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Trichotanypus hani sp. nov. is described here based on the male, pupa and larva collected in the Tibet Plateau. The new species is characteristic by the elongated posterolateral heel of gonostylus in the male, bifid thoracic horn in the pupa and 8-10 mandible teeth in the larva. This is the first formal record of Trichotanypus from East Asia, indeed the first far-outside the circum-Arctic area.

Compteromesa haradensis Niitsuma et Makarchenko, 1997 is redescribed based on the male adults, pupae and larvae collected from China. Supplemental data are provided here for emending the previous inaccurate descriptions. In addition, a new species, Compteromesa biramosa Tang et Niitsuma, sp. n., is described based on a single male with peculiar morphological features from Yunnan Province, China, tentatively as a member of Compteromesa, which is characteristic in having bare wings and bilobed gonostyli.

Kribiodosis Kieffer, 1921, an African genus of Chironomini (Diptera: Chironomidae), is newly recorded from the Oriental region through a new species K. cantonensis sp. n. Detailed descriptions of the male, female and a DNA barcode are provided. With the inclusion of the new species bearing scutal tubercle and fused tibial comb, the generic diagnosis needs revision and expansion. The phylogenetic position of Kribiodosis within the tribe Chironomini is explored based on five concatenated genetic makers (18S, 28S, CAD1, CAD4 and COI-3P) using both mixed-model Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods. Kribiodosis is placed as a core member of the Microtendipes group but its precise sister group remains unclear. Inclusion of the analysis of Nilodosis Kieffer, another Chironomini genus with an African-Oriental distribution, reveals an unexpected robust position as sister to a large and diverse inclusive group of many Chironomini.

The Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS) supported collecting in Australia in the 1980s and 90s, with concurrent support for survey of Alligator Rivers Region, Northern Territory, by the Office of Supervising Scientist (via Chris Humphrey). These sources provided a systematic foundation for aquatic entomological studies in remote Australia. In Singapore, collections were made under auspices of PUB-NUS project ‘Chironomid Mass Emergences in Singapore: Monitoring Protocols and Identification of Triggers’ (grant number R-154-000-526-490), and we thank Yuchen Ang (Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, Singapore) who kindly provided several images. In China, collections were partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers 41672346 and 31100389).

Two Monodiamesa species collected in all stages and both sexes from the Tibetan Plateau are erected as M. secunditibetica Han and Tang, sp. n. and M. bonalpicola Han and Tang, sp. n. Molecular analysis of barcodes (COI-5P) for some related known species confirms the species validity and allows inference of internal relationships. Detailed description, habitat ecology and geographical information of two new species are provided. Additionally, brief comments on some known eastern Palaearctic species of Monodiamesa are made to give insights on further study.

