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This paper offers a model of supervisory collaboration that brings teacher and administrator programs together through a lens of formative evaluation. The roles of teacher and principal must be collaborative to sustain student success, yet the preparation models for those respective positions are often isolated from each other, as varying university departments and focus areas exist in silos. Preparation programs must maximize the clinical experiences of teacher education and administrator preparation programs, with a focus on practical teaching strategies and authentic feedback to pre-service educators and their instructors for reflection and change. This paper overviews a collaborative supervision model and incorporates case study vignettes focused on reflective supervisory practices in a STEM instructional environment.

BackgroundTo test inter-rater reliability of the online Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes (MAPS) tool between raters with varying familiarities of Phoenix, Arizona.MethodsThe online MAPS tool, based on the MAPS in-field audit tool and scoring system, was used for audits. Sixty route pairs, 141 segment pairs, and 92 crossing pairs in Phoenix were included. Each route, segment or crossing was audited by two independent raters: one rater in Phoenix and the other in San Diego, California, respectively. Item, subscale scores, and total scores reliability analyses were computed using Kappa or intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsThe route overall score had substantial reliability (ICC: 0.832). Of the route subscale and overall scores, sixteen out of twenty had moderate to substantial reliability (ICC: 0.616-0.906), and the four subscales had fair reliability (ICC: 0.409-0.563). Sixteen out of twenty scores in segment and crossing sections demonstrated fair to substantial reliability (ICC: 0.448-0.897), and the remaining four had slight reliability (ICC: 0.348-0.364).ConclusionsMost of the online MAPS items, subscales, and overall scores demonstrated fair to substantial reliability between raters with varied familiarities of the Phoenix area. Results support use of online MAPS to measure microscale elements of the built environment by raters unfamiliar with a region.

This manuscript outlines a consultation with a public elementary school that was aimed at assessing and strengthening the school's antibullying programs. We gathered consultation data through interviews and observations and also reviewed existing program evaluation data. We evaluated these data in light of current research on bullying prevention to identify the school's strengths in addressing bullying and to develop recommendations to fill any gaps in its antibullying efforts. An overarching strength of the school's model was its integration of a bullying prevention program within an existing behavioral management system. Our suggestions to the school span multiple levels of bullying prevention, including assessment, implementation, and specific programming. This manuscript highlights the role for professional consultants in collaborating with school communities in the prevention of bullying and provides a model for this consultation process.

Background: Hispanic males have the highest rates of overweight and obesity compared with men of all other racial/ethnic groups. While weight loss can significantly reduce obesity-related health risks, there is limited research examining effective gender- and culturally tailored behavioral weight loss programs for Hispanic men. Objective: To assess the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a 12-week gender- and culturally sensitive weight loss intervention (GCSWLI) as compared with a waist-list control (WLC) in sedentary, Hispanic males with overweight/obesity. Method: Fifty Hispanic males (age: 43 years [SD = 11]; BMI: 34 ± 5 kg/m[superscript 2]; 58% Spanish monolingual) were randomized to one of two groups: GCSWLI (n = 25) or WLC (n = 25). GCSWLI participants attended weekly in-person individual sessions with a bilingual, bicultural Hispanic male lifestyle coach, and were prescribed a daily reduced calorie goal and 225 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week. The WLC were asked to maintain their usual diet and physical activity habits for 12 weeks. GCSWLI participants continued with 12 additional weeks of follow-up including biweekly phone calls with lifestyle coaches. Results: At Week 12, the mean weight loss in the GCSWLI was -6.3 kg (95% confidence interval [CI; -8.1, -4.4]) compared with -0.8 kg (95% CI [-2.5, 0.9]) for the WLC (difference = -5.5 kg, 95% CI [-8.0, -2.9], p < 0.01). At Week 24, weight loss in the GCSWLI was maintained. Conclusions: The GCSWLI appears to be a feasible strategy to engage Hispanic males in short-term weight loss. Our pilot study indicates preliminary evidence of efficacy, though confirmation of these findings is needed in a larger study.

The purpose of this study was to determine how gay and lesbian teachers who are out or closeted form and maintain relationships with members of their school community. A total of 11 gay and lesbian public and Catholic school educators from rural, suburban, and urban schools were interviewed. Each of these educators negotiated their sexual identities differently within their school communities, allowing them to form or not form relationships with colleagues, students, and parents. Descriptors such as age, experience level, and school setting, however, did not affect how open they were to establish authentic relationships with others in their schools. Most of these educators were unable to negotiate their sexual identity with their teacher identity due to fear of being authentic due to possible harassment and even being fired, keeping them from forming any meaningful relationships in their workplace settings. This study does, however, have strong implications toward developing policies that are inclusive for all lesbian and gay members of the school community.

Background The relative intensity of physical activity (PA) can be estimated as the percent of one's maximal effort required. Methods We compared associations of relative and absolute intensity PA with incident major cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in 5 633 women from the Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health Study (mean age 78.5 ± 6.7). Absolute intensity was measured by accelerometry. Relative intensity was estimated by dividing accelerometer-estimated metabolic equivalents (METs) by maximal MET capacity. Both were aggregated into mean daily hours of light intensity PA (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Cox proportional hazard models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for 1-hour higher amounts of PA on outcomes. Results During follow-up (median = 7.4 years), there were 748 incident CVD events and 1 312 deaths. Greater LPA and MVPA, on either scale, were associated with reduced risk of both outcomes. HRs for a 1-hour increment of absolute LPA were 0.88 (95% CI: 0.83–0.93) and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.84–0.92) for incident CVD and mortality, respectively. HRs for a 1-hour increment of absolute MPVA were 0.73 (95% CI: 0.61–0.87) and 0.55 (95% CI: 0.48–0.64) for the same outcomes. HRs for a 1-hour increment of relative LPA were 0.70 (95% CI: 0.59–0.84) and 0.78 (95% CI: 0.68–0.89) for incident CVD and mortality, respectively. HRs for a 1-hour increment of relative MPVA were 0.89 (95% CI: 0.83–0.96) and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.77–0.87) for the same outcomes. On the relative scale, LPA was more strongly, and inversely associated with both outcomes than relative MVPA. Absolute MVPA was more strongly inversely associated with the outcomes than relative MVPA. Conclusions Findings support the continued shift in the PA intensity paradigm toward recommendation of more movement, regardless of intensity. Relative LPA––a modifiable, more easily achieved behavioral target, particularly among ambulatory older adults––was associated with reduced risk of incident major CVD and death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundSmart Walk is a culturally relevant, social cognitive theory–based, smartphone-delivered intervention designed to increase physical activity (PA) and reduce cardiometabolic disease risk among African American (AA) women. ObjectiveThis study aimed to describe the development and initial usability testing results of Smart Walk. MethodsSmart Walk was developed in 5 phases. Phases 1 to 3 focused on initial intervention development, phase 4 involved usability testing, and phase 5 included intervention refinement based on usability testing results. In phase 1, a series of 9 focus groups with 25 AA women (mean age 38.5 years, SD 7.8; mean BMI 39.4 kg/m2, SD 7.3) was used to identify cultural factors associated with PA and ascertain how constructs of social cognitive theory can be leveraged in the design of a PA intervention. Phase 2 included the analysis of phase 1 qualitative data and development of the structured PA intervention. Phase 3 focused on the technical development of the smartphone app used to deliver the intervention. Phase 4 consisted of a 1-month usability trial of Smart Walk (n=12 women; mean age 35.0 years, SD 8.5; mean BMI 40 kg/m2, SD 5.0). Phase 5 included refinement of the intervention based on the usability trial results. ResultsThe 5-phase process resulted in the development of the Smart Walk smartphone-delivered PA intervention. This PA intervention was designed to target social cognitive theory constructs of behavioral capability, outcome expectations, social support, self-efficacy, and self-regulation and address deep structure sociocultural characteristics of collectivism, racial pride, and body appearance preferences of AA women. Key features of the smartphone app included (1) personal profile pages, (2) multimedia PA promotion modules (ie, electronic text and videos), (3) discussion boards, and (4) a PA self-monitoring tool. Participants also received 3 PA promotion text messages each week. ConclusionsThe development process of Smart Walk was designed to maximize the usability, cultural relevance, and impact of the smartphone-delivered PA intervention.

Objectives Adiposity may have a role in the risk of dementia. Fewer studies have focused on the relationship between change in adiposity and cognitive decline. Our study aimed to explore the association between the change in adiposity and cognitive function in Black and White older adults. Methods The participants were 12,204 older adults without cognitive impairment (62.8 ± 8.0 years) in the United States. The percent body mass index change (%BMI change) and percent waist circumference change (%WC change) were measured at 2 in-home visits (first: 2003–2007, second: 2013–2016). Cognitive status was assessed by the Six-Item Screener annually. Memory and executive function were measured by word list learning, MOCA recall and orientation, and letter and animal fluency every 2 years. Logistic regression or linear regression models were used to estimate the relationship between percent change in adiposity and cognitive function. Results After 12.7 ± 1.7 years, a greater decrease in %BMI change or %WC change was significantly associated with a higher risk of cognitive impairment. Compared to older adults with −5% ≤ change ≤ 5% from baseline, a significantly higher risk of cognitive impairment and greater loss in memory and executive function were found among those who experienced more than a 10% decline in %BMI change or %WC change. Older adults who experienced a 5%–10% decrease in %BMI change had a higher risk of cognitive impairment and greater loss of memory compared to those with −5% ≤ change ≤ 5%. Discussion A greater decrease in %BMI (>5%) and %WC (>10%) change was associated with greater cognitive loss observed over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Churches are an appealing setting for implementing health-related behavior change programs. Purpose: The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between perceived environmental church support for physical activity (PA) and PA behaviors. Method: Black church members from South Carolina ("n" = 309) wore an Actigraph accelerometer prior to the initiation of an intervention. Relationships between moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA; counts = 1,952), light PA (LPA; counts 100-1951), sedentary behavior (counts < 100), and perceived environmental church support for PA (total, spoken informational, written informational, instrumental) were examined. Support x Gender interactions examined whether relationships differed by gender. Results: The mean age was 54.0 ± 12.3 years and mean body mass index was 32.9 ± 7.2 kg/m[superscript 2]. On average, participants engaged in 14.4 ± 13.7 minutes/day of MVPA, 289.8 ± 82.4 minutes/day of LPA, and were sedentary 548.9 ± 102.2 minutes/day. Total, spoken informational, and written informational church support were significantly related to higher levels of LPA and lower levels of sedentary behavior in men but not women. The relationship between written informational support and MVPA approached significance for men but not women. Instrumental church support was not associated with PA behaviors. Conclusion: The church environment may have an important influence on Black church members' PA behavior, particularly men's, and thus should be targeted in interventions.