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Abstract Purpose In high-temperature geothermal fields, interpretation of the dynamic two-phase state inside the production wells under different wellhead conditions are important to effectively use the geothermal heat source. Therefore, the corresponding wellbore models must have the capability to simulate transient flow and energy state in geothermal wellbores, as well as advective and conductive heat and mass interactions with surrounding formation. Methods In this study, a transient two-phase wellbore model is developed and implemented in the open source software OpenGeoSys, to simulate both flow and energy state in the wellbore, as well as advective and conductive heat and mass interactions with surrounding formation. The model is first verified against analytical solutions and numerical results from the open-source simulator FloWell. The model is then further validated with well logging data from the Yangyi geothermal field in Tibet, China. Results Based on the simulation results of the parametric analysis, the conductive heat loss of the high-velocity geothermal production well in the Yangyi geothermal field is found to be limited and the influence can be safely neglected after 8 h of discharge. The flash point location in the wellbore moves upwards for 112 m along with the decrease in fluid enthalpy by 200 kJ/kg. In the wellbore shut-in process, the wellhead pressure decreases with decreasing velocity, while the location of the flash point does not change much. After wellbore shut-in, a two-phase state still exists in the closed wellbore, and the temperature profile is dominated by conductive heat exchange with the surrounding formation. Taking into account the impact of the feed zone, the mass flow rate of the ZK203 well in the Yangyi geothermal field increases from 122.87 to 126.26 t/h when the wellhead pressure decreases from 1.26 to 1.18 MPa. Conclusion The open-source two-phase wellbore model developed and implemented in this work provides preliminary insights into the transition and evolution of the two-phase state in high-temperature production wells considering advective and conductive interactions with the surrounding formation.

Abstract The immune response plays a pivotal role in tumor progression and therapy. However, the influence of protein PAR polymerases (PARPs) modifications on cell infiltration within the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains insufficiently understood. In this study, the Clinical and RNA sequencing data we performed a comprehensive analysis of PARPs modification patterns, exploring their associations with TME cell infiltration were acquired from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) database. To quantify PARPs modification in individual tumors, we developed a novel metric, the PARPscore, derived using principal component analysis. Our findings revealed three distinct PARPs modification patterns, each correlated with unique TME infiltration characteristics and tumor immunophenotypes. These patterns demonstrated predictive value for various clinical parameters, including inflammation stage, tumor subtypes, TME matrix activity, genetic variations, and patient prognosis. Notably, the high PARPscore subtype exhibited features of stromal activation and reduced immune infiltration, indicative of a non-inflamed, immune-excluded TME phenotype, and was associated with poorer survival outcomes. Conversely, lower PARPscore subtypes corresponded to substantial therapeutic benefits and improved outcomes in two independent immunotherapy cohorts. This study underscores the critical role of PARPs modification in shaping the diverse and dynamic TME. By delineating tumor-specific PARPs modification patterns, we provide valuable insights into TME complexity and its implications for immunotherapy.

Abstract Comorbidity among atopic diseases (ADs) and gastrointestinal diseases (GIDs) has been repeatedly demonstrated by epidemiological studies, whereas the shared genetic liability remains largely unknown. Here we establish an atlas of the shared genetic architecture between 10 ADs or related traits and 11 GIDs, comprehensively investigating the comorbidity-associated genomic regions, cell types, genes and genetically predicted causality. Although distinct genetic correlations between AD-GID are observed, including 14 genome-wide and 28 regional correlations, genetic factors of Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), celiac disease and asthma subtypes are converged on CD4+ T cells consistently across relevant tissues. Fourteen genes are associated with comorbidities, with three genes are known treatment targets, showing probabilities for drug repurposing. Lower expressions of WDR18 and GPX4 in PBMC CD4+ T cells predict decreased risk of CD and asthma, which could be novel drug targets. MR unveils certain ADs led to higher risk of GIDs or vice versa. Taken together, here we show distinct genetic correlations between AD-GID pairs, but the correlated genomic loci converge on the dysregulation of CD4+ T cells. Inhibiting WDR18 and GPX4 expressions might be candidate therapeutic strategies for CD and asthma. Estimated causality indicates potential guidance for preventing comorbidity.

Abstract Pluripotent stem cells possess a unique nuclear architecture characterized by a larger nucleus and more open chromatin, which underpins their ability to self-renew and differentiate. Here, we show that the nucleolus-specific RNA helicase DDX18 is essential for maintaining the pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells. Using techniques such as Hi-C, DNA/RNA-FISH, and biomolecular condensate analysis, we demonstrate that DDX18 regulates nucleolus phase separation and nuclear organization by interacting with NPM1 in the granular nucleolar component, driven by specific nucleolar RNAs. Loss of DDX18 disrupts nucleolar substructures, impairing centromere clustering and perinucleolar heterochromatin (PNH) formation. To probe this further, we develop NoCasDrop, a tool enabling precise nucleolar targeting and controlled liquid condensation, which restores centromere clustering and PNH integrity while modulating developmental gene expression. This study reveals how nucleolar phase separation dynamics govern chromatin organization and cell fate, offering fresh insights into the molecular regulation of stem cell pluripotency.

The single-phase face-centered cubic medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) normally have coarse grains in as-cast state, which exhibit insufficient strength for engineering applications. Here, a superior tensile strength-ductility synergy in a fine grained (CoCrNi)94Al3Ti3 MEA hardened by nanoscale L12 precipitates was fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) and post-sintering in-situ precipitation treatment. The SPSed MEAs have a fine grain size of ⁓ 5 μm, and a high number density of L12 precipitates form after in-situ annealing within the SPS machine. A high tensile yield strength of 1141 MPa with an adequate elongation to fracture of 25.8% was achieved in (CoCrNi)94Al3Ti3 MEA after annealing at 700 °C for 4 h. Electron backscattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy characterizations indicate that the superior mechanical properties mainly originate from fine grains and the coherent spherical L12 precipitates. The dislocation slips and stacking faults prevail in all SPSed MEAs during tensile deformation, while extra Lomer-Cottrell locks are observed in annealed MEAs. The deformation twinning is absent in these precipitation-hardened MEAs with a low stacking fault energy, which may be attributed to the fine grains and numerous nanoscale L12 precipitates. This study not only confirms the effectiveness of powder metallurgy when sintering and precipitation are combined in-situ during the SPS cycle, but also provide guidance for the microstructure regulation process and practical applications of SPSed HEAs/MEAs.

Abstract Background Ureaplasma spp. can be classified into different serovars. It is unknown whether distinct serovars are associated with clinical signs and symptoms. Methods We conducted a multicentre cross-sectional study. U. parvum serovars were identified on the basis of their multiple-banded antigen (MBA) genes. After adjusting for demographic variables and other reproductive tract infections, the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to determine the impact of U. parvum serovars on clinical symptoms. Results Among 5,277 individuals, U. parvum serovars 3 and 6 were the most prevalent serovars (17.9% and 16.0%, respectively). Potential confounders, such as age, body mass index (BMI), ethnicity, education level, contraceptive methods, number of sexual partners, gravidity, parity, and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) that are associated with clinical symptoms (P

PurposeCarbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) producing carbapenemases poses a global threat to public health. Antimicrobial agent combinations have been promoted as a potential therapeutic strategy for infections. The most effective antimicrobial combinations against CRKP strains producing different carbapenemases are currently unclear, particularly those producing the KPC variant carbapenemases. This study is aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various antimicrobial agent combinations against CRKP strains with different carbapenemases.MethodsA checkerboard assay involving 24 antimicrobial agent combinations was conducted on 44 strains of carbapenemase-producing CRKP isolated from patients of which 13 CRKP strains carried single KPC variants. The 24 antimicrobial combinations were based on meropenem, polymyxin, tigecycline, ceftazidime/avibactam, respectively. The fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indexes were calculated for each combination of antimicrobial agents.ResultsThe distribution of carbapenemases in 44 CRKP strains was as follows: KPC variants (n = 13, 29.5%), KPC-2 (n = 10, 22.7%), metallo-β-lactamases (n = 9, 20.5%), OXA-48-like (n = 12, 27.3%). In the checkerboard assay, the combination of polymyxin and aztreonam exhibited the highest synergistic effect against CRKP strains, with a rate of 95.5% (42/44). This was followed by polymyxin-meropenem at 88.6% (39/44) and polymyxin-levofloxacin at 68.2% (30/44). Additionally, polymyxin-aztreonam combination and polymyxin-meropenem showed the highest sum of synergistic and additive rates of 100.0% against KPC variant-producing CRKP strains. Notably, ceftazidime/avibactam-based combinations exhibited better synergistic effects on KPC variant-producing CRKP strains compared to other CRKP strains with adjusted p value

ABSTRACT Emerging evidence highlights the potential impact of intratumoral microbiota on cancer. However, the microbial composition and function in glioma remains elusive. Consequently, our study aimed to investigate the microbial community composition in glioma tissues and elucidate its role in glioma development. We parallelly performed microbial profiling, transcriptome sequencing, and metabolomics detection on tumor and adjacent normal brain tissues obtained from 50 glioma patients. We employed immunohistochemistry, multicolor immunofluorescence, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) staining to observe the presence and location of bacteria. Furthermore, an animal model was employed to validate the impact of key bacteria on glioma development. Six genera were found to be significantly enriched in glioma tissues compared to adjacent normal brain tissues, including Fusobacterium, Longibaculum, Intestinimonas, Pasteurella, Limosilactobacillus, and Arthrobacter. Both bacterial RNA and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were observed in glioma tissues. Integrated microbiomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics revealed that genes associated with intratumoral microbes were enriched in multiple synapse-associated pathways and that metabolites associated with intratumoral microbes were (R)-N-methylsalsolinol, N-acetylaspartylglutamic acid, and N-acetyl-l-aspartic acid. Further mediation analysis suggested that the intratumoral microbiome may affect the expression of neuron-related genes through bacteria-associated metabolites. In addition, both in vivo and in vitro models of glioma show that Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes glioma proliferation and upregulates CCL2, CXCL1, and CXCL2 levels. Our findings shed light on the intricate interplay between intratumoral bacteria and glioma.IMPORTANCEOur study adopted a multi-omics approach to unravel the impact of intratumoral microbes on neuron-related gene expression through bacteria-associated metabolites. Importantly, we found bacterial RNA and LPS signals within glioma tissues, which were traditionally considered sterile. We identified key microbiota within glioma tissues, including Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn). Through in vivo and in vitro experiments, we identified the crucial role of Fn in promoting glioma progression, suggesting that Fn could be a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for glioma patients. These findings offer valuable insights into the intricate interplay between intratumoral bacteria and glioma, offering novel inspiration to the realm of glioma biology.

Abstract Developing intelligent electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption materials with real‐time response‐ability is of great significance in complex application environments. Herein, highly compressible Fe@CNFs@Co/C elastic aerogels were assembled through the electrospinning method, achieving EMW absorption through pressure changes. By varying the pressure, the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of Fe@CNFs@Co/C elastic aerogels shows continuous changes from low frequency to high frequency. The EAB of Fe@CNFs@Co/C elastic aerogels is 14.4 GHz (3.36–17.76 GHz), which covers 90% of the range of S/C/X/Ku bands. The theoretical simulation indicates that the external pressure prompts a reduction in the spacing between the fiber layers in the aerogels and facilitates the formation of a 3D conductive network with enhanced attenuation ability of EMW. The uniform distribution of metal particles and appropriate layer spacing can effectively optimize the impedance matching to achieve the best EMW absorption performance. This work state clearly that the hierarchically assembled elastic aerogels composed of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) derivatives and carbon fibers are ideal dynamic EMW absorption materials for intelligent EMW response.

Ischemia brain injury is closely associated with the gut microbiota. Polysaccharides, as a typical prebiotic, have been extensively employed in stroke treatment. In our previous study, Pueraria lobata polysaccharide (PLP-3) with antioxidant activity was prepared via water extraction and alcohol precipitation combined with ultrasonic degradation. In this study, the effects of PLP-3 on ischemia brain injury and its regulatory effects on the gut microbiota were further investigated. The results demonstrated that PLP-3 effectively reduced the infarct area, improves neurological function, and alleviates neuronal damage of cerebral ischemia injury. Mechanistically, PLP-3 significantly reduces serum LPS levels in MCAO mice, inhibiting TLR-4 activation in brain tissue and thereby reducing IL-1β and TNF-α levels. Meanwhile, PLP-3 significantly repaired the intestinal barrier injury by increasing the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Occludin) and increasing the number of goblet cells. Additionally, the structure and composition of gut microbiota in MCAO mice after PLP-3 intervention, were also significantly changed, especially the enrichment of Lactobacillus and the reduction of Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus. At the same time, short chain fatty acid, metabolites of gut microbiota, were also significantly increased and significantly correlated with the abundance of Lactobacillus. Moreover, LC-MS untargeted metabolomics revealed that PLP-3 significantly improves the intestinal metabolic profile after cerebral ischemia injury, upregulating the amino acid biosynthesis pathway and enriching amino acids such as glutamine and arginine, as well as neuroprotective flavonoids such as fisetin and liquiritigenin. These results suggested that PLP-3 could protect mice from cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury by regulating gut microbiota and repairing gut barrier, inhibiting brain LPS/TLR4/MyD88 inflammatory pathway, therefore we provide a theoretical basis for PLP-3 as a functional food to prevent ischemic brain injury.

Abstract Aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) carbon dot (CDs) in solid state with tunable multicolor emissions have sparked significant interest in multidimensional anti‐counterfeiting. However, the realization of solid‐state fluorescence (SSF) by AIE effect and the regulation of fluorescence wavelength in solid state is a great challenge. In order to solve this dilemma, the AIE method to prepare multi‐color solid‐state CDs with fluorescence wavelengths ranging from bright blue to red emission is employed. Specifically, by using thiosalicylic acid and carbonyl hydrazine as precursors, the fluorescence wavelength can be accurately adjusted by varying the reaction temperature from 150 to 230 °C or changing the molar ratio of the precursors from 1:1 to 1:2. Structural analysis and theoretical calculations consistently indicate that increasing the sp2 domains or doping with graphite nitrogen both cause a redshift in the fluorescence wavelength of CDs in the solid state. Moreover, with the multi‐dimensional and adjustable fluorescence wavelength, the application of AIE CDs in the fields of multi‐anti‐counterfeiting encryption, ink printing, and screen printing is demonstrated. All in all, this work opens up a new way for preparing solid‐state multi‐color CDs using AIE effect, and further proposes an innovative strategy for controlling fluorescence wavelengths.

Benzene exposure has been linked to various adverse health effects. However, the effective strategy for prevention or treatment of benzene-induced hematotoxicity remains unsolved. We previously administrated hepatocyte-specific deletion of Ppp2r1a gene (encoding PP2A Aα subunit) mice with benzene via inhalation for 28 days, and found homozygote (HO) mice exhibited alleviative hematotoxicity compared with wild type (WT) mice. Here, we integrate untargeted metabolomics and transcriptomics data to identify the key metabolic pathways and metabolites attenuating benzene-induced hematotoxicity. Metabolomics analysis revealed the perturbation of nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, as well as taurine and hypotaurine metabolism pathways, were implicated in regulating benzene-induced hematotoxicity. Meanwhile, transcriptome analysis showed that immune-, inflammation-, and metabolism-related pathways were obviously disturbed in WT mice groups upon benzene exposure, while sirtuin signaling pathway, associated with nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, was activated in HO mice groups. Notably, combined metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis further confirmed the involvement of nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism pathways in relieving benzene-induced hematotoxicity. Specific metabolites, including 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA), nicotinamide (NA), β-nicotinamide mononucleotides (NMN), and taurine were identified as the potential metabolites alleviating benzene-induced adverse effects. In vitro experiments demonstrated the protective effect of MNA and NA against 1,4-benzoquinone (1,4-BQ)-caused cytotoxicity in HL-60 cells. In vivo, MNA supplementation in drinking water could effectively restore the decline in white blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte (LYMPH), and reticulocyte (RET) counts, also mitigate oxidative damage and genotoxicity in response to benzene exposure. These observations highlight the potential of MNA supplementation as a strategy for preventing benzene-caused hematotoxicity.

Background Oral microbes mediate the production of nitric oxide (NO) through the denitrification pathway. This study aimed to investigate the association between oral microbial nitrate metabolism and prognosis in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients.Methods This prospective, observational, single-center cohort study included 124 AIS patients admitted within 24 hours of symptom onset, with 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure data. Oral swabs were collected within 24 hours. Hypertensive AIS patients were stratified by the coefficient of variation (CV) of 24-hour systolic blood pressure. Microbial composition was analyzed using LEfSe and PICRUSt2 for bacterial and functional pathway identification.Results Significant differences in oral microbiota composition were observed between hypertensive AIS patients with varying CVs. Lower CV groups showed enrichment of nitrate-reducing bacteria and “Denitrification, nitrate => nitrogen” pathways. The TAX score of oral nitrate-reducing bacteria, derived from LASSO modeling, independently correlated with 90-day modified Rankin Scale scores, serving as an independent risk factor for poor prognosis. Mediation analyses suggested indirect that the TAX score not only directly influences outcomes but also indirectly affects them by modulating 24-hour systolic blood pressure CV.Conclusions AIS patients with comorbid hypertension and higher systolic blood pressure CV exhibited reduced oral nitrate-reducing bacteria, potentially worsening outcomes.

Sepsis progression is significantly associated with the disruption of gut eubiosis. However, the modulatory mechanisms of gut microbiota operating during sepsis are still unclear. Herein, we investigated how gut commensals impact sepsis development in a pre-clinical model. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery was used to establish polymicrobial sepsis in mice. Mice depleted of gut microbiota by an antibiotic cocktail (ABX) exhibited a significantly higher level of mortality than controls. As determined by metabolomics analysis, ABX treatment has depleted many metabolites, and subsequent supplementation with l-rhamnose (rhamnose, Rha), a bacterial carbohydrate metabolite, exerted profound immunomodulatory properties with a significant enhancement in macrophage phagocytosis, which in turn improved organ damage and mortality. Mechanistically, rhamnose binds directly to and activates the solute carrier family 12 (potassium-chloride symporter), member 4 (SLC12A4) in macrophages and promotes phagocytosis by activating the small G-proteins, Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate1 (Rac1) and cell division control protein 42 homolog (Cdc42). Interestingly, rhamnose has enhanced the phagocytosis capacity of macrophages from sepsis patients. In conclusion, by identifying SLC12A4 as the host interacting protein, we disclosed that the gut commensal metabolite rhamnose is a functional molecular that could promote the phagocytosis capacity of macrophages and protect the host against sepsis.

Abstract The emitter-cavity strong coupling manifests crucial significance for exploiting quantum technology, especially in the scale of individual emitters. However, due to the small light-matter interaction cross-section, the single emitter-cavity strong coupling has been limited by its harsh requirement on the quality factor of the cavity and the local density of optical states. Herein, we present a strategy termed waveguide-assisted energy quantum transfer (WEQT) to improve the single emitter-cavity coupling strength by extending the interaction cross-section. Multiple ancillary emitters are optically linked by a waveguide, providing an indirect coupling channel to transfer the energy quantum between target emitter and cavity. An enhancement factor of coupling strength $$\widetilde{g}/g > 10$$ g ̃ / g > 10 can be easily achieved, which dramatically release the rigorous design of cavity. As an extension of concept, we further show that the ancillae can be used as controlling bits for a photon gate, opening up new degrees of freedom in quantum manipulation.

Plasmid-mediated tigecycline resistance genes, notably the tet(X) and tmexCD-toprJ genes, have garnered considerable attention due to their transferability. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and resistance mechanisms associated with tet(X) and tmexCD-toprJ in flies, which are important reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes. A total of 52 tigecycline resistant bacterial isolates were collected, among which 40 (76.9 %) and 12 (23.1 %) were positive for tet(X) and tmexCD-toprJ, respectively. Tigecycline resistant bacteria were isolated from diverse geographical locations in China, with tet(X4)-positive Escherichia coli and tmexCD1-toprJ1-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae dominant among the isolates. The prevalence of tet(X) in rural area was significantly higher than that in urban area (2.7 % vs. 0.3 %; P 0.05). Most tet(X)-positive strains (n = 40, 100.0 %), and 11(91.7 %) of the tmexCD1-toprJ1-positive strains exhibited multi-drug resistance. The IncFIB(Mar)/IncHI1B hybrid plasmid carrying tmexCD1-toprJ1 was identified by whole-genome sequencing analysis, which dominated the transmission of tmexCD1-toprJ1 in K. pneumoniae. Genetic context analysis showed that tmexCD1-toprJ1 was related locally to IS26, and IS26 may exacerbate the spread of tmexCD1-toprJ1 in different bacteria. In addition, the genetic structure of tmexCD1-toprJ1 also contains several antimicrobial resistance genes, including aph(3′)-Ic, sul1, blaDHA-1, blaCTX-M−5, etc., conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, and carbapenems. This study provides insights into the epidemiology and transmission dynamics of tigecycline resistance genes, informing targeted intervention strategies to mitigate antimicrobial resistance dissemination.

To more effectively address the issue of carbon emissions in the aviation industry, this study first analyzes the current development status of carbon offset and carbon neutrality strategies in the aviation industry, as well as examines the existing relevant research findings. Then, optimizations are made to the Convolutional Neural Network to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the prediction model. These optimizations include architectural improvements, the use of attention mechanisms to more accurately focus on important features, as well as the adoption of multiscale feature extraction and advanced optimization algorithms to enhance the model's learning ability and convergence speed. These comprehensive improvements not only enhance the model's generalization ability but also significantly improve its applicability in complex environments. Finally, by comparing the performance of Transformer Networks, Graph Convolutional Networks, Capsule Networks, Generative Adversarial Networks, Temporal Convolutional Networks, and the proposed optimization algorithm on datasets of airline carbon emissions and fuel usage, the performance of the proposed optimization algorithm is validated through comparison of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score calculated from the data. Simultaneously, simulation experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed optimization algorithm by comparing prediction stability, strategy adaptability, response time, and long-term effectiveness. The experimental results show that the accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score of the proposed optimized model reach up to 0.942, 0.967, 0.951, and 0.934 respectively, all higher than those of the compared models, validating the good performance of the proposed optimized model. In the comparison of simulation experiments, the scores of prediction stability and strategy adaptability of the proposed optimized model reach up to 0.944 and 0.953 respectively, much higher than those of other models. The response time is only 0.04s when the data volume is 1000, and the computational advantage of the proposed optimized model becomes more apparent with the increase in data volume. In the comparison of long-term effectiveness, the advantage of the proposed optimized model in this aspect also becomes more obvious with the increase in data volume. Through simulation experiments, the performance of the model in actual application scenarios is further evaluated to ensure its practicability. Therefore, this study not only provides a new optimization tool for carbon emission strategies in the aviation industry but also has certain significance for research on environmental sustainability.

IntroductionArchaeal communities play a crucial role in marine ecosystems, yet our understanding of their ecological and functional traits remains incomplete. This study focuses on northern Hangzhou Bay to fill gaps in knowledge regarding the biogeography and functionality of archaeal groups.MethodsWe utilized a high-throughput sequencing dataset based on the 16S rRNA gene to characterize the archaeal community, aiming to identify biogeographic patterns and assess the influence of environmental factors on community structure.ResultsThe predominant phyla identified were Woesearchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, and Crenarchaeota. Archaeal community structure in sediments showed a geographical pattern along the environmental gradient, influenced by factors such as salinity, ammonium, total phosphorus, pH, and total nitrogen content. Network analysis revealed nonrandom co-occurrence patterns, with associations changing along the salinity gradient. Additionally, this study directly proved the existence of dispersal limitation in this strongly connected marine ecological system through null model analyses. Variation in the archaeal community was attributed to both environmental constraints and stochastic processes due to dispersal limitation. Furthermore, our results revealed that the key biogeochemical functions of the archaeal community also exhibited a clear salinity gradient, the functional differences appear to be influenced by salinity, and the critical roles of archaeal diversity were highlighted.DiscussionAll these findings enhance our understanding of microbial ecology and element transformation in estuarine environments. The highlighted roles of archaeal diversity and the influence of environmental factors on community structure and function underscore the complexity of marine microbial ecosystems.

Abstract Wearable devices have opened up exciting possibilities for monitoring and managing home health, particularly in the realm of neurological and psychiatric diseases. These devices capture signals related to physiological and behavioral changes, including heart rate, sleep patterns, and motor functions. Their emergence has resulted in significant advancements in the management of such conditions. Traditional clinical diagnosis and assessment methods heavily rely on patient reports and evaluations conducted by healthcare professionals, often leading to a detachment of patients from their home environment and creating additional burdens for both patients and healthcare providers. The increasing popularity of wearable devices offers a potential solution to these challenges. This review focuses on the clinical utility of wearable devices in diagnosing and monitoring neurological and psychiatric diseases. Through research findings and practical examples, we highlight the potential role of wearable devices in diagnosing and monitoring conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, depression, epilepsy, stroke prognosis, Parkinson's disease, dementia, and other diseases. Additionally, the review discusses the benefits and limitations of wearable devices in clinical applications, while highlighting the challenges they face. Finally, it provides prospects for enhancing the value of wearable devices in the monitoring and diagnosis of neurological and psychiatric diseases.

This study reports the preparation of medium-thickness aluminum/steel composite plates with different diffusion layers using rheological cast-rolling technology. The thermodynamic software and first-principles were employed to determine the effects of different silicon contents on the solidification process and mechanical properties of the 6061 aluminum/steel composite plates. The research revealed that the Fe2Al5 phase on the steel side possessed a tongue-like preferential growth at a silicon content of less than 1.2 wt%. A granular Al–Fe–Si phase was formed on the aluminum side of the diffusion layer when the silicon content exceeded the saturation solubility (1.8 wt%), which completely suppressed the tongue-like preferential growth of the Fe2Al5 phase. First-principles calculations revealed that the matrixes showed superior toughness in comparison to binary intermetallic compounds (IMCs), while the toughness of binary IMCs surpassed that of ternary IMCs. The mechanical properties showed that the shear strength of the sample prepared by rheological cast-rolling was higher than that of composite casting and close to that of composite rolling, reaching a maximum value of 73.4 MPa. The shear strength initially increased and then decreased with an increase in isothermal diffusion time, and the fracture location was transferred from the loose FeAl3 to the Fe2Al5 phase. An increase in silicon content resulted in a slight increase in the microhardness of the diffusion layer, a delay of the peak value of the shear strength, and a reduction in the gradient of the shear strength. A substantial decrease in peak shear strength was observed when the silicon content reached 1.8 wt%.

Abstract Background Carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CREC) has been considered as WHO priority pathogens, causing a great public health concern globally. While CREC from patients has been thoroughly investigated, the prevalence and underlying risks of CREC in healthy populations have been overlooked. Systematic research on the prevalence of CREC in healthy individuals was conducted here. We aimed to characterize CREC collected from healthy populations in China between 2020 and 2022 and to compare the genomes of CREC isolates isolated from healthy individuals and clinical patients. Methods We present a nationwide investigation of CREC isolates among healthy populations in China, employing robust molecular and genomic analyses. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, whole-genome sequencing, and bioinformatics were utilized to analyze a cohort of CREC isolates (n = 113) obtained from fecal samples of 5 064 healthy individuals. Representative plasmids were extracted for third-generation nanopore sequencing. We previously collected 113 non-duplicate CREC isolates (59 in 2018, 54 in 2020) collected from ICU patients in 15 provinces and municipalities in China, and these clinical isolates were used to compare with the isolates in this study. Furthermore, we employ comparative genomics approaches to elucidate molecular variations and potential correlations between clinical and non-clinical CREC isolates. Results A total of 147 CREC isolates were identified from 5 064 samples collected across 11 provinces in China. These isolates were classified into 64 known sequence types (STs), but no dominant STs were observed. In total, seven carbapenemase genes were detected with bla NDM-5 (n = 116) being the most prevalent one. Genetic environments and plasmid backbones of bla NDM were conserved in CREC isolated from healthy individuals. Furthermore, we compared clinical and healthy human-originated CRECs, revealing noteworthy distinctions in 23 resistance genes, including bla NDM-1, bla NDM-5, and bla KPC (χ 2 test, p

In this work, we systematically investigated the effect of carbon additions on the microstructure and room temperature mechanical properties of hot-forged Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 HEA. The different carbon contents were introduced to Fe50-xMn30Co10Cr10Cx (x = 1, 2.5, 6 at.%, hereinafter, referred as C1, C2.5 and C6, respectively) HEAs to enhance the strength-ductility synergy by triggering the multiple strengthening mechanisms. The results showed that the grain sizes were decreased with increasing of carbon content, while a high fraction of mechanical twins ∼45% were generated in C2.5 HEA, and their fractions were ∼35% in C1 and C6 HEAs. Moreover, the discrete nano-sized M23C6 carbides in C2.5 HEA were transformed into continuous mico-sized M23C6 carbides along the grain boundaries in C6 HEA. Therefore, C2.5 HEA possessed high yield strength of 584 MPa, tensile strength of 1.03 GPa and outstanding ductility of 68%, i-e., breaking the strength-ductility paradox. A highest yield strength of∼662 MPa and tensile strength of more than 1 GPa were observed for C6HEA with refine grains, although the ductility was only ∼10%, which indicated that the massive carbon addition could effectively enhanced the strength of HEA but at the cost of ductility due to the presence of coarse M23C6 carbide precipitation. The enhanced mechanical properties of studied HEAs are mainly ascribed to the contribution of multiple strengthening mechanisms including precipitation, grain boundary, dislocation and interstitial solid solution strengthening.

As the deep coal mining tends to be “normal”, it is of great significance to understand the mechanical properties and damage evolution of coal under high ground stress and high ground temperature environment in deep coal mining. The coal body of the Ji16-17-31030 working face in the Pingmei 12th Coal Mine was selected as the research object. The triaxial cyclic loading and unloading tests on the coal samples were carried out under different temperature conditions to examine the impact of temperature on their fundamental mechanical parameters, including peak strength, deformation modulus, and Poisson’s ratio. The stress-strain problems associated with different loading and unloading rates were reformulated into time-stress-strain problems, and a fractional viscoelastic-plastic constitutive equation considering the coupling effect of thermal and force was proposed by introducing the fractional derivative theory and the continuum damage theory. The results show that the deformation modulus of coal decreases linearly with the increase of cycle times, while the Poisson ratio of coal shows a deceleration increase, reaches the extreme value at the peak stress, and then decreases, indicating that the cyclic loading and unloading has a deterioration effect on the basic mechanical properties of the coal. With the increase of temperature, the peak strength of coal decreases nonlinearly, the damage accumulation slows down, and the corresponding strain increases gradually, which indicates that heating could enhance the ductile deformation ability of coal and accelerate the development of coal damage. In the process of cyclic loading and unloading, the input energy density, elastic energy density and dissipated energy density decay obviously decay with the increase of temperature in the stage of coal failure and instability, indicating that high temperature intensifies the damage inside the coal, reduces the coal strength, and reduces the external input energy required for failure. The fractional viscoelastic-plastic model considering the effect of temperature can better describe the mechanical behavior of deep coal body under cyclic loading and unloading conditions. The model is suitable for the complex stress state of deep coal body under a thermal-mechanical coupling, and provides an important reference for the research on the deformation and stability of deep coal body.

Based on the data of 282 Chinese cities from 2011 to 2018, this article analyzes and explains the synergizing the reduction of pollution and carbon emissions (PCE) of new-type urbanization (NTU) by employing the Differences-in-Differences (DID) model. The results exhibit that the NTU has a significant promoting effect on reducing atmospheric pollutant emissions and improving carbon emission efficiency, demonstrating significant synergistic effects in reducing PCE. This effect varies greatly due to differences in city areas, urban-rural income gap and city scale. Mechanism analysis shows that the NTU mainly affects the synergizing the reduction of PCE by promoting land use structure adjustment and enhancing the level of green technology innovation. Further research indicates that the NTU has a great spatial spillover effect on PCE. This article provides a comprehensive exploration and evaluation of the synergizing the reduction of PCE under the NTU policy. The research findings provide policy insights for reducing air pollutants and carbon dioxide emissions, as well as for advancing the construction of NTU more effectively.

In this work, the asymmetrical rolling of 860 μm thick high-purity titanium (HP-Ti) strips is investigated. HP-Ti ultra-thin strips are produced in thicknesses ranging from 280 μm to 20 μm. The microstructure and texture evolution of HP-Ti ultra-thin strips were analyzed using electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The raw strips have a homogeneous and equiaxed microstructure, containing some face-centered cubic (FCC) Ti laths. With a rise in rolling reduction, equiaxed grains change into deformation structures characterized by a high density of dislocations. The formation of an ultra-fine grained microstructure and the elimination of FCC-Ti laths come next. The influence of grain rotation and slip systems on the development of texture in ultra-thin strips during rolling reduction is illustrated through the analysis of {0002} pole figures and orientation distribution function. The tensile qualities of ultra-thin strips are correlated with their microstructure.

Background: Stroke often damages the basal ganglia, leading to atypical and transient aphasia, indicating that post-stroke basal ganglia aphasia (PSBGA) may be related to different anatomical structural damage and functional remodeling rehabilitation mechanisms. The basal ganglia contain dense white matter tracts (WMTs). Hence, damage to the functional tract may be an essential anatomical structural basis for the development of PSBGA. Methods: We first analyzed the clinical characteristics of PSBGA in 28 patients and 15 healthy controls (HCs) using the Western Aphasia Battery and neuropsychological test batteries. Moreover, we investigated white matter injury during the acute stage using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging scans for differential tractography. Finally, we used multiple regression models in correlation tractography to analyze the relationship between various language functions and quantitative anisotropy (QA) of WMTs. Results: Compared with HCs, patients with PSBGA showed lower scores for fluency, comprehension (auditory word recognition and sequential commands), naming (object naming and word fluency), reading comprehension of sentences, Mini-Mental State Examination, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment, along with increased scores in Hamilton Anxiety Scale-17 and Hamilton Depression Scale-17 within 7 days after stroke onset (P < 0.05). Differential tractography revealed that patients with PSBGA had damaged fibers, including in the body fibers of the corpus callosum, left cingulum bundles, left parietal aslant tracts, bilateral superior longitudinal fasciculus II, bilateral thalamic radiation tracts, left fornix, corpus callosum tapetum, and forceps major, compared with HCs (FDR < 0.02). Correlation tractography highlighted that better comprehension was correlated with a higher QA of the left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF), corpus callosum forceps minor, and left extreme capsule (FDR < 0.0083). Naming was positively associated with the QA of the left IFOF, forceps minor, left arcuate fasciculus, and uncinate fasciculus (UF) (FDR < 0.0083). Word fluency of naming was also positively associated with the QA of the forceps minor, left IFOF, and thalamic radiation tracts (FDR < 0.0083). Furthermore, reading was positively correlated with the QA of the forceps minor, left IFOF, and UF (FDR < 0.0083). Conclusion: PSBGA is primarily characterized by significantly impaired word fluency of naming and preserved repetition abilities, as well as emotional and cognitive dysfunction. Damaged limbic pathways, dorsally located tracts in the left hemisphere, and left basal ganglia pathways are involved in PSBGA pathogenesis. The results of connectometry analysis further refine the current functional localization model of higher-order neural networks associated with language functions.

ABSTRACT Clostridium perfringens has emerged as a growing public health concern due to its ability to cause various infections and its increasing resistance to antibiotics. To assess its current epidemiology in clinical settings, we conducted a survey involving 426 healthy individuals and 273 ICU inpatients at a provincial hospital in China. Our findings revealed a high prevalence of C. perfringens in healthy individuals (45.77%, 95% CI: 41.0%–50.6%) and ICU patients (12.82%, 95% CI: 9.1%–17.4%). The identified 220 C. perfringens isolates displayed substantial resistance to erythromycin (57.9%), clindamycin (50.7%), and tetracycline (32.0%), primarily attributed to the presence of erm(Q) (54.4%), lnu(P) (13.8%), tetB(P) (83.6%), and tetA(P) (66.7%). Notably, C. perfringens isolates from this particular hospital demonstrated a high degree of sequence type diversity and phylogenic variation, suggesting that the potential risk of infection primarily arises from the bacteria’s gut colonization rather than clonal transmissions within the clinical environment. This study provides an updated analysis of the current epidemiology of C. perfringens in healthy individuals and ICU patients in China and emphasizes the need to optimize intervention strategies against its public health threat.IMPORTANCEClostridium perfringens is a bacterium of growing public health concern due to its ability to cause infections and its increasing resistance to antibiotics. Understanding its epidemiology in clinical settings is essential for intervention strategies. This study surveyed healthy individuals and ICU inpatients in a provincial hospital in China. It found a high prevalence of C. perfringens, indicating infection risk. The isolates also showed significant antibiotic resistance. Importantly, the study revealed diverse sequence types and phylogenetic variation, suggesting infection risk from intestinal colonization rather than clonal transmission in hospitals. This analysis emphasizes the need to optimize intervention strategies against this public health threat.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the composition of intestinal and nasal microbiota in septic patients and identify potential microbial biomarkers for diagnosis. A total of 157 subjects, including 89 with sepsis, were enrolled from the affiliated hospital. Nasal swabs and fecal specimens were collected from septic and non-septic patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. DNA was extracted, and the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using Illumina technology. Bioinformatics analysis, statistical processing, and machine learning techniques were employed to differentiate between septic and non-septic patients. The nasal microbiota of septic patients exhibited significantly lower community richness (P = 0.002) and distinct compositions (P = 0.001) compared to non-septic patients. Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas were identified as enriched genera in the nasal microbiota of septic patients. The constructed machine learning model achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 89.08, indicating its efficacy in differentiating septic and non-septic patients. Importantly, model validation demonstrated the effectiveness of the nasal microecological diagnosis prediction model with an AUC of 84.79, while the gut microecological diagnosis prediction model had poor predictive performance (AUC = 49.24). The nasal microbiota of ICU patients effectively distinguishes sepsis from non-septic cases and outperforms the gut microbiota. These findings have implications for the development of diagnostic strategies and advancements in critical care medicine.IMPORTANCEThe important clinical significance of this study is that it compared the intestinal and nasal microbiota of sepsis with non-sepsis patients and determined that the nasal microbiota is more effective than the intestinal microbiota in distinguishing patients with sepsis from those without sepsis, based on the difference in the lines of nasal specimens collected.

In recent decades, the tree killing pine wilt disease (PWD) has been spreading globally and has caused substantial damage, particularly in China, resulting in annual losses of nearly $15 billion. This disease is caused by the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and is transmitted by its vector insect (Monochamus spp.). However, there remains limited understanding of the factors influencing PWD transmission, especially anthropogenic factors. For the first time, we employed a dataset of propagation factors that based on the transportation of pine wood transmission and used an enhanced infectious disease dynamics method to quantitatively predict the likelihood of future PWD infections across the entire distribution range of pine trees in China. The validation results show that the risk of infection in potential areas of PWD will further increase in China, with the average risk surpassing 30% in 2023 and reaching 50% by 2025 in the study areas. Meanwhile, we observe that human factors, such as transportation of timber, are becoming the main cause of the rapid spread of PWD and require extra vigilance. By incorporating spatial connections between samples as features for PWD prediction, the Area Under the Curve (AUC) score of the model reached 0.90. This signifies a highly accurate prediction of the pivotal areas for PWD dissemination, providing valuable guidance for the precise development of prevention and control measures, and presenting innovative approaches for analogous studies.

Introduction: Metastasis is an important cause of high mortality and lethality of oral cancer. Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) can promote tumour metastasis. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are secreted by Fn. However, the effects of Fn-derived extracellular vesicles on oral cancer metastasis and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Objectives: We aimed to determine whether and how Fn OMVs mediate oral cancer metastasis. Methods: OMVs were isolated from brain heart infusion (BHI) broth supernatant of Fn by ultracentrifugation. Tumour-bearing mice were treated with Fn OMVs to evaluate the effect of OMVs on cancer metastasis. Transwell assays were performed to determine how Fn OMVs affect cancer cell migration and invasion. The differentially expressed genes in Fn OMV-treated/untreated cancer cells were identified by RNA-seq. Transmission electron microscopy, laser confocal microscopy, and lentiviral transduction were used to detect changes in autophagic flux in cancer cells stimulated with Fn OMVs. Western blotting assay was performed to determine changes in EMT-related marker protein levels in cancer cells. Fn OMVs’ effects on migration after blocking autophagic flux by autophagy inhibitors were determined by in vitro and in vivo experiments. Results: Fn OMVs were structurally similar to vesicles. In the in vivo experiment, Fn OMVs promoted lung metastasis in tumour-bearing mice, while chloroquine (CHQ, an autophagy inhibitor) treatment reduced the number of pulmonary metastases resulting from the intratumoral Fn OMV injection. Fn OMVs promoted the migration and invasion of cancer cells in vivo, leading to altered expression levels of EMT-related proteins (E-cadherin downregulation; Vimentin/N-cadherin upregulation). RNA-seq showed that Fn OMVs activate intracellular autophagy pathways. Blocking autophagic flux with CHQ reduced in vitro and in vivo migration of cancer cells induced by Fn OMVs as well as reversed changes in EMT-related protein expression. Conclusion: Fn OMVs not only induced cancer metastasis but also activated autophagic flux. Blocking autophagic flux weakened Fn OMV-stimulated cancer metastasis.

Abstract The widespread occurrence of carbapenem-resistant organisms has garnered significant public attention. Arthropods, including flies, are important vectors of multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this study, we reported the simultaneous carriage of four carbapenem-resistant isolates from different species, namely, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Providencia manganoxydans (P. manganoxydan), Myroides odoratimimus (M. odoratimimus) and Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis), from a single fly in China. These isolates were characterized through antimicrobial susceptibility testing, conjugation assays, whole-genome sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis. M. odoratimimus showed intrinsic resistance to carbapenems. The mechanisms of carbapenem resistance in E. coli, P. manganoxydans, and P. mirabilis were due to the production of NDM-5, NDM-1 and NDM-1, respectively. Genetic context of the bla NDM genes in these three isolates varied. The bla NDM-5 gene in E. coli was located on an IncHI2/HI2A multidrug-resistant plasmid, which was conjugatively transferable. The bla NDM-1 gene in P. mirabilis resided on the pPM14-NDM_123k-like nonconjugative plasmid. The bla NDM-1 gene in P. manganoxydans was found in a nonconjugatively transferable, multidrug-resistant region. The results of this study enhance our understanding of the dissemination of carbapenem-resistant organisms and suggest the need for a more comprehensive approach to antibiotic resistance research encompassing humans, animals, and the environment.

Understanding the variations in microscopic pore-fracture structures (MPFS) during coal creep under pore pressure and stress coupling is crucial for coal mining and effective gas treatment. In this manuscript, a triaxial creep test on deep coal at various pore pressures using a test system that combines in-situ mechanical loading with real-time nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detection was conducted. Full-scale quantitative characterization, online real-time detection, and visualization of MPFS during coal creep influenced by pore pressure and stress coupling were performed using NMR and NMR imaging (NMRI) techniques. The results revealed that seepage pores and microfractures (SPM) undergo the most significant changes during coal creep, with creep failure gradually expanding from dense primary pore fractures. Pore pressure presence promotes MPFS development primarily by inhibiting SPM compression and encouraging adsorption pores (AP) to evolve into SPM. Coal enters the accelerated creep stage earlier at lower stress levels, resulting in more pronounced creep deformation. The connection between the micro and macro values was established, demonstrating that increased porosity at different pore pressures leads to a negative exponential decay of the viscosity coefficient. The Newton dashpot in the ideal viscoplastic body and the Burgers model was improved using NMR experimental results, and a creep model that considers pore pressure and stress coupling using variable-order fractional operators was developed. The model’s reasonableness was confirmed using creep experimental data. The damage-state adjustment factors ω and β were identified through a parameter sensitivity analysis to characterize the effect of pore pressure and stress coupling on the creep damage characteristics (size and degree of difficulty) of coal.

Engineers used TCAD tools for semiconductor devices modeling. However, it is computationally expensive and time-consuming for advanced devices with smaller dimensions. Therefore, this work proposes a machine learning-based device modeling algorithm to capture the complex nonlinear relationship between parameters and electrical characteristics of gate-all-around (GAA) nanowire field-effect transistors (NWFETs) from technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulation results. This method utilizes a densely connected deep neural networks (DenseDNN), which establishes direct connections between layers in the neural networks, provides stronger feature extraction and information transmission capabilities. By incorporating cost-sensitive learning methods, the proposed model focus more on the critical data that determines device characteristics, leading to accurate prediction of key device characteristics under various parameters. Experimental results on a test dataset of 116 NWFETs demonstrate the effectiveness of this method. The DenseDNN model with cost-sensitive learning exhibits better performance than traditional deep neural networks (DNN) with various widths and depths, with a prediction error below 1.62%. Moreover, compared to TCAD simulation results, the model can speedup $10^{6}\times$ .

Pearlitic steel rods are subjected to cold-drawing processes to produce pearlitic steel wires with true strains ranging from 0.81 to 2.18. Tensile tests are utilized to attain mechanical properties of cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires. TEM and XRD investigations were performed on the microstructure of the cold-drawn steel wires. With an increasing cold-drawn strain, both the interlamellar spacing and cementite lamellae thickness decrease, while the dislocation density significantly increases. The drawn wire has a tensile strength of 2170 MPa when the true stain reaches 2.18. Deformation-induced cementite dissolution occurs during cold-drawing progress, which releases many C atoms. The findings indicate that the supersaturation of C is heterogeneously distributed in the ferrite matrix. The ordered distribution of the released C in ferrite phases creates short-range order (SRO). SRO clusters and disordered Cottrell atmospheres contribute to solution strengthening, which, together with dislocation strengthening and interlamellar boundary strengthening, form an effective strengthening mechanism in cold-drawn pearlitic steel wires. Our work provides new insights into carbon redistribution and the mechanism of solution strengthening within ferrous phases.

Accurate surface soil moisture (SM) data are crucial for agricultural management in Jiangsu Province, one of the major agricultural regions in China. However, the seasonal performance of different SM products in Jiangsu is still unknown. To address this, this study aims to evaluate the applicability of four L-band microwave remotely sensed SM products, namely, the Soil Moisture Active Passive Single-Channel Algorithm at Vertical Polarization Level 3 (SMAP SCA-V L3, hereafter SMAP-L3), SMOS-SMAP-INRAE-BORDEAUX (SMOSMAP-IB), Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity in version IC (SMOS-IC), and SMAP-INRAE-BORDEAUX (SMAP-IB) in Jiangsu at the seasonal scale. In addition, the effects of dynamic environmental variables such as the leaf vegetation index (LAI), mean surface soil temperature (MSST), and mean surface soil wetness (MSSM) on the performance of the above products are investigated. The results indicate that all four SM products exhibit significant seasonal differences when evaluated against in situ observations between 2016 and 2022, with most products achieving their highest correlation (R) and unbiased root-mean-square difference (ubRMSD) scores during the autumn. Conversely, their performance significantly deteriorates in the summer, with ubRMSD values exceeding 0.06 m3/m3. SMOS-IC generally achieves better R values across all seasons but has limited temporal availability, while SMAP-IB typically has the lowest ubRMSD values, even reaching 0.03 m3/m3 during morning observation in the winter. Additionally, the sensitivity of different products’ skill metrics to environmental factors varies across seasons. For ubRMSD, SMAP-L3 shows a general increase with LAI across all four seasons, while SMAP-IB exhibits a notable increase as the soil becomes wetter in the summer. Conversely, wet conditions notably reduce the R values during autumn for most products. These findings are expected to offer valuable insights for the appropriate selection of products and the enhancement of SM retrieval algorithms.

In the context of addressing climate change, the uncertainty of climate policies has intensified the environmental and regulatory risks faced by enterprises, forcing them to adjust their strategies for fulfilling ESG responsibilities in pursuit of sustainable development. This paper uses panel data from listed non-financial enterprises on China’s Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share markets from 2011 to 2022, employing a fixed-effects panel model to examine the impact of climate policy uncertainty on corporate ESG performance. The findings indicate that climate policy uncertainty significantly hampers the ESG performance of enterprises. The mechanism analysis reveals that climate policy uncertainty negatively affects ESG performance by deepening corporate financing constraints and increasing short-term financial performance. The heterogeneity analysis shows that in terms of ownership structure, the negative impact of climate policy uncertainty on the ESG performance of state-owned enterprises is relatively weaker. In terms of industry heterogeneity, climate policy uncertainty suppresses the ESG performance of enterprises in technology-intensive industries. From a regional perspective, climate policy uncertainty has a stronger inhibitory effect on the ESG performance of enterprises in eastern China. This study provides valuable insights for both national climate policy formulation and corporate efforts to enhance ESG performance.

Abstract Background The early life stage is critical for the gut microbiota establishment and development. We aimed to investigate the lifelong impact of famine exposure during early life on the adult gut microbial ecosystem and examine the association of famine-induced disturbance in gut microbiota with type 2 diabetes. Methods We profiled the gut microbial composition among 11,513 adults (18–97 years) from three independent cohorts and examined the association of famine exposure during early life with alterations of adult gut microbial diversity and composition. We performed co-abundance network analyses to identify keystone taxa in the three cohorts and constructed an index with the shared keystone taxa across the three cohorts. Among each cohort, we used linear regression to examine the association of famine exposure during early life with the keystone taxa index and assessed the correlation between the keystone taxa index and type 2 diabetes using logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders. We combined the effect estimates from the three cohorts using random-effects meta-analysis. Results Compared with the no-exposed control group (born during 1962–1964), participants who were exposed to the famine during the first 1000 days of life (born in 1959) had consistently lower gut microbial alpha diversity and alterations in the gut microbial community during adulthood across the three cohorts. Compared with the no-exposed control group, participants who were exposed to famine during the first 1000 days of life were associated with consistently lower levels of keystone taxa index in the three cohorts (pooled beta − 0.29, 95% CI − 0.43, − 0.15). Per 1-standard deviation increment in the keystone taxa index was associated with a 13% lower risk of type 2 diabetes (pooled odds ratio 0.87, 95% CI 0.80, 0.93), with consistent results across three individual cohorts. Conclusions These findings reveal a potential role of the gut microbiota in the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis, deepening our understanding about the etiology of type 2 diabetes.

With the depletion of shallow resources, the exploration of deep earth resources has become a global strategy. The study of the different patterns in the physical mechanical properties of rocks at different occurrence depths is the basis for exploring deep into the earth, with the core and premise being the acquisition and testing of deep in-situ core specimens. Based on the original idea of deep in-situ condition preserved coring (ICP-Coring) and testing, combined with theoretical modeling, numerical analysis, test platform development, indoor testing and engineering application, the principles and technologies of deep ICP-Coring are developed. This principle and technology consists of five parts: in-situ pressure-preserved coring (IPP-Coring), in-situ substance-preserved coring (ISP-Coring), in-situ temperature-preserved coring (ITP-Coring), in-situ light-preserved coring (ILP-Coring), and in-situ moisture-preserved coring (IMP-Coring). The theory and technology of temperature and pressure reconstruction at different occurrence depths and in different environments are proposed, and prototype trial production was completed by following the principle of displacement and tests based on the in-situ reconstructed environment. The notable advances are as follows: (1) Deep in-situ coring system: A pressure-preserved controller with an ultimate bearing capacity greater than 140 MPa, high-performance (temperature-resistant, pressure-resistant, and low thermally conductive) temperature-preserved materials, an active temperature control system, and high-barrier quality-preserved membrane materials were developed; a deep ICP-Coring capacity calibration platform was independently developed, a deep in-situ coring technology system was developed, and the acquisition of deep in-situ cores was realized. (2) In-situ storage displacement system: Following the dual-circuit hydraulic design idea, a single-drive source push-pull composite grabbing mechanism was designed; the design of the overall structure for the deep in-situ displacement storage system and ultrahigh pressure cabin structure was completed, which could realize docking the coring device and core displacement in the in-situ reconstructed environment. (3) Test analysis system: A noncontact acoustic-electric-magnetic test system was developed under the in-situ reconstructed environment, and the errors between the test results and traditional contact test results were mostly less than 10%; a detachable deep in-situ core true triaxial test system was developed, which could perform loading tests for deep in-situ cores. The relevant technological achievements were successfully applied to the exploration and development of deep resources, such as deep mines, deep-sea natural gas hydrates, and deep oil and gas. The research results provide technical and equipment support for the construction of a theoretical system for deep in-situ rock mechanics, the development of deep earth resources and energy, and the scientific exploration of different layers and occurrence depths (deep and ultradeep) of the Earth.

Deep in-situ rock mechanics considers the influence of the in-situ environment on mechanical properties, differentiating it from traditional rock mechanics. To investigate the effect of in-situ stress, pore pressure preserved environment on the mechanical difference of sandstone, four tests are numerically modeled by COMSOL: conventional triaxial test, conventional pore pressure test, in-situ stress restoration and reconstruction test, and in-situ pore pressure-preserved test (not yet realized in the laboratory). The in-situ stress restoration parameter is introduced to characterize the recovery effect of in-situ stress on elastic modulus and heterogeneous distribution of sandstone at different depths. A random function and non-uniform pore pressure coefficient are employed to describe the non-uniform distribution of pore pressure in the in-situ environment. Numerical results are compared with existing experimental data to validate the models and calibrate the numerical parameters. By extracting mechanical parameters from numerical cores, the stress-strain curves of the four tests under different depths, in-situ stress and pore pressure are compared. The influence of non-uniform pore pressure coefficient and depth on the peak strength of sandstone is analyzed. The results show a strong linear relationship between the in-situ stress restoration parameter and depth, effectively characterizing the enhanced effect of stress restoration and reconstruction methods on the elastic modulus of conventional cores at different depths. The in-situ pore pressure-preserved test exhibits lower peak stress and peak strain compared to the other three tests, and sandstone subjected to non-uniform pore pressure is more prone to plastic damage and failure. Moreover, the influence of non-uniform pore pressure on peak strength gradually diminished with increasing depth.

Texture evolution, microstructure and mechanical properties of an extruded Mg-10Gd-1Zn-0.4Zr alloy during annealing were investigated. A bimodal microstructure containing coarse deformed grains and fine dynamically recrystallized grains is observed when the annealing temperature is lower than 200 °C. Many Mg5(Gd, Zn) phases are formed in the alloy annealed at 200 °C. Further upon increasing the annealing temperature, static recrystallization occurs and lamellar LPSO phase forms within the matrix. When the annealing temperature reaches 500 °C, an obvious grain growth is observed, and Zn2Zr3 phases form. Meanwhile, the dominant texture component transforms from the basal texture ( parallel to extrusion direction) to an abnormal texture ( parallel to extrusion direction), which is attributed to the growth preference of the grains with abnormal texture. The alloy annealed at 200 °C possesses the optimal mechanical properties with the yield strength of 320 MPa, the ultimate strength of 368 MPa and elongation of 18.4 %. The contribution of each strengthening mechanism to the yield strength in annealed alloys is calculated quantitatively. Compared to the as-extruded alloy, the increment of the yield strength in the alloy annealed at 200 °C is mainly due to the increase in secondary phase strengthening, while the decrement of the yield strength in the alloy annealed at 500 °C is attributed to the reduction of grain boundary strengthening. This work sheds light on adjusting the texture and mechanical properties of the extruded Mg alloys via annealing treatment.

Abstract Background Despite advances in our understanding of the critical role of the microbiota in stroke patients, the oral microbiome has rarely been reported to be associated with stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP). We sought to profile the oral microbial composition of SAP patients and to determine whether microbiome temporal instability and special taxa are associated with pneumonia progression and functional outcomes. Methods This is a prospective, observational, single-center cohort study that examined patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) who were admitted within 24 h of experiencing a stroke event. The patients were divided into three groups based on the occurrence of pneumonia and the use of mechanical ventilation: nonpneumonia group, SAP group, and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) group. We collected oral swabs at different time points post-admission and analyzed the microbiota using 16 S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. The microbiota was then compared among the three groups. Results In total, 104 nonpneumonia, 50 SAP and 10 VAP patients were included in the analysis. We found that SAP and VAP patients exhibited significant dynamic differences in the diversity and composition of the oral microbiota and that the magnitude of this dysbiosis and instability increased during hospitalization. Then, by controlling the potential effect of all latent confounding variables, we assessed the changes associated with pneumonia after stroke and explored patients with a lower abundance of Streptococcus were more likely to suffer from SAP. The logistic regression analysis revealed that an increase in specific taxa in the phylum Actinobacteriota was linked to a higher risk of poor outcomes. A model for SAP patients based on oral microbiota could accurately predict 30-day clinical outcomes after stroke onset. Conclusions We concluded that specific oral microbiota signatures could be used to predict illness development and clinical outcomes in SAP patients. We proposed the potential of the oral microbiota as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker in the clinical management of SAP patients. Clinical Trial registration NCT04688138. Registered 29/12/2020, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04688138 .

Abstract Background Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a cerebral small vessel disease that carries mutations in NOTCH3. The clinical manifestations are influenced by genetic and environmental factors that may include gut microbiome. Results We investigated the fecal metagenome, fecal metabolome, serum metabolome, neurotransmitters, and cytokines in a cohort of 24 CADASIL patients with 28 healthy household controls. The integrated-omics study showed CADASIL patients harbored an altered microbiota composition and functions. The abundance of bacterial coenzyme A, thiamin, and flavin-synthesizing pathways was depleted in patients. Neurotransmitter balance, represented by the glutamate/GABA (4-aminobutanoate) ratio, was disrupted in patients, which was consistent with the increased abundance of two major GABA-consuming bacteria, Megasphaera elsdenii and Eubacterium siraeum. Essential inflammatory cytokines were significantly elevated in patients, accompanied by an increased abundance of bacterial virulence gene homologs. The abundance of patient-enriched Fusobacterium varium positively correlated with the levels of IL-1β and IL-6. Random forest classification based on gut microbial species, serum cytokines, and neurotransmitters showed high predictivity for CADASIL with AUC = 0.89. Targeted culturomics and mechanisms study further showed that patient-derived F. varium infection caused systemic inflammation and behavior disorder in Notch3 R170C/+ mice potentially via induction of caspase-8-dependent noncanonical inflammasome activation in macrophages. Conclusion These findings suggested the potential linkage among the brain-gut-microbe axis in CADASIL. Video Abstract

Background and purposeEarly blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) can be detected on perfusion computed tomography (PCT) images before undergoing reperfusion therapy. In this study, we aimed to determine whether early disruption of the BBB predicts intracranial hemorrhage transformation (HT) in patients with AIS undergoing endovascular therapy and further identify factors influencing BBB disruption.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed general clinical and imaging data derived from 159 consecutive patients with acute anterior circulation stroke who were admitted to the Department of Neurology of the First Hospital of Jilin University, and who underwent endovascular treatment between January 1, 2021, and March 31, 2023. We evaluated the relationship between BBB destruction and intracranial HT before endovascular reperfusion therapy and examined the risk factors for early BBB destruction.ResultsA total of 159 patients with assessable BBB leakage were included. The median (interquartile range, IQR) age was 63 (54–70) years, 108 (67.9%) patients were male, and the median baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NHISS) score was 12 (10–15). Follow-up non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) detected HT in 63 patients. After logistic regression modeling adjustment, we found that BBB leakage in the true leakage area was slightly more than 2-fold risk of HT (odds ratio [OR], 2.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–3.92). Heart rate was also associated with HT (OR, 1.03, 95% CI, 1.00–1.05). High Blood–brain barrier permeability (BBBP) in the true leakage area was positively correlated with infarct core volume (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01–1.05).ConclusionEarly BBB destruction before endovascular reperfusion therapy was associated with HT, whereas high BBBP correlated positively with infarct core volume.

Environmental exposures during pregnancy have been associated with adverse obstetric outcomes. However, limited and inconsistent evidence exists regarding the association between air temperature exposure and the risk of preeclampsia (PE). This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between ambient temperature exposure during pregnancy and PE risk, as well as identify the specific time window of temperature exposure that increases PE risk. A population-based cohort study was conducted from January 2012 to April 2022 in Guangzhou, China. Pregnant women were recruited in early pregnancy and followed until delivery. A total of 3,314 PE patients and 114,201 normal pregnancies were included. Ambient temperature exposures at different gestational weeks were recorded for each participant. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the correlation between ambient temperature exposure and PE risk. Stratified analyses were conducted based on maternal age and pre-pregnancy BMI. Distributed lag models were employed to identify the time window of temperature exposure related to PE. Exposure to extreme high temperature (aOR = 1.24, 95 % CI 1.12–1.38) and moderate high temperature (aOR = 1.22, 95 % CI 1.10–1.35) during early pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of PE. Furthermore, women with higher pre-pregnancy BMI had a higher risk of developing PE when exposed to high temperature during early pregnancy compared to normal-weight women. The time window of temperature exposure related to PE was identified as pregnancy weeks 1 to 8. This study provides evidence for the association of high temperature exposure during early pregnancy with the risk of PE, as well as identifies the specific time window of temperature exposure related to PE. These findings have implications for developing potential strategies to protect pregnant women, particularly those with higher pre-pregnancy BMI, from the adverse effects of extreme temperatures during early pregnancy.