POLYPEDILUM (COLLARTOMYIA) LONGILIGULATUM (YAMAMOTO ET AL.) COMB. NOV. Yaethauma longiligulatum Yamamoto et al., 2018: 45. Material examined: (CHINA, all collected by H.Q. Tang unless otherwise stated). Paratype ♂, Hainan Province, Changjiang County, Bawangling National Nature Reserve, stream across unnamed cement road to field station of Nancha River, 19��07���N 109��12���E, 650 m a.s.l., 17.iv.2016, light trap; as previous except hand-net interception; 7 Pe, Ledong County, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve, 18��04���N, 108��53���E, 632 m a.s.l., 29���30.iv.2012; Pe, Lingshui County, Diaoluo National Nature Reserve, 18��47���N 109��55���E, 250 m a.s.l., 30���31.viii.2013; Pe, Guangdong Province, Yingde City, Xiucai Mt., xi.2018, C.B. Duan, ♂ Zhejiang Province, Xianju County, Danshui Country, Shimengyang village, Yong���an stream, 28��40���N 120��35���E, 145 m a.s.l., 10.xi.2019, light trap; Pe, as previous except hand-net. Male (N = 2) (Fig. 3A���C). Colour: Generally dark brown. Gonocoxite and apicolateral bulb-like extension brown or dark brown (Fig. 3B). Gonostylus pale yellow. Wing with brown cross-vei, legs banded as Fig. 3A, C. Wing length 1.8���2.2 mm: AR 0.61���0.71, last segment 400���460 ��m. 1.39���1.47. Gonocoxite with welldeveloped apicolateral bulb. Gonostylus slender, with stout apex. Inner margin of gonostylus and apex of inferior volsella with split setae. True median volsella absent. Other details, and female, see Yamamoto et al. (2018). Pupa (N = 10). Abdomen length 3.0���3.9, 3.5 mm, total length 4.3���5.4, 4.9 mm. Exuviae dark brown with distinct brown apophyses. Cephalothorax (Figs 3D���F, 4A). Cephalic tubercle and frontal seta (Fig. 4A) absent. Thorax smooth along the suture, with distinct anterior-directed tapering projection (Figs 3D, E, 4B), 85���140 ��m high, 80���120 ��m wide at base. Antepronotals present, two precorneals 50���70 ��m and 25���30 ��m long. Lengths of dorsocentrals 1���4 (��m, N = 1): 25, 20, 40, 20. Gap between Dc2 and Dc3 210���275 ��m. Tracheal bundle simple, slender; basal ring elliptical, with five to seven branches (Figs 3F, 4C). Prealar tubercle absent, wing sheath (Fig. 4B) without nose or pearl rows. Abdomen (Figs 3D, 4D). Tergal spinules uniform-sized, without distinct transverse bands, with more extensive and even tergal spinulation, almost covering complete TII��� VII, TVIII with two small median patches; conjunctives bare in all segments. Sternites with dense honeycomb reticulations in most segments except SI, cells of reticulation with small spinules; paired tubercles on posterior of segment VIII only in female. TII with a row of c.150���200 caudal hooklets, less-sclerotized, tightly packed, extending 45���57% of segment width. Pedes spur A (vortex) and B absent. Lateral setae on segment I���VIII 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 4, taeniate only on VIII (Fig. 4D). Comb VIII 150���210 ��m high and 70���90 ��m wide, with dominant larger inner tooth and 8���12 small teeth laterad (Fig. 4E). Anal lobe 500���550 ��m wide and 330��� 420 ��m high, with c.168���250 multiserial taeniae. Male genital sac overreaches lobe margin by 70���80 ��m. Distribution: China (Hainan, Guangdong, Zhejiang), Japan (Iriomote Is.) and Thailand (Chiang Mai). Remarks: Additional records extend the previous distribution of this species (under ��� Yaethauma ���) from the subtropics southwards to the true tropics, implying a wide geographic range. The newly described pupa here can be regarded as an atypical form in an expanded subgenus Collartomyia, since the characteristic cone-like cephalic tubercle and frontal seta are completely reduced and the lateral taeniate setae are restricted only to segment VIII. However, those features exist also in P. (Coll.) hirsutum (Amakye & Saether, 1992) comb. nov. (see below)., Published as part of Cheng, Hongqu Tang Qingqing, Han, Wu & Cranston, Peter S., 2022, Integrative taxonomy: molecular phylogenetics of Polypedilum (Cerobregma) and revisited morphology of Yaethauma and Collartomyia (Diptera: Chironomidae) reveals synonymy and supports new classification, pp. 102-119 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 on page 111, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa187, http://zenodo.org/record/5798665, {"references":["Yamamoto M, Yamamoto N, Tang HQ. 2018. Two new chironomids bearing peculiar morphological features from Japan and China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of Limnology 77: 40 - 49.","Amakye JS, Saether OA. 1992. The immatures and imagines of Afrotropical species Microtendipes lentiginosus Freeman and Collartomyia hirsuta Goetghebuer (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 23: 429 - 442."]}

Cheng, Hongqu Tang Qingqing, Han, Wu, Cranston, Peter S. (2022): Integrative taxonomy: molecular phylogenetics of Polypedilum (Cerobregma) and revisited morphology of Yaethauma and Collartomyia (Diptera: Chironomidae) reveals synonymy and supports new classification. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194: 102-119, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa187

Two new species of Paratanytarsus Thienemann & Bause, P. nanyuensis sp. n. and P. zengensis sp. n., are described and illustrated based on the adult males and pupae from Oriental China. Both the species show some unique characters, herein defined and discussed. Information on biology and ecology of new species are also provided.

