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Emissions from mobile sources and stationary sources contribute to atmospheric pollution in China, and its components, which include ultrafine particles (UFPs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other reactive gases, such as NH

Copper-doped titanium dioxide nanotubes were prepared by a one-step solvothermal method and exhibited high photocatalytic activity and stability.

Biocompatible γ-cyclodextrin-based metal–organic frameworks were prepared for the effective encapsulation of liquid oregano essential oil innovatively with excellent controlled release.

Intelligent single-layer packaging is widely used in food monitoring and storage. However, most single-layer intelligent packaging has poor mechanical strength and water barrier properties. In this study, a bilayer intelligent detector film based on polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan (PVA-CS)/nano-ZnO/sodium alginate (SA) combined with anthocyanin extract (cyanidin chloride) was prepared using a layer-by-layer solution casting assembly technique. The effects of different levels of anthocyanin extracts on the physical and functional properties of the films, including microstructure, mechanical property, barrier property, pH sensitivity, and antibacterial property, were investigated. The results show that the bilayers exhibit excellent physical properties, lower water vapor permeability, better light transmission and UV-blocking properties, a broader pH sensitivity (ΔE 10), and good antibacterial activity. In short, the bilayer films studied are superior to the single-layer films in terms of their packaging potential for products with low moisture content, offering new directions for active intelligent packaging and biodegradable materials for the food industry.

Death receptor 5 (DR5) is overexpressed in many tumors. Combination of the anti-DR5 antibody with radionuclides such as lutetium-177 (177Lu) could enhance apoptosis and decrease the possibility of drug-induced resistance. In this study, a humanized anti-DR5 monoclonal antibody CTB006 was labeled with zirconium-89 (89Zr) and 177Lu to improve its efficiency for diagnosis and radiotherapy, respectively. The radiolabeled antibodies showed high tumor uptake in colon205 xenografts according to the results of micro-PET imaging and biodistribution. The 177Lu-DOTA-CTB006 could inhibit tumor growth significantly.

In this paper, the transient MRF approach coupled with the standard k-ε and SST k-ω turbulence models was employed to study the effect of bottom shape, impeller diameter (D J) and bottom height (H 2) on critical impeller off-bottom clearance (C). It was found the bottom shape and bottom height (H 2) have obvious influence on the flow pattern transition from double-loop to single-loop of RT impeller. The flow pattern transition mechanism was inferred to relate to the relationship between the space required by the lower circulation zone and the actual space. The boundary conditions of critical C were further concluded to help distinguish the flow pattern and receive the expected one in the stirred vessel design.

Background: Economically recovering valuable cyclohexane and sec-butyl alcohol from wastewater is an important industrial problem worthy of research and investigation. The available separation flowsheet in open literature was a heat pump assisted four-column scheme combining heterogeneous azeotropic and extractive distillation. However, the above design achieves significant energy saving at the cost of huge capital investment and increased operational complexity involved in the compression system. The purpose of this paper is to develop an improved configuration for separating the ternary system without using the expensive compression system, and it can also significantly improve the economics. Methods: The core design concept of our proposed three separation flowsheets is to fully utilize the advantage of the heterogeneity of the ternary system by introducing the fresh feed into a decanter for natural liquid-liquid splitting and innovatively applying a direct-contact heat exchanger to preheat the fresh feed. Besides, the technologies of dividing-wall column, side-stream extractive distillation and heat integration are also integrated to the heterogeneous azeotropic and extractive distillation for further energy saving. Significant findings: In comparison with the existing design, our final proposed heat-integrated heterogeneous distillation process with two dividing-wall columns can significantly save energy consumption 24.5%, total annual cost 43.6% and CO2 emission 13.2%.

Black phosphorus has been recognized as a prospective candidate anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its ultrahigh theoretical capacity of 2596 mA·h/g and high electric conductivity of ≈ 300 S/m. However, its large volume expansion and contraction during sodiation/desodiation lead to poor cycling stability. In this work, a BP/graphite nanoparticle/nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (BP/G/CNTs) composite with a dual-carbon conductive network is successfully fabricated as a promising anode material for SIBs through a simple two-step mechanical milling process. The unique structure can mitigate the effect of volume changes and provide additional electron conduction pathways during cycles. Furthermore, the formation of P–O–C bonds helps maintain the intimate connection between phosphorus and carbon, thereby improving the cycling and rate performance. As a result, the BP/G/CNTs composite delivers a high initial Coulombic efficiency (89.6%) and a high specific capacity for SIBs (1791.3 mA·h/g after 100 cycles at 519.2 mA/g and 1665.2 mA·h/g after 100 cycles at 1298 mA/g). Based on these results, the integrated strategy of one- and two-dimensional carbon materials can guide other anode materials for SIBs.

Recently, a new industrial relevant wastewater (water/Cyclohexane/sec-butyl alcohol) separation process with vapor recompression and thermal coupling was proposed as the conventional homogeneous extractive distillation. This highly integrated and interactive multivariable process presents great challenges to the dynamic controllability and process safety analysis. In this paper, based on the concept of “simultaneous design”, the newly proposed process is systematically investigated from the perspective of process improvement, plantwide control and safety analysis. Firstly, for energy conservation and CO2 emission reduction, the new complex process is further improved by applying the features of heterogeneous distillation. And a modified heterogeneous distillation process with heat pump is proposed, which can save reboiler duty about 16.8 % and save compressor electricity up to 67.7 %, while the reduction of CO2 emissions is 23.5 %. Secondly, for the efficient heterogeneous distillation process, an effective and robust plantwide control strategy is developed and tested under large throughput and feed composition disturbances. Last, with the dynamic simulation assisted HAZOP, a quantitative safety analysis is conducted, which can help experts to consider the nature, scale and response time of hazards and identify the potential propagation of deviation between different units, and then propose more specific or accurate safety recommendations correspondingly.

Nitrogen and phosphorus pollution caused by land use seriously threatens the surface water ecosystem. However, the relationship between surface water quality and land use remains obscure in multiple spatiotemporal scales. The spatiotemporal variation characteristics of the eutrophication degree were discussed via the in situ investigation, and the effects of land use on water quality were quantitatively studied through correlation analysis and redundancy analysis in the Honghu Lake Basin, a typical active agriculturally disturbed basin. Results show that the water quality of the entire basin has suffered from serious nitrogen (with the total nitrogen ranging from 1.90 to 11.72 mg/L in the dry season and 1.07–9.24 mg/L in the rainy season) and phosphorus (with the total phosphorus ranging from 0.07 to 1.78 mg/L in the dry season and 0.02–0.56 mg/L in the rainy season) pollution. Seasonally, the nutrient concentration in dry the season are approximately 14–46% higher than those in the rainy season, and the nutrient concentration upstream is higher in spatial distribution. Correlation analysis indicates that forest and wetland were negatively correlated with nutrient concentrations, while cultivated land and residence community were positively correlated with nutrient concentrations. Redundancy analysis shows that the spatial variation of the water quality is best explained at a small scale (1000 m buffer) and in the rainy season (55%). Our study can provide a strategy for land use planning for water quality management and protection in a typical agriculturally disturbed basin, like the Honghu Lake basin.

Nano-size catechin/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (CA/β-CD IC) with 1:1 molar ratio was obtained by cooling precipitation at 4 °C. Physicochemical properties of the CA/β-CD IC nanoparticles were characterized. Results of dynamic light scattering and SEM observation showed that CA/β-CD IC molecules underwent a process of assembling and shaping nano-size particles. In the range of 10–14 mM, the higher the concentration of β-CD aqueous solution, the faster the CA/β-CD IC nanoparticles form and the larger the size of the nanoparticles (195.2–438.6 nm). The total recovery, inclusion ratio and loading capacity of the CA/β-CD IC nanoparticles were determined. Results of FT-IR and DSC indicated that stability of CA was enhanced after it was embedded into β-CD cavity. XRD results showed that the strongest three diffraction peaks (located at 2θ = 10.6°, 12.4° and 19.6°) of the CA/β-CD IC nanoparticles was different from that (located at 2θ = 6.6°, 11.7° and 17.7°) of micro-size CA/β-CD IC and the nanoparticles obtained from higher concentration solution possessed higher crystallinity.

In this study, the binding capacity of calcium ions of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), tetrasodium pyrophosphate (TSPP), trisodium citrate (TSC), and potassium oxalate (PO) were evaluated, and the calcium distribution in the presence of STPP and TSPP in CaCl2 solutions (50 mmol L−1) were investigated. Under conditions simulating industrial toothpaste, the concentration of fluoride in calcium carbonate suspensions (30 g/50 g) was measured by ion chromatography to investigate the effects of chelating agents on calcium ions. Among all the chelating agents, STPP and TSPP have the highest retention rate of fluoride, indicating better calcium binding capacity. Preliminary studies were carried out in CaCl2 solutions to investigate the influence of concentration and pH on the chelating performance of STPP and TSPP. The distribution of free calcium, chelated calcium, and precipitated calcium in CaCl2 solution in the presence of STPP and TSPP were investigated to reveal two different calcium-chelation mechanisms and laws for STPP and TSPP. This work has a positive guiding significance for the stabilisation of calcium and fluoride in toothpaste formula.

In this work, the phase behavior of the poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/alkyl ethoxysulfate (AES)/water ternary system is investigated at 25 °C. The PVA/AES/water ternary phase diagram is conducted which shows that there are two main phases corresponding to the solid phase and the hexagonal liquid crystalline phase (H) in the ternary system. Besides these two phases, a high-viscosity liquid phase (L2) and a micellar phase (L1) can also be found in the phase diagram, although they just occupy small areas. Polarizing optical microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering are used to characterize the different lyotropic liquid crystal types. Moreover, the viscosity distribution and oscillation tests are also performed by means of the rheometer. High elastic modulus (G') and viscous modulus (G″) can be found in the H and the L2 phase, whereas both moduli are low in the L1 region. The PVA/AES/water ternary phase diagram provides a good guide for accelerating the selection of the detergent formula, whereas the rheological tests provide an application guidance for industrial operations. Beyond tis, the L1 region is considered to be a reasonable range for slurry making because of its good fluidity and low viscoelasticity. This research enriches the content of polymer-surfactant aggregates and promotes the development of solid detergent manufacturing industry.

Reasonable regulation of the micro-morphology of material can significantly enhance the related performance. Herein, bismuth tungstate (Bi

Background: Studies have found that HIV is mainly transmitted through the mucosal surface, and the entrance of early progression of the disease is the rectal and colonic mucosa. So, this paper aimed to explore and analyze the structural differences of gut microbiome between men who have sex with men (MSM) and those who don’t have sex with men (Non-MSM), expecting to find novel biological factors that potentially impact transmission and/or disease in MSM population. Methods: We collected a total of 33 stool samples, 16 were MSM and 17 were Non-MSM. The 16S rRNA gene amplification sequencing was used to detect the alteration and structure of the gut microbiome community in two groups. Results: The difference in β diversity of gut microbiome of two groups of subjects was statistically significant (P2), and the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, genera Erysipelotrichaceae incertae sedis, Bilophila, Holdemania, Clostridium XIVb and Bacteroidaceae in MSM group were lower (P2). Conclusions: There are some differences in the structure of gut microbiome between MSM group and Non-MSM group. It indicates the differences in behavior and characteristics between MSM and Non-MSM populations may be related to the difference in the structure of gut microbiome.

In this work, an energy-efficient extractive dividing-wall column process with heat integration (E-DWC-HI) is proposed for the first time to separate the dichloromethane (DCM)–methanol (MeOH) azeotrope, which is a widely existing waste effluent in the pharmaceutical industry. The result of economic evaluation shows that the E-DWC-HI process is a preferred choice for the separation of DCM–MeOH mixture. Designing a robust control strategy is essential for the E-DWC-HI process. Thus, four control structures are proposed and tested under the disturbances of ±20% feed flow rate and ±5% feed composition. The basic control structure (CS1) and the double temperature difference control structure (CS2) both have a fixed vapor split. The dynamic response shows that the required purity cannot be met due to the loss of an important control degree of freedom. In CS3, variable vapor split is carried out by adjusting the pressures on the two sides of the dividing wall, and all product purities are held close to their set points except for MeOH product purity with an obvious offset. The dynamic performance of CS4 has been significantly improved by integrating pressure swing and pressure compensation. The offset of MeOH product purity is significantly reduced from 2.05 to 0.03%.

In this work, the effect of 13 binary solvent systems on e-CL-20 crystal growth was studied by a combined experimental and simulative method. The solvent–crystal interactions were considered by using the modified attachment energy (MAE) model and then the modified e-CL-20 crystal morphologies in the different binary solvent systems were predicted by molecular dynamics simulation. The contrastive crystals in the different systems were prepared by a solvent–antisolvent crystallization method. The results demonstrate that the growth morphology derived from the MAE model is in good accordance with that observed in the experiments. The solvent–crystal interactions are mainly composed of hydrogen bonding and Coulomb interactions, and the surface roughness is found to be important to the solvent molecule adsorption. Moreover, due to the steric hindrance and polarity of the antisolvents, the diffusion coefficient of the solvent molecules is not positively correlated with the interaction energy.

A lithium-ion battery thermal management system has always been a hot spot in the battery industry. In this study, a novel high-thermal-conductivity composite phase-change material (CPCM) made by paraffin wax and silicon was adopted to facilitate heat transfer. Moreover, high resistance or even insulation of CPCM is capable of preventing short circuits between the cells. The heat transfer mechanism of CPCMs was determined under a scanning electron microscope. A thermogravimetric analyzer was employed to determine the thermal stability. A differential scanning calorimeter was used to explore the thermophysical properties of the composite samples. By comparing the results of the experiment, it was reported that under the silicon carbide content of 5%, the parameters were better than others. The phase-change enthalpy of CPCM was 199.4 J/g, the leakage rate of liquid was 4.6%, and the melting point was 53.6 °C. To verify the practicality of CPCM, a three-dimensional layered battery pack model was built in the COMSOL Multiphysics software. By simulating the thermal runaway inside the battery packs of various materials, it was reported that the addition of CPCM significantly narrowed the temperature range of the battery pack from 300–370 to 303–304 K. Therefore, CPCM can effectively increase the rate of heat transfer to prevent the chain of thermal runaway reactions. It also enables the battery pack to run at a stable temperature.

Bacterial contamination and the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria demand alternate methods to deal with bacterial infections. With particular advantages, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising approach. As a kind of photosensitizer for PDT, light-induced antibacterial compounds like oligo

Recently, new cleaning products based on polymer–surfactant platforms have captured the attention of the industry, thanks to their good mechanical strength and excellent solubility. In this study, ...

Aluminum powder explosion accidents occurred frequently, but the mechanism of aluminum powder explosion is unclear. Therefore, the inhibitive effect of aluminum powder explosion plays a key role. To evaluate the inhibition capacity of different kinds of carbonates and phosphates: NaH2PO4, (NH4)2HPO4, NH4H2PO4, KHCO3 and NaHCO3 on aluminum deflagrations, a standard 20-L spherical chamber was used to determine the explosion severity, characterized by the maximum explosion pressure (Pmax). New parameters have been proposed: the minimum significant inert concentration (MSIC) and the minimum complete inert concentration (MCIC), which characterized the effect of inert. Experimental results showed that from the minimum significant inert concentration (MSIC) and the minimum complete inert concentration (MCIC), phosphate can have a significant inhibiting effect. 40% NaH2PO4 can totally inert the aluminum explosion, and 50% (NH4)2HPO4 or 50% NH4H2PO4 can also suppress the explosion. Through simulation, phosphate mainly acts via a chemical inhibition pathway, which inhibits the reaction of aluminum powder and oxygen by catalyzing the recombination of H atoms and O atoms. Carbonate performs inhibition in chemically, producing CO2, diluting the oxygen around the aluminum powder. Studies indicated that the explosion pressure of the mixture decreases as the concentration of inert dust increases. However, when the concentration of carbonates was low, SEEP (suppressant enhanced explosion parameter) phenomenon was found. This research work has a potential industrial application in high hazard aluminum working condition, which can help decrease the explosion pressure and reduce the accident loss.

In this work, a new crystallization method was used to prepare two polymorphs of sulfamethazine–saccharin (SMT–SAC) cocrystal in bulk. The purity and crystal form of both polymorphs were confirmed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Moreover, the solubility of the stable form (form II) was determined by gravimetric analysis in nine pure solvents and one binary (acetonitrile + 2-propanol) solvent at temperatures ranging from 278.15 to 348.15 K at atmospheric pressure. Experimental data were correlated using the modified Apelblat model, the λh equation, the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) model, the Jouyban–Acree model, and the CNIBS/Redlich–Kister model. Finally, the apparent thermodynamic properties, such as $$\Delta_{\text{dis}} G$$, ΔdisH, and ΔdisS, were calculated on the basis of the activity coefficient obtained by the NRTL model. All the models correlate well, and all the experimental and calculated results indicate that the dissolution behavior of SMT–SAC cocrystal form II is a spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy-driven process.

In this study, we investigated the synergistic effect of a zwitterionic surfactant (cocamidopropyl betaine) and amino acid surfactant (sodium lauroyl sarcosinate) by measurements of surface tension, rheological properties, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results confirm the formation of wormlike micelles in the mixed system, which leads to superior surface activity as compared to that of an individual surfactant. Stable and dynamic viscoelastic measurements were also performed to explore the characteristics of wormlike micelles at different mole fractions, pH values, and temperatures. The results indicate that the strongest wormlike structure formed under the conditions of X1 = 0.5, pH = 4.7, and CT = 600 mmol/L. The size and morphology of the mixed micelles were obtained by DLS and TEM. The results of this work offer insight into the interaction between zwitterionic and amino acid surfactants, which will contribute to the design of complex surfactants.