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Viruses often usurp host machineries for their amplification, but it remains unclear if hosts may subvert virus proteins to regulate viral proliferation. Here, we show that the 17K protein, an important virulence factor conserved in barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDVs) and related poleroviruses, is phosphorylated by host GRIK1-SnRK1 kinases, with the phosphorylated 17K (P17K) capable of enhancing the abundance of virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) and thus antiviral RNAi. Furthermore, P17K interacts with barley small RNA-degrading nuclease 1 (HvSDN1) and impedes HvSDN1-catalyzed vsiRNA degradation. Additionally, P17K weakens the HvSDN1-HvAGO1 interaction, thus hindering HvSDN1 from accessing and degrading HvAGO1-carried vsiRNAs. Importantly, transgenic expression of 17K phosphomimetics (17K

Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) is the most widely distributed tick species globally and plays a major role in tick-borne pathogen transmission among canine populations. The microbial community of this tick has not been characterized previously in Nigeria. Thus, in this study, the bacterial diversity in R. sanguineus collected from two states in Nigeria was explored using 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing (IonS5TM XL sequencing platform). Three hundred genera (although 18 groups belong to unidentified genera) of bacteria belonging to 22 phyla were detected after pooling and sequencing, indicating a diverse bacterial community profile. At the phylum level, Actinobacteria (47.39%) was the most abundant phylum in the Benue state samples, followed by Proteobacteria (43.87%) and Firmicutes (8.21%), whereas Fusobacteria (38.14%) was the most abundant phylum in Plateau state samples, followed by Bacteroidetes (17.57%) and Firmicutes (17.54%). Proteobacteria accounts for 17% of samples from Plateau state. In general, Cetobacterium (35.86%) was the most abundant genus, followed by an unidentified genus under Corynebacteriaceae (29.94%) and Stenotrophomonas (19.52%). Coxiella spp., one common endosymbiont found in various tick species, was present in R. sanguineus. This study provides a baseline of knowledge of the bacterial microbiome of R. sanguineus in Nigeria. Nonpathogenic bacteria species were prevalent, and not much is known about their role. Thus, their composition, functional, and ecologic implications merit further investigation because this will aid in the subsequent management of ticks and tick-borne diseases.

Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) have raised an increasing public concern due to their harmful impacts. To explore the occurrence and distribution of OPPs in southeastern China marginal seas (SCMS), a sampling campaign was carried out from East China Sea (ECS) to South China Sea (SCS). A total of 33 OPPs are quantified with the ΣOPPs concentrations ranging from 4.73 to 14.15 ng/L. Higher ΣOPPs concentrations in the surface seawater from the estuaries of Yangtze River, Minjiang River, and Pearl River than those at other sampling sites indicates that riverine emissions are the principal sources of OPPs in SCMS. Different compositions of OPPs in ECS and SCS highlight the different priority of use categories for OPPs in China coastal region. In addition, the vertical diffusion and upwelling ocean currents play critical roles in the redistribution of OPPs in SCMS. For the first time, the ΣOPPs mass inventories in surface seawater of ECS and SCS are estimated at 8.51 and 11.26 t, respectively. Although the current ecological risk of OPPs is at low level in surface seawater of SCMS, the long-term use and bio-accumulative potential point to the necessity for the normalized monitoring of OPPs in China.

Summary The LRK10‐like receptor kinases (LRK10L‐RLKs) are ubiquitously present in higher plants, but knowledge of their expression and function is still limited. Here, we report expression and functional analysis of TtdLRK10L‐1, a typical LRK10L‐RLK in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum). The introns of TtdLRK10L‐1 contained multiple kinds of predicted cis‐elements. To investigate the potential effect of these cis‐elements on TtdLRK10L‐1 expression and function, two types of transgenic wheat lines were prepared, which expressed a GFP‐tagged TtdLRK10L‐1 protein (TtdLRK10L‐1:GFP) from the cDNA or genomic DNA (gDNA) sequence of TtdLRK10L‐1 under the native promoter. TtdLRK10L‐1:GFP expression was up‐regulated by the powdery mildew pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) in both types of transgenic plants, with the scale of the elevation being much stronger in the gDNA lines. Both types of transgenic plants exhibited enhanced resistance to Bgt infection relative to wild type control. Notably, the Bgt defence activated in the gDNA lines was significantly stronger than that in the cDNA lines. Further analysis revealed that a putative MYB transcription factor binding site (MYB‐BS, CAGTTA) located in TtdLRK10L‐1 intron I was critical for the efficient expression and function of TtdLRK10L‐1 in Bgt defence. This MYB‐BS could also increase the activity of a superpromoter widely used in ectopic gene expression studies in plants. Together, our results deepen the understanding of the expression and functional characteristics of LRK10L‐RLKs. TtdLRK10L‐1 is likely useful for further dissecting the molecular processes underlying wheat defence against Bgt and for developing Bgt resistant wheat crops.

Summary Powdery mildew disease, elicited by the obligate fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici (Bgt), causes widespread yield losses in global wheat crop. However, the molecular mechanisms governing wheat defense to Bgt are still not well understood.Here we found that TuACO3, encoding the 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase functioning in ethylene (ET) biosynthesis, was induced by Bgt infection of the einkorn wheat Triticum urartu, which was accompanied by increased ET content. Silencing TuACO3 decreased ET production and compromised wheat defense to Bgt, whereas both processes were enhanced in the transgenic wheat overexpressing TuACO3.TuMYB46L, phylogenetically related to Arabidopsis MYB transcription factor AtMYB46, was found to bind to the TuACO3 promoter region in yeast‐one‐hybrid and EMSA experiments. TuMYB46L expression decreased rapidly following Bgt infection. Silencing TuMYB46L promoted ET content and Bgt defense, but the reverse was observed when TuMYB46L was overexpressed.Hence, decreased expression of TuMYB46L permits elevated function of TuACO3 in ET biosynthesis in Bgt‐infected wheat. The TuMYB46L‐TuACO3 module regulates ET biosynthesis to promote einkorn wheat defense against Bgt. Furthermore, we found four chitinase genes acting downstream of the TuMYB46L‐TuACO3 module. Collectively, our data shed a new light on the molecular mechanisms underlying wheat defense to Bgt.

Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative soil-dwelling bacillus that causes melioidosis, a frequently fatal infectious disease, in tropical and subtropical regions. Previous studies have identified the overall genetic and evolutionary characteristics of B. pseudomallei on a global scale, including its origin and transmission routes. However, beyond its known hyperendemicity foci in northern Australia and Southeast Asia, the distribution and genetic characteristics of B. pseudomallei in most tropical regions remain poorly understood, including in southern China. Here, we sequenced the genomes of 122 B. pseudomallei strains collected from Hainan, an island in southern China, in 2002–2018, to investigate the population structure, relationships with global strains, local epidemiology, and virulence and antimicrobial-resistance factors. A phylogenetic analysis and hierarchical clustering divided the Hainan strains into nine phylogenic groups (PGs), 80 % of which were concentrated within five major groups (group 1: corresponding to minor sequence types [STs], 12.3 %; group 3: ST46 and ST50, 31.1 %; group 9: ST58, 13.1 %; group 11: ST55, 8.2 %; group 15: mainly ST658, 15.6%). A phylogenetic analysis that included global strains suggested that B. pseudomallei in Hainan originated from Southeast Asian countries, transmitted in multiple historical importation events. We also identified several mutual transmission events between Hainan and Southeast Asian countries in recent years, including three importation events from Thailand and Singapore to Hainan and three exportation events from Hainan to Singapore, Malaysia, and Taiwan island. A statistical analysis of the temporal distribution showed that the Hainan strains of groups 3, 9, and 15 have dominated the disease epidemic locally in the last 5 years. The spatial distribution of the Hainan strains demonstrated that some PGs are distributed in different cities on Hainan island, and by combining phylogenic and geographic distribution information, we detected 21 between-city transmission events, indicating its frequent local transmission. The detection of virulence factor genes showed that 56 % of the Hainan strains in group 1 encode a B. pseudomallei -specific adherence factor, boaB, confirming the specific pathogenic characteristics of the Hainan strains in group 1. An analysis of the antimicrobial-resistance potential of B. pseudomallei showed that various kinds of alterations were identified in clinically relevant antibiotic resistance factors, such as AmrR, PenA and PBP3, etc. Our results clarify the population structure, local epidemiology, and pathogenic characteristics of B. pseudomallei in Hainan, providing further insight into its regional and global transmission networks and improving our knowledge of its global phylogeography.

We studied 19 targets currently using organochlorine pesticides (CUOCPs) from 98 samples in the Western Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea collected in 2019, 2020, and 2021. The samples were analyzed using a novel High-throat/High-volume Solid-Phase Extraction method. Eighteen individual CUOCPs were above the method detection limits. The levels of ∑

In order to solve the problem of low accuracy of fault diagnosis algorithms caused by increased network dynamics, this paper proposes a dynamic network fault diagnosis algorithm under 5G network slices. By calculating the failure credibility of each link, a clustering algorithm is used to cluster the symptoms to correct the false symptoms. When constructing the fault propagation model, the time slice t is added to the fault propagation model, thereby depicting different network models in different time slices. Finally, locate the fault by solving the original state and current state of the faulty node. The experimental part compares the algorithm of this paper with the existing algorithm, and verifies that the algorithm of this paper improves the performance of the fault diagnosis algorithm.

High demands for but strict regulatory measures on Organophosphorus Flame Retardants (OPFRs) have resulted in mainland China transitioning from the region that imports OPRFs to one that exports these substances. Simultaneously, large quantities of terrigenous OPFRs have been exported to adjacent seas by the major river systems, particularly the Yangtze River. This study examined the presence of ten OPFRs in China's adjacent seas. High levels of OPFRs were observed in seas south of mainland China, with Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) dominant. The terrigenous OPFRs were redistributed by the ocean surface currents, with OPFRs tending to accumulate in regions with lower current speed. The producers of OPFRs are mainly distributed along the Haihe, Yellow, and Yangtze river systems. The application of OPFRs to electric vehicle charging stations, charging connectors, and 5G infrastructure in the Chinese mainland will likely drive rapid growth in OPFR related industry in the future. The diffusion trend map of OPFR indicated that the Bohai Sea and the central northern Yellow Sea are at high risk of ecological damage in the spring. The offshore region of the north of the South China Sea tended to aggregate more OPFRs in summer. Regions of the OPFR aggregation effect were at a higher risk of ecological damage.

A single-celled green algaCoccomyxagreatwallensisShunan Cao & Qiming Zhou,sp. nov., isolated from a specimen of Antarctic lichenPsoromahypnorum(Vahl) Gray, is described and illustrated based on a comprehensive investigation of morphology, ultrastructure, ecology and phylogeny. The cells ofC.greatwallensisare ovoid to long ellipsoidal and measured 3–5 µm × 6–12 µm. The new species has distinct ITS rDNA and SSU rDNA sequences and differs from the phylogenetic closely related speciesC.antarctica,C.arvernensisandC.viridisin cell size, distribution and habitat.

Triticum urartu (AA, 2n = 2x = 14), a wild grass endemic to the Fertile Crescent (FC), is the progenitor of the A subgenome in common wheat. It belongs to the primary gene pool for wheat improvement. Here, we evaluated the yellow rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, Pst) reactions of 147 T. urartu accessions collected from different parts of the FC. The reactions varied from susceptibility to strong resistance. In general, there were more accessions with stronger resistance to race CYR33 than to CYR 32. In most cases the main form of defense was a moderate resistance characterized by the presence of necrotic/chlorotic lesions with fewer Pst uredinia on the leaves. Forty two accessions displayed resistance to both races. Histological analysis showed that Pst growth was abundant in the compatible interaction but significantly suppressed by the resistant response. Gene silencing mediated by Barley stripe mosaic virus was effective in two T. urartu accessions with different resistance responses, indicating that this method can expedite future functional analysis of resistance genes. Our data suggest that T. urartu is a valuable source of resistance to yellow rust, and represents a model for studying the genetic, genomic and molecular basis underlying interaction between wheat and Pst. Keywords: Common wheat, Disease resistance, Gene silencing, Puccinia striiformis

In this study, we reported the occurrence of eight organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in the East China Sea. Forty samples were collected and analysed with a high volume solid phase extraction method (Hi-throat/Hi-volume SPE) in the early summer of 2020. All the target OPPs were detected in the surface water at one or more stations in the East China Sea, and the concentrations of ΣOPPs were in the range 0.0775–3.09 ng/L (mean: 0.862 ± 0.624 ng/L). Terbufos sulfone and fenthion were the main pollutants in this area, probably resulting from pesticide use in China and other countries. The off-shore input from coastal regions was suggested to be a major source of OPP pollution in the East China Sea, and the movement of ocean currents played an important role in their transportation because around 0.86 t OPPs passed through the Tsushima Strait from the East China Sea each month. An ecological risk assessment showed that these OPPs presented a high risk to species in the East China Sea, whereas they posed no health risk to humans under both the median and high exposure scenario.

Twenty-eight samples of surface seawater were collected from the West Pacific Ocean during 2019 using a high-volume solid-phase extraction with high-throughput organic analysis (Hi-throat/Hi-volume SPE) method, and concentrations of 10 organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers (OPEs) were determined. The total OPE concentration in the samples was 3.02–48.4 ng L−1 (mean 25.0 ± 10.5 ng L−1), with tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) being the largest contributor. Cluster analysis results showed off-shore input from the coast of East and Southeast Asia was an important source of these chemicals. Tri-p-tolyl phosphate (TpTP) should also be considered for long-term monitoring, because of its high detection frequency. Results of a risk assessment indicated low ecological risk to species in the West Pacific Ocean for TPhP and ΣOPEs. Hazard quotients (HQs) were all

Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are typical industrial additives widely applied in various industrial and household products, but they may pollute drinking water. In the present study, the occurrence of OPEs in drinking water was analyzed. For this purpose, 25 drinking water samples were collected from households in 25 cities in China. The concentrations of OPEs were accurately determined according to a high-throughput organic analysis testing combined with high-volume solid phase extraction (Hi-throat/Hi-volume SPE) technique. Through this technique, nine OPEs were detected, with spiked recoveries from 77% to 101%, and their total concentrations (ΣOPEs) ranging from 46.8 to 251 (average 126) ng L−1. The detection frequencies of the selected OPEs determined via Hi-throat/Hi-volume SPE were 88.0%–100%, which are much higher than those previously reported. The limit of detections of the OPEs was low at 20 L). OPEs in drinking water presented a decreasing trend from cities in coastal provinces to inland cities of China. Redundancy analysis showed that the concentrations of OPEs in drinking water were significantly influenced by economic–demographic influencing factors. The non-carcinogenic and lifetime carcinogenic risks (non-CR and CR) of the analyzed OPEs in drinking water were negligible for urban residents in China.

Plants have developed sophisticated strategies to coordinate growth and immunity, but our understanding of the underlying mechanism remains limited. In this study, we identified a novel molecular module that regulates plant growth and defense in both compatible and incompatible infections. This module consisted of BZR1, a key transcription factor in brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, and EDS1, an essential positive regulator of plant innate immunity. We found that EDS1 interacts with BZR1 and suppresses its transcriptional activities. Consistently, upregulation of EDS1 function by a virulent Pseudomonas syringae strain or salicylic acid treatment inhibited BZR1-regulated expression of BR-responsive genes and BR-promoted growth. Furthermore, we showed that the cytoplasmic fraction of BZR1 positively regulates effector-triggered immunity (ETI) controlled by the TIR-NB-LRR protein RPS4, which is attenuated by BZR1's nuclear translocation. Mechanistically, cytoplasmic BZR1 facilitated AvrRps4-triggered dissociation of EDS1 and RPS4 by binding to EDS1, thus leading to efficient activation of RPS4-controlled ETI. Notably, transgenic expression of a mutant BZR1 that accumulates exclusively in the cytoplasm improved pathogen resistance without compromising plant growth. Collectively, these results shed new light on plant growth-defense coordination and reveal a previously unknown function for the cytoplasmic fraction of BZR1. The BZR1-EDS1 module may be harnessed for the simultaneous improvement of crop productivity and pathogen resistance.

To explore the genetic diversity of Yersinia pestis in Erenhot, China, and their relationship with Mongolia strains, we collected and sequenced three Y. pestis strains from Erenhot, China, in 2018. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of three Y. pestis bv. Medievalis strains belonging to the 2.MED phylogroup that were circulating in Meriones unguiculatus populations., To explore the genetic diversity of Yersinia pestis strains in Erenhot, China, and their relationship with Mongolian strains, we collected and sequenced three Y. pestis strains from Erenhot, China, in 2018. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of three Y. pestis bv. Medievalis strains belonging to the 2.MED phylogroup that were circulating in Meriones unguiculatus populations.