The Chinese species of Macropelopia Thienemann are reviewed. A new species belonging to the subgenus Macropelopia, M. (M.) pergrandis sp. n., is described based on the adult male and pupa. Macropelopia grandivolsella Wang, Cheng et Wang and M. rotunda Wang, Cheng et Wang are synonymized with M. (M.) paranebulosa Fittkau and M. (M.) kibunensis (Tokunaga) respectively, based on reexamination of the type materials. Macropelopia galbina Wang, Cheng et Wang is transferred to the genus Brundiniella, and the male holotype is redescribed.

Amnihayesomyia subflava sp. n. (Fig. 3) Type material. Holotype male, CHINA: Tibet Autonomous Region, Nyingchi Prefecture, Medog Country, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, Zhamog-Medog Road, between mileposts 62K and 80K, alt. 2345 m, 5.viii.2015, HQ Tang. Etymology. From the Latin subflavus, yellowish, referring to the predominant body coloration of the male adult. Description. Male (n=1). Total length 3.4 mm. Coloration. Mostly yellow. Thorax yellow with indistinct scutal vittae. Abdomen pale yellow, with dark T VII���IX; T VI somewhat darkened posteriorly. Wing without any marking, RM pale. Legs entirely pale yellow. Head. Temporals 21. AR 0.57. Clypeus with 22 setae. Lengths of palpomeres 1���5 (��m): 62, 98, 167, 197, 246; Pm 4 / Pm 3 1.2, Pm 5 / Pm 4 1.3. Pm 2 (Fig. 3A) apically with 3 robust setae 69���74 ��m long, 1.8���1.9 times as long as palpomere width. Eye bridge parallel-sided with 4 ommatidia at narrowest point. Thorax. Aps 7. ScuT absent. Ac about 30, Dc 15, H 13, Pa 13, Su 2, As II 0, Pes 3. Scutellum with 10 large apical and 15 small anterior setae. Wing. Length 2.8 mm. VR 0.89. Squama with 23 setae. Legs. Ti I spur 57 ��m long, with 8 lateral teeth. Ti II spurs 64 and 62 ��m long, with 10 and 9 lateral teeth, re- spectively; inner spur almost as long as outer spur. Ti III spurs 81 and 59 ��m long; inner spur / outer spur 1.4; lateral teeth of inner spur indistinct because of undesirable mounting orientation, outer spur with 8 lateral teeth. Ti III comb with 8 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 3. Hypopygium (Fig. 3B). T IX with 16 posterior setae. Gonocoxite 197 ��m long, and 2.2 times as long as broad at middle. Gonostylus stout, 130 ��m long. Female, pupa and larva. Unknown. Remarks. The male is similar to that of Amnihayesomyia nepalicola in the wing without any marking, the second palpomere with an apical group of robust setae, and the nearly parallel-sided eye bridge, but separable by the eye bridge with four ommatidia at the narrowest point, and the entirely yellow femur and tibia in the foreleg. According to Murray (1976), the male of A. nepalicola has five ommatidia at the narrowest point in the eye bridge, fore-femora darkened on the apical one third, and fore-tibiae entirely darkened., Published as part of Hongqu, Tang & Niitsuma, Hiromi, 2020, Review of the genus Amnihayesomyia Niitsuma (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae), with descriptions of three new species from China, pp. 411-418 in Zootaxa 4743 (3) on pages 416-417, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4743.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/3688336, {"references":["Murray, D. A. (1976) Four new species of Conchapelopia Fittkau from Nepal with a discussion of the phylogeny of the nepalicola - group (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica scandinavica, 7, 293 - 301."]}

