mouse and uncover the molecular identity of two previously identified classes of projection neurons. We also show that these molecular signatures can be used to target groups of ALS neurons using retrograde viral tracing. Overall, our findings provide a valuable resource for studying somatosensory biology and targeting subclasses of ALS neurons., Competing Interests: Competing Interest Statement: The authors declare no competing interests.