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Objective: Drawing a growth curve of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-PA) provides a foundation for susceptibility testing. By observing in vitro antibacterial activity and ultrastructure changes on MDR-PA of the effective components in the drug-containing serum of rats after the administration of Fuzheng Jiedu Huayu decoction (FJHD), we evaluated the inhibition and direct destruction effect of bacteria by TCM alone or combined with antibiotics. Methods: The absorbance values of MDR-PA were determined at different detection time points, and a growth curve was drawn. After gavage with FJHD, drug-containing serum was collected from the rats. Using Imipenem/ cilastatin sodium as the positive drug control, the in vitro antibacterial potency of FJHD and its drug-containing serum alone or in combination with antibiotics against MDR-PA was observed. The ultrastructural changes of MDR-PA treated by FJHD combined with antibiotics were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Results: Growth of the experimental strain manifested a lag phase in the first 1–4 h, an exponential growth phase at 5–20 h, and a plateau phase after 20 h. The best detection time during the susceptibility test was 16–20 h. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of the FJHD extract group was 0.2 g/mL. The MIC value of the pure Imipenem/ cilastatin sodium group was 16 μg/mL. The MIC values of Imipenem/ cilastatin sodium + blank serum, 0.5-, 1-, and 2-fold drug-containing serum groups were all 16 μg/mL. The MIC values of Imipenem/ cilastatin sodium + 4- and 8-fold drug-containing serum groups were both 8 μg/mL. By observation under a transmission electron microscope, Imipenem/ cilastatin sodium + 0.5-, 1-, and 2-fold drug-containing serum groups showed bacterial structural damage. The degree of bacterial destruction was more obvious and the quantity of damaged bacteria was increased in the Imipenem/ cilastatin sodium + 4- and 8-fold drug-containing serum groups. Conclusion: Drawing the growth curve of the experimental strain had high application value for ensuring the accuracy of the drug sensitivity test results. TCM combined with antibiotics could enhance the antibacterial and direct destruction effect of bacteria in vitro, thereby inhibiting bacterial resistance to a certain extent.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text, To investigate the difference of clinical characteristics between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with the frequent exacerbators with chronic bronchitis (FE-CB) phenotype and those with the asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACO) phenotype. We searched CNKI, Wan Fang, Chongqing VIP, China Biology Medicine disc, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases for studies published as of April 30, 2019. All studies that investigated COPD patients with the FE-CB and ACO phenotypes and which qualified the inclusion criteria were included. Cross-sectional/prevalence study quality recommendations were used to measure methodological quality. RevMan5.3 software was used for meta-analysis. Ten studies (combined n = 4568) qualified the inclusion criteria. The FE-CB phenotype of COPD was associated with significantly lower forced vital capacity percent predicted (mean difference [MD] −9.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] [−12.00, −6.10], P

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with different phenotypes show different clinical characteristics. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to explore the clinical characteristics between the non-exacerbator (NE) phenotype and the frequent exacerbator with chronic bronchitis (FE-CB) phenotype among patients with COPD. Methods CNKI, Wan fang, Chongqing VIP, China Biology Medicine disc, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases were searched from the times of their inception to April 30, 2019. All studies that reported the clinical characteristics of the COPD phenotypes and which met the inclusion criteria were included. The quality assessment was analyzed by Cross-Sectional/Prevalence Study Quality recommendations. The meta-analysis was carried out using RevMan5.3. Results Ten cross-sectional observation studies (n = 8848) were included. Compared with the NE phenotype, patients with the FE-CB phenotype showed significantly lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s percent predicted (FEV1%pred) (mean difference (MD) -8.50, 95% CI -11.36–-5.65, P I2 = 91%), forced vital capacity percent predicted (FVC%pred) [MD − 6.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) -7.73–-5.65, P I2 = 5%], and forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) (MD -3.76, 95% CI -4.58–-2.95,P I2 = 0%); in contrast, Charlson comorbidity index (MD 0.47, 95% CI 0.37–0.58, P I2 = 0], COPD assessment test (CAT) score (MD 5.61, 95% CI 4.62–6.60, P I2 = 80%), the quantity of cigarettes smoked (pack-years) (MD 3.09, 95% CI 1.60–4.58, P I2 = 41%), exacerbations in previous year (2.65, 95% CI 2.32–2.97, P I2 = 91%), modified Medical British Research Council (mMRC) score (MD 0.72, 95% CI 0.63–0.82, P I2 = 57%), and body mass index (BMI), obstruction, dyspnea, exacerbations (BODEx) (MD 1.78, 95% CI 1.28–2.28, P I2 = 91%), I2 = 34%) were significantly higher in patients with FE-CB phenotype. No significant between-group difference was observed with respect to BMI (MD-0.14, 95% CI -0.70–0.42, P = 0.62, I2 = 75%). Conclusion COPD patients with the FE-CB phenotype had worse pulmonary function and higher CAT score, mMRC scores, frequency of acute exacerbations, and the quantity of cigarettes smoked (pack-years) than those with the NE phenotype.

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Fuzheng Jiedu Huayu Decoction (FJHD) in treating pneumonia in the elderly.Adopting a multi-center, double-blind, parallel, randomized controlled trial, 284 elderly pneumonia patients were enrolled and randomly allocated to the standard treatment with FJHD (treatment group, TG) and the standard treatment with placebo group (control group, CG). Efficacy and safety was evaluated through mortality rate, curative rate, symptom improvement, chest X-ray (CXR) lesion absorption, arterial blood gas (ABG), peripheral blood leukocyte count (PBLC) and adverse events.There was no significant difference in mortality rate between both groups (P 0.05). TG significantly enhanced the curative rate of a 2-week treatment course (P 0.05). Compared with CG, TG significantly decreased the expectoration score during the first and second week of treatment (P 0.05). During the first week, improvement in expectoration was conducive to airway patency. During the second week, wheezing, shortness of breath and other symptoms were also significantly improved. During the third week, body temperature was stable. TG improved lesion absorption with Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) class II (P 0.05) and SMART-COP score 1 (P 0.05). TG significantly decreased the arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure after a 1-week treatment. There were no serious adverse events in TG.Standard anti-infection treatment with FJHD is a safe and reliable method of treating elderly patients with pneumonia, improving the curative effect after a 2-week treatment course, ameliorating expectoration and promoting the absorption of pneumonia lesions.

Rayleigh waves have been widely used to estimate the shear-wave velocity structure in the fields of shallow engineering and environmental detection. In this study, active and passive surface wave surveys were performed sequentially on the same survey line across the eastern Balikun Basin. MASW (Multi-channel Analysis of Surface waves) technology was utilized for active sources to obtain the phase velocity dispersion curves of the fundamental-mode Rayleigh waves. For the passive surface wave surveys, cross correlations were performed to retrieve the empirical Green's functions, from which the phase velocity dispersion curves can be measured by FTAN (Frequency-Time Analysis) method. We applied the 1D Surface wave tomography (SWT) to construct a phase velocity map which combines the two sets of dispersion curves obtained from active and passive Rayleigh waves. Finally, the obtained phase velocity dispersion curves were inverted for 1D shear velocity profiles and then 2D Vs profiles was constructed by assembling these 1D profiles. The results show that the investigation depth of active surface wave measurement is limited to several decameters, while the investigation depth of passive surface wave measurement can reach over a hundred meters, and combining these two methods can achieve a greater maximum depth of the Vs profile without sacrificing the near-surface resolution. Keywords—active sources; passive sources; rayleigh waves; swave velocity structure; balikun basion

TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of TWEAK on human bronchial epithelial cells. A human bronchial epithelial cell line, BEAS2B, expressed a TWEAK receptor, fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14), and produced IL-8 and GM-CSF upon TWEAK stimulation in a dose-dependent manner, which was abrogated by anti-Fn14 blocking antibody. TWEAK induced phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha and BAY11-7082, a selective inhibitor of IkappaBalpha phosphorylation, inhibited the TWEAK-induced IL-8 and GM-CSF production by BEAS2B cells. Moreover, primary cultured human bronchial epithelial cells also expressed Fn14 and produced IL-8 and GM-CSF upon TWEAK stimulation. Collectively, TWEAK stimulated human bronchial epithelial cells to produce IL-8 and GM-CSF through Fn14. Because IL-8 and GM-CSF are associated with inflammatory conditions, these results suggest that TWEAK/Fn14 interaction may play some roles in airway inflammatory responses.

To observe the influence of the 4 parts of forming of Yiqi Qingwen Jidu Heji(YQQWJDHJ) to lung inflammatory cytokines of the model rats infected with influenza virus dynamically, and to discuss the mechanism of 4 parts of forming to anti-influenza immune injury and restoration.At the different stages of infection with the model rats infected by FM1 influenza, expression in lung of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1, IL-10 and IFN-gamma was detected after the intervention of 4 parts of forming using ELISA method.The expression of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1 and IFN-gamma of model rats infected by FM1 were higher than the control group, the expression of IL-10 did not change. The expression of TNF-alpha was significantly reduced in 3 to 5 days after infection. By the method of relieving superficies with acrid-cold, clearing away heat and poison and replenishing Qi, the lung expression of IFN-gamma was significantly increased in the stage after infection. The method of relieving superficies with acrid-warm significantly reduced lung expression of IL-6 after infection in 1 to 3 days and on the 7th day, decreased the expression of IL-1 in 3 to 7 days, increased IFN-gamma expression on the 3rd day and the 7th day, and significantly increased the expression of IL-10 on the 1st day and in 5 to 7 days. The method of relieving superficies with acrid-cold reduced the expresssion of IL-6 after infection, and significantly increased the expression of IL-10. It could increase the expression of IL-1 after infection on the 3rd day, but reduced IL-1 expression after infection 7 days. The method of clearing away heat and poison reduced lung IL- 6 expression after infection in 3 to 7 days significantly, decreased the expression of IL-1 in 5 to 7 days, also increased the lung expression of IL-10 in 1 to 5 days significantly. The method of replenishing Qi significantly reduced the expression of IL-6 after infection on the 1st day and in 5 to 7 days, decreased the expression of IL-1 in 3 to 7 days, also significantly increased the lung IL-10 on the 5th day after infection.The method of clearing away heat and poison and replenishing Qi could be against the lung immune inflammatory damage and repair damage. The method of relieving superficies with acrid-warm demonstrated some immunity against lung injury on the 3rd day after infection and the method of relieving superficies with acrid-cold demonstrated some immunity against lung injury on the 5th days after infection.

OBJECTIVE To observe the influence of the 4 parts of forming of Yiqi Qingwen Jidu Heji(YQQWJDHJ) to lung inflammatory cytokines of the model rats infected with influenza virus dynamically, and to discuss the mechanism of 4 parts of forming to anti-influenza immune injury and restoration. METHOD At the different stages of infection with the model rats infected by FM1 influenza, expression in lung of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1, IL-10 and IFN-gamma was detected after the intervention of 4 parts of forming using ELISA method. RESULT The expression of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1 and IFN-gamma of model rats infected by FM1 were higher than the control group, the expression of IL-10 did not change. The expression of TNF-alpha was significantly reduced in 3 to 5 days after infection. By the method of relieving superficies with acrid-cold, clearing away heat and poison and replenishing Qi, the lung expression of IFN-gamma was significantly increased in the stage after infection. The method of relieving superficies with acrid-warm significantly reduced lung expression of IL-6 after infection in 1 to 3 days and on the 7th day, decreased the expression of IL-1 in 3 to 7 days, increased IFN-gamma expression on the 3rd day and the 7th day, and significantly increased the expression of IL-10 on the 1st day and in 5 to 7 days. The method of relieving superficies with acrid-cold reduced the expresssion of IL-6 after infection, and significantly increased the expression of IL-10. It could increase the expression of IL-1 after infection on the 3rd day, but reduced IL-1 expression after infection 7 days. The method of clearing away heat and poison reduced lung IL- 6 expression after infection in 3 to 7 days significantly, decreased the expression of IL-1 in 5 to 7 days, also increased the lung expression of IL-10 in 1 to 5 days significantly. The method of replenishing Qi significantly reduced the expression of IL-6 after infection on the 1st day and in 5 to 7 days, decreased the expression of IL-1 in 3 to 7 days, also significantly increased the lung IL-10 on the 5th day after infection. CONCLUSION The method of clearing away heat and poison and replenishing Qi could be against the lung immune inflammatory damage and repair damage. The method of relieving superficies with acrid-warm demonstrated some immunity against lung injury on the 3rd day after infection and the method of relieving superficies with acrid-cold demonstrated some immunity against lung injury on the 5th days after infection.

To observe dynamically the influence of 4 parts of forming of YQJM (Yiqi Qingwen Jiedu mixture) (referred to as 4 parts of forming) including the methods of relieving superficies with acrid-warm, relieving superficies with acrid-cold, clearing away heat and poison and replenishing Qi to serum inflammatory cytokines of the model mice infected with influenza virus. And to discuss the mechanism of 4 parts of forming of anti-influenza immune injury and restoration.Made the model with the mice infected by FM1 influenza infection, used ELISA method, observed dynamically the influence of four methods on the level of serum TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1, IFN-gamma and IL-10 inflammatory cytokines.The level of serum TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1 and IFN-gamma of mice infected by FM1 significantly increased, while the level of serum IL-10 was lower than the control group on the first day of infection, but the levels were much higher than the control group in 3 to 7 days after infection. The method of relieving superficies with acrid-warm significantly decreased the levels of serum TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1 on the 5th day after infection, and significantly increased the levels of serum IL-10 on the 3rd and 7th day after infection. The method could inhibit the immune injury to some extent. The method of relieving superficies with acrid-cold decreased the levels of serum TNF-alpha and IL-6 in 5 to 7 days after infection, increased the level of serum IL-1 on the 3rd day after infection, decreased the level of serum IL-1 on the 7th day after infection, significantly increased the levels of serum IL-10 in 1 to 3 days and on the 7th day after infection. The method could be against inflammatory injury. The method of clearing away heat and poison decreased the levels of serum TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1 after infection in 3 to 5 days and on the 7th day, and significantly increased IL-10 each time after infection. It exhibited more strong inhibition of inflammatory injury and repair. The method of replenishing Qi significantly decreased the level of serum TNF-alpha and IL-6 in 3 to 7 days after infection, increased the level of serum IL-1 the first 3 days after infection, but decreased the level of serum IL-1 on the 7th day after infection. The method significantly increased the levels of serum IL-10 in 3 to 5 days and on the 7th day. It exhibited inhibition of inflammatory injury. The method of relieving superficies with acrid-cold significantly increased the levels of serum IFN-gamma in 3 days after infection, while the methods of clearing away heat and poison and replenishing Qi significantly increased the levels of serum IFN-gamma in 1 to 3 days and on the 7th day. They exhibited anti-virus and suppression of the immune injury.Chinese medicine could correct the imbalance of inflammatory cytokines and be against injury, promote injury restoration, and protect the body.

Objective To observe dynamically the influence of 4 parts of forming of YQJM (Yiqi Qingwen Jiedu mixture) (referred to as 4 parts of forming) including the methods of relieving superficies with acrid-warm, relieving superficies with acrid-cold, clearing away heat and poison and replenishing Qi to serum inflammatory cytokines of the model mice infected with influenza virus. And to discuss the mechanism of 4 parts of forming of anti-influenza immune injury and restoration. Method Made the model with the mice infected by FM1 influenza infection, used ELISA method, observed dynamically the influence of four methods on the level of serum TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1, IFN-gamma and IL-10 inflammatory cytokines. Result The level of serum TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1 and IFN-gamma of mice infected by FM1 significantly increased, while the level of serum IL-10 was lower than the control group on the first day of infection, but the levels were much higher than the control group in 3 to 7 days after infection. The method of relieving superficies with acrid-warm significantly decreased the levels of serum TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1 on the 5th day after infection, and significantly increased the levels of serum IL-10 on the 3rd and 7th day after infection. The method could inhibit the immune injury to some extent. The method of relieving superficies with acrid-cold decreased the levels of serum TNF-alpha and IL-6 in 5 to 7 days after infection, increased the level of serum IL-1 on the 3rd day after infection, decreased the level of serum IL-1 on the 7th day after infection, significantly increased the levels of serum IL-10 in 1 to 3 days and on the 7th day after infection. The method could be against inflammatory injury. The method of clearing away heat and poison decreased the levels of serum TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1 after infection in 3 to 5 days and on the 7th day, and significantly increased IL-10 each time after infection. It exhibited more strong inhibition of inflammatory injury and repair. The method of replenishing Qi significantly decreased the level of serum TNF-alpha and IL-6 in 3 to 7 days after infection, increased the level of serum IL-1 the first 3 days after infection, but decreased the level of serum IL-1 on the 7th day after infection. The method significantly increased the levels of serum IL-10 in 3 to 5 days and on the 7th day. It exhibited inhibition of inflammatory injury. The method of relieving superficies with acrid-cold significantly increased the levels of serum IFN-gamma in 3 days after infection, while the methods of clearing away heat and poison and replenishing Qi significantly increased the levels of serum IFN-gamma in 1 to 3 days and on the 7th day. They exhibited anti-virus and suppression of the immune injury. Conclusion Chinese medicine could correct the imbalance of inflammatory cytokines and be against injury, promote injury restoration, and protect the body.