Hongqu, Tang, Niitsuma, Hiromi (2020): Review of the genus Amnihayesomyia Niitsuma (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae), with descriptions of three new species from China. Zootaxa 4743 (3): 411-418, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4743.3.8

Amnihayesomyia vittata sp. n (Fig. 1) Type material. Holotype male, CHINA: Tibet Autonomous Region, Nyingchi Prefecture, Medog Country, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, Zhamog-Medog Road, between mileposts 62K and 80K, alt. 2345 m, 5.viii.2015, HQ Tang. Paratypes: 2 males and 2 females, as holotype except alt. 2682 m, 8.viii.2015; 1 male, Yunnan Province, Honghe Prefecture, Pingbian County, Daweishan National Nature Reserve, alt. 2110 m, 6.vi.2017, HQ Tang. Etymology. From the Latin vittatus, vittate, referring to the banded wing. Description. Male (n=4). Total length 2.8���3.6, 3.2 mm. Coloration. Head with palp dark brown. Body mostly pale brown. Thorax dark brown on prescutellar area, anepisternum II, preepisternum, scutellum and postnotum. Scutal vittae yellowish, partially darkened on anterior margin and middle of median vitta, and outer margin of lateral vitta. Abdomen pale brown; T I, II, IV and V each with apical transverse dark band; T III, VI���IX entirely dark brown; T III���V each with anteromedial group of dark setae. Wing (Fig. 1A) with two dark bands sub-basally and sub-apically, cross-vein RM dark brown. Legs pale yellow with markings by dark setae; each apical half of femur, tibia and ta 2, and entire length of ta 3 or ta 3���5 dark brown. Head. Temporals 12���16, 14, uniserial.AR 0.83���1.1, 0.96 (3). Clypeus rounded with 16���30, 21 setae. Lengths of palpomeres 1���5 (��m): 44���57, 50; 59���75, 66; 93���133, 113; 135���205, 161; 197���310, 246 (3); Pm 4 / Pm 3 1.1���1.6, 1.4; Pm 5 / Pm 4 1.5, 1.5 (3). Pm 2 (Fig. 1B) apically with one stout spine 39���50, 46 ��m long, and 4���5 robust setae 62���80, 72 ��m long, 1.7���1.9, 1.8 times as long as palpomere width. Eyes projected dorsally, forming parallel-sided, narrow bridge with 3 ommatidia at narrowest point. Thorax. Aps 2���8, 5. ScuT absent. Ac 26���48, 36 (3), biserial, diverging posteriorly; Dc 20���24, 22 (3), mostly uniserial, irregularly biserial posteriorly; H 7���8, 8 (3); Pa 10���16, 12, uniserial, partly biserial; Su 1; As II 0���6, 2; Pes 2���12, 6. Scutellum with apical row of 9���11, 10 large setae and anterior group of about 50���110 small setae. Wing. Length 1.8���2.4, 2.1 mm. VR 0.83���0.87, 0.85. Squama with 20���26, 23 setae. Legs. Ti I spur 47���65, 55 ��m long, with 7���8, 7 lateral teeth. Ti II spurs 49���60, 56 and 44���54, 50 ��m long, with 6���10, 9 (3) and 6���9, 8 (3) lateral teeth, respectively; inner spur 1.0���1.2, 1.1 times as long as outer spur. Ti III spurs 62���85, 71 and 49���60, 53 ��m long, with 5���10, 8 (3) and 4���9, 6 (3) lateral teeth, respectively; inner spur 1.3���1.4, 1.3 times as long as outer spur. Ti III comb consisting of 5���6, 6 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 1. Hypopygium (Fig. 1C). T IX with 12���19, 15 posterior setae. Gonocoxite 130���160, 148 ��m long, 1.7���2.2, 2.0 times as long as broad at middle. Gonostylus stout, relatively short, 81���103, 95 ��m long. Female (n=2). Total length 2.0��� 2.5 mm. Coloration. Similar to male. Wing bands broader than those of male. Seminal capsules brown on oral 2/3 or more. Head. Temporals 10���13. Antenna with terminal flagellomere almost as long as preceding 3 flagellomeres together; AR 0.23���0.27. Clypeus with 24���36 setae. Lengths of palpomeres 1���5 (��m): 60 (1), 75 (1), 135 (1), 185 (1), 270 (1); Pm 4 / Pm 3 1.4 (1), Pm 5 / Pm 4 1.5 (1). Pm 2 apically with one stout spine 39���50 ��m long, and 5 robust setae 39���70 ��m long, 1.1���1.2 times as long as palpomere width. Thorax. Aps 0���2. ScuT absent. Ac 21���42, Dc 11���30, H 5���6, Su 1, Pa 8���17, As II 0���4, Pes 5���10. Scutellum with 8���14 large apical setae and about 30���100 small anterior setae. Wing. Length 1.7���2.2 mm. VR 0.89���0.93. Squama with 10���20 setae. Legs. Ti I spur 44���45 ��m long, with 5���6 lateral teeth. Ti II spurs 47���50 and 44���45 ��m long, with 6���7 and 5 lateral teeth, respectively; inner spur 1.1 times as long as outer spur. Ti III spurs 65 (1) and 50 (1) ��m long, each with 6 (1) lateral teeth; inner spur 1.3 (1) times as long as outer spur. Ti III comb with 5���6 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 1. Genitalia (Fig. 1D). Sternite VIII with about 20���30 setae on each side. Notum 98���115 ��m long. Segment X with 4���5 lateral setae. Labium with apical microtrichia. Seminal capsules oval, 60���64 ��m long, 1.1���1.3 times as long as broad. Pupa and larva. Unknown. Remarks. The male resembles that of Amnihayesomyia ikawensis in the banded wing, but differs in the pale wing apex, the second palpomere with robust apical setae, and the bicolored femur and tibia in the foreleg. The male of A. ikawensis possesses a dark apex in the wing, no robust seta in the second palpomere, and entirely yellow femur and tibia in the foreleg (Niitsuma 2007)., Published as part of Hongqu, Tang & Niitsuma, Hiromi, 2020, Review of the genus Amnihayesomyia Niitsuma (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae), with descriptions of three new species from China, pp. 411-418 in Zootaxa 4743 (3) on pages 413-415, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4743.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/3688336, {"references":["Niitsuma, H. (2007) Rheopelopia and two new genera of Tanypodinae (Diptera, Chironomidae) from Japan. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology, 13, 99 - 116."]}

Amnihayesomyia tibetica sp. n. (Fig. 2) Type material. Holotype male, CHINA: Tibet Autonomous Region, Nyingchi Prefecture, Medog Country, Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon, Zhamog-Medog Road, between mileposts 62K and 80K, alt. 2682 m, 7.viii.2015, HQ Tang. Paratypes: 3 males and 1 female, as holotype. Etymology. From the Latin tibeticus, Tibetan, referring to the type locality. Description. Male (n=4). Total length 3.1���4.0, 3.7 mm. Coloration. Body predominantly yellowish brown. Thorax dark brown on scutal vittae and postnotum. Abdomen yellow; T III���VI each with anterior transverse dark band interrupted narrowly at middle, VII���VIII entirely dark brown. Wing without markings, RM pale. Legs mostly pale yellow, with apical half of femur, entire length of tibia and ta 4���5 dark brown. Head. Temporals 13���16, 15. AR 0.94���1.1, 1.0. Clypeus with 15���22, 18 setae. Lengths of palpomeres 1���5 (��m): 60���74, 64; 100���111, 105; 150���180, 160; 165���190, 176; 250���275 (2); Pm 4 / Pm 3 1.1���1.2, 1.1, Pm 5 / Pm 4 1.4 (2). Pm 2 (Fig. 2A) without robust setae. Eye bridge distinctly concave in ventral border, with 4 ommatidia at narrowest point. Thorax. Aps 4���5, 5. ScuT absent. Ac 30���34, 32; Dc 13���16, 15; H 5���6, 6; Pa 10���14, 12; Su 1; As II 0; Pes 3 (2). Scutellum with 10���12, 11 large apical and 6���7, 6 small anterior setae. Wing. Length 2.6���3.0, 2.8 mm. VR 0.87���0.92 (2). Squama with 24���29, 26 setae. Legs. Ti I spur 50���57, 54 ��m long, with 5���10, 7 lateral teeth. Ti II spurs 60���64, 61 and 49���55, 52 ��m long, with 6���11, 8 and 6���8, 7 lateral teeth, respectively; inner spur / outer spur 1.1���1.3, 1.2. Ti III spurs 75���79, 77 and 49���54, 51 ��m long, with 6���8, 7 and 5���8, 6 lateral teeth, respectively; inner spur / outer spur 1.4���1.6, 1.5. Ti III comb with 6���9, 8 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 2. Hypopygium (Fig. 2B). T IX with 11���16, 14 posterior setae. Gonocoxite 180���200, 190 ��m long, and almost twice as long as broad at middle. Gonostylus 123���125, 124 ��m long. Female (n=1). Total length 3.5 mm. Coloration. Similar to male. Seminal capsules brown. Head. Temporals 15. Antenna with terminal flagellomere longer than preceding 2 flagellomeres together; AR 0.23. Clypeus with 32 setae. Lengths of palpomeres 1���5 (��m): 65, 110, 150, 165, 275; Pm 4 / Pm 3 1.1, Pm 5 / Pm 4 1.7. Thorax. Aps 4. ScuT absent. Ac 46, Dc 24, H 12, Su 1, Pa 10, As II 0, Pes 3. Scutellum with 13 large apical setae and 6 small anterior setae. Wing. Length 3.0 mm. VR 0.91. Squama with 22 setae. Legs. Ti I spur 55 ��m long, with 7 lateral teeth. Ti II spurs 65 and 50 ��m long, with 7 and 6 lateral teeth, re- spectively; inner spur 1.3 times as long as outer spur. Ti III spurs 60 and 50��m long, with 6 and 4 lateral teeth, respectively; inner spur 1.2 times as long as outer spur. Ti III comb with 7 bristles. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 2. Genitalia (Fig. 2C). Sternite VIII with about 30 setae on each side. Notum 160 ��m long. Segment X with 3 lateral setae. Labium with apical microtrichia. Seminal capsules 60 ��m long, 1.1 times as long as broad. Pupa and larva. Unknown. Remarks. The male resembles that of Amnihayesomyia dartofi in the plain wing, the second palpomere without robust setae, and the eye bridge distinctly concaved in the ventral border. However, both the males are distinct in the leg coloration. In the former, the femora are dark brown on the apical half and the tibiae are entirely dark brown, while in the latter, the femora are entirely pale yellow, and the tibiae are brown on the apex (Murray 1976)., Published as part of Hongqu, Tang & Niitsuma, Hiromi, 2020, Review of the genus Amnihayesomyia Niitsuma (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanypodinae), with descriptions of three new species from China, pp. 411-418 in Zootaxa 4743 (3) on page 415, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4743.3.8, http://zenodo.org/record/3688336, {"references":["Murray, D. A. (1976) Four new species of Conchapelopia Fittkau from Nepal with a discussion of the phylogeny of the nepalicola - group (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica scandinavica, 7, 293 - 301."]}

Evidence indicates that Benzo(a)pyrenediol-epoxide (BPDE) can damage lung cells, resulting in carcinogenesis with complex mechanisms. We aimed to explore the genes and pathway variations in this process. First, the key gene was screened out and identified through data mining, and then, it was in turn validated by bioinformatics analysis and experimental methods. Consequently, 106 up-regulated and 260 down-regulated differentially expressed genes were yielded, which were enriched in various pathways, such as Cell cycle, and p53 signaling pathway. Then, KIF11 was identified as the key gene. Overexpression of KIF11 in lung cancer had a correlation with advanced pathological grade, advanced T stage, and presence of lymph node metastasis, which predicted poor prognosis. In summary, the present study revealed that KIF11 might be a key gene in the tumorigenesis of BPDE-related lung cancer, raising the possibility of KIF11 as a target for BPDE-induced lung cancer prevention and therapy.

Investigating how freshwater ecosystems respond to multiple environmental stresses provides important references for catchment management and model prediction. Here we compared the pre- and post-impoundment diatom and geochemical records from the subtropical Liuxihe Reservoir in South China, attempting to demonstrate the diatom succession dynamics during the reservoir maturation process under climate-human interaction. The Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and Redundancy Analysis (RDA) revealed a clear trajectory of diatom assemblage succession in the context of multiple stressors on Liuxihe Reservoir. Right after damming (1956–1958), the reservoir underwent a rapid shift from lotic into lentic conditions with abrupt decreases in sediment grain size and magnetic susceptibility, and increases in diatom planktonic/benthic (P/B) ratios and valve concentrations. The reservoir then entered a lengthy, lake-forming process with decreasing C/N ratios and δ13C values. This process was interrupted by a combination of climate changes and anthropogenic activities since the 1990s, and the resulting limnological conditions appeared to favor the planktonic Cyclotella hubeiana and Discostella stelligera. In the long term, the diatom biomass seemed to respond sensitively to hydrodynamic regulations in this artificially hydraulic-controlled reservoir ecosystem.

Large seaweed cultivation has proven an effective means to inhibit harmful microalgae at experimental scales and battle eutrophication in Chinese coastal waters, but essentially there is a lack of field-scale studies to explore the underlying mechanism. Here we present a 1.5-year-long time series of particulate organic matter (POM) and settling particulate matter (SPM) concentrations from an integrated aquaculture of Gracilaria lemaneiformis off the coast of Nan'ao Island, South China from April 2014 to August 2015. The microscopic examination and geochemical characteristics show that the POM mainly consisted of microalgae. The mean POM concentration increased 99.8%, 71.2%, 45.8% and 111.9% at the four sampling sites during the non-cultivation period, while decreased 25.5%, 17.3%, 12.2% and 20.3%, respectively, during the seaweed cultivation period. These results suggest that the large scale seaweed cultivation can remove excess nutrients and inhibit microalgal growth, thereby contributing to the improvement of coastal marine aquaculture environment.

The Afrotropical-Australian-Indomalayan genus Conochironomus Freeman, 1961 is here recorded for the first time from China, with the description of Conochironomus jat sp. nov. based on an adult male collected from Hainan Province and redescription of C. nuengthai Cranston, 2016 based on associated material collected from Guangdong Province. Three unassociated pupal exuviae collected from Yunnan and Hainan Provinces are also described. In addition, keys to adult males and pupae of Indomalayan Conochironomus are provided.

Settling particulate matter (SPM) samples were collected monthly during a 21-month-long (April 2014 to December 2015) monitoring program from a fish cage and a large seaweed (Gracilaria lemaneiformis) cultivation in a typical mariculture base in eastern coast of Guangdong Province, South China. The concentrations of eight heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Co, V and Mn) showed a clear seasonality with relatively higher levels in the rainy season for most metals. In addition, five metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn) showed slightly higher concentrations in the fish cage than in the large seaweed cultivation. A principal component analysis (PCA) further revealed that Ni, Cu and Zn were influenced by human activities, whereas the rest of the metals mainly by a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. SPM in the two different mariculture areas had a 21% probability of toxicity based on the mean effects range-median quotient.

Measuring the public understanding, knowledge and perceptions towards recent climate change is become a growing research interest in the last two decades. The public understanding and knowledge can be measured through in-depth individual interviews, questionnaires and case studies. In the present study, the public awareness and knowledge towards climate change was measured using questionnaire which was distributed among 160 individuals in four regions of China (Shenzhen, Foshan, Zhuhai and Guangzhou). In general, the individuals showed moderate knowledge and understanding about climate change issue causes, impacts and suggested solutions. The items measuring “impacts of climate change” and “suggested solutions” were the only significant variables (P

Chironomid based calibration training sets comprised of 100 lakes from southwestern China and a subset of 47 lakes from Yunnan Province were established. Multivariate ordination analyses were used to investigate the relationship between the distribution of chironomid species and 15 environmental variables from these lakes. Canonical correspondence analyses (CCAs) and partial CCAs showed that mean July temperature is the sole independent and significant (p < 0.05) variable that explains 16 % of the variance in the chironomid data from the 47 Yunnan lakes. Mean July temperature remains one of the independent and significant variables explaining the second largest amount of variance after potassium ions (K+) in the 100 south-western Chinese lakes. Quantitative transfer functions were created using the chironomid assemblages for both calibration data sets. The first component of the weighted average partial least square (WA-PLS) model based on the 47 lakes training set produced a coefficient of determination (r2jack) of 0.83, maximum bias (jackknifed) of 3.15 and root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 1.72 °C. The two-component WA-PLS model for the 100 lakes training set produced an r2bootstrap of 0.63, maximum bias (bootstrapped) of 5.16 and RMSEP of 2.31 °C. We applied both transfer functions to a 150-year chironomid record from Tiancai Lake (26°38′3.8 N, 99°43’E, 3898 m a.s.l), Yunnan, China to obtain mean July temperature inferences. The reconstructed results based on both models showed remarkable similarity to each other in terms of pattern. We validated these results by applying several reconstruction diagnostics and comparing them to a 50-year instrumental record from the nearest weather station (26°51'29.22"N, 100°14'2.34"E, 2390 m a.s.l). Both transfer functions perform well in this comparison. We argue that the large training set is also suitable for reconstruction work despite the low explanatory power of MJT because it contains a more complete range of modern temperature and environmental data for the chironomid taxa observed and is therefore more robust.

Djalmabatista sinica sp. n. is described and figured based on the adult male and pupa. The male can be separated from its congeners by the characteristic banded wing and the abdominal coloration, while the pupa differs from other species in the setal arrangement on abdominal segment III and the shape of the thoracic horn and the anal lobe. In addition, the pupa of D. reidi (Freeman, 1955) collected in China is briefly redescribed and a new distribution record is given.

The marine Chironomidae Ainuyusurika Sasa et Shirasaka, 1988, previously known from the adults only, is associated with its immature stages for the first time based on reared specimens from Oriental China. The larva resembles those of Sergentia Kieffer and Endochironomus Kieffer in the ventromental plate with an anteromedial projection and the 5-segmented antenna with opposite Lauterborn organs. The pupal thoracic horn has 12 branches at maximum and netted tergite spinulation which appears to be similar to those of Polypedilum Kieffer, Endotribelos Grodhaus, Phaenopsectra Kieffer and Sergentia. The phylogenetic relationship was furtherly explored through molecular analysis based on concatenation of five gene makers (18S, 28S, CAD1, CAD4 and COI-3P) using both mixed-model Bayesian and maximum likelihood inference methods. The result shows Ainuyusurika is nested with an assemblage of Endochironomus, Phaenopsectra and Endotribelos. We concluded that Ainuyusurika is a good independent genus showing affinity with Endochironomus-Phaenopsectra related genera.

Exploiting the natural structures of plants to prepare high-performance carbon-based electrocatalysts is highly desirable. Herein, the inherently hierarchical microstructures of Euphorbia tirucalli (E. tirucalli) are employed to construct three-dimensional nanoporous nitrogen-doped carbons that act as efficient and durable electrocatalysts towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). During the preparation process, agar is used in order to reduce the dissipation of nitrogen and to protect the fine structures of E. tirucalli. The as-prepared ORR catalyst, with a high density of pyridinic and graphitic nitrogens, presents a high catalytic activity (onset potential of 0.97 V vs. RHE, half-wave potential of 0.82 V vs. RHE, limiting current density of 5.64 mA cm−2 and Tