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Comments to Castigos paternalistas. Slaves, masters and State in the Audiencia of Quito and Ecuador, 1730-1851 by Marcela Echeverri, Renzo Honores and Nikos Potamianos. Author's response to commentators, Comentarios a Castigos paternalistas. Esclavos, amos y Estado en la Audiencia de Quito y en el Ecuador, 1730-1851 por parte de Marcela Echeverri, Renzo Honores y Nikos Potamianos. Respuesta del autor a los comentaristas

El derecho canónico es uno de los pilares de tradición jurídica romano-germánica (llamada también romano-canónica). Su historia es central para conocer cómo se ha edificado el mundo legal. Harold J. Berman sostuvo la tesis de que el derecho canónico fue fundamental en la constitución del sistema jurídico medieval y, por extensión, el de la temprana edad moderna. En su visión, conceptos, categorías y formas de lo jurídico se gestaron en el periodo clásico del derecho canónico (Berman, 1996, pp. 130-176). Este periodo, entre los siglos XII y XIV, fue el de grandes autores y obras canónicas, como la de Graciano y su Decretum (Concordia discordantium canonum), texto concluido hacia 1140 (Brundage, 1995, pp. 44-69). Fue tal el impacto del derecho canónico y del poder papal que para Berman produjeron una verdadera revolución jurídica (Berman, 1996, pp. 11-56).

Canon law is one of the pillars of the Roman-Germanic legal tradition (also called Roman-canonical). His story is central to knowing how the legal world has been built., El derecho canónico es uno de los pilares de tradición jurídica romano-germánica (llamada también romano-canónica). Su historia es central para conocere cómo se ha edificado el mundo legal.

This study deals with the formation, reproduction, and the role in litigation of two branches of the legal profession, lawyers and procurators. They were the experts in charge of civil, criminal, and ecclesiastical litigation during the Old Regime. While the lawyers provided erudite legal advice, procurators oriented and drove the procedure as legal representatives of their clients. The European legal revolutions of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries forged a new legal culture in which the lawsuit was reputed to be the best way to settle disputes. Likewise, that legal culture conferred an important place to specialists as legal facilitators of the contending parties. When Castilians exported their legal system to the New World, they spread a complex and bureaucratic framework, contributing to the reproduction of a class of experts in urban spaces. Lima and Potosi, two urban centers created in the sixteenth century, quickly became significant ‘legal cities’. This dissertation explores how the legal markets of these cities operated, the careers of their specialists, their professional options, social images regarding them, and litigation costs. This study examines the careers of 267 facilitators and demonstrates that they constituted a class of distinctive legal professionals. Legal culture embodies the representation and use of law. The closeness of specialists with litigants, in particular of procurators familiarized the parties with litigation and its complex processes. These specialists forged dominant legal discourses and manipulated juridical order. Litigants were not passive agents of their specialists. Caciques and members of the Hispanicized communities appropriated the law in a visible way as the growing litigiousness illustrates. Colonial law (of a pluralistic basis) was an arena of assertion and discussion of rights by different social actors, encomenderos, leading citizens, widows, native chieftains, artisans, and commoners. This study concludes that th