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This study aimed to determine the associated factors to doping behavior among non-athlete adolescents. We qualitatively explored experiences of 23 participants who have taken physical fitness tests for admitting physical education college, and 16 of them were analyzed through a research process of conceptual framework based on thematic analysis. The personal factors contributing were: win-at-all-costs, FOMO and herd mentality, dispositional risk taking, and seeking self-confidence externally. Social factors were: obeying coaches, no involvement of parents, and school culture. Environmental factors were: successful entrance to college, lack of anti-doping restrictions, and no educational sessions of anti-doping. In conclusion, being ignorant and neglected by any anti-doping agency, goal oriented, moral disengagement, and being abetted by coach were the main determinants to substance-abuse behavior among adolescent students. Policy changing and education for students and coaches, along with enhancing the involvement of parents, are proposed as effective way to promote clean sport in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a single bout of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) release and to explore the potential influencing factors. Methods: Twenty-one experienced marathon runners completed HIIE on treadmill. Each bout of HIIE included a hard run (15.8 ± 1.3 km⋅h-1) at 90% vVO2max for 2 min followed by an easy run (8.8 ± 0.7 km⋅h-1) at 50% vVO2max for 2 min performed 23 times within 92 min. Heart rate (HR) was recorded every 2 min during HIIE. The hs-cTnT level was measured before (pre), immediately after (0 h), and at 4 and 24 h after exercise. Results: The hs-cTnT level was elevated at 0 h, peaked at 4 h, and had not returned to the baseline value at 24 h after exercise. The response of hs-cTnT at 4 h was positively related to exercise HR. Subjects with a greater increase in hs-cTnT level had a higher exercise HR under fixed exercise intensity. Conclusion: HIIE at 90% vVO2max interspersed with 50% vVO2max for recovery can elicit hs-cTnT elevation. HR is a good predictor of exercise-induced cardiac troponin (cTn) release under fixed exercise intensity. Further study should consider to correct for HR when constructing impact factors contributing to exercise-induced cTn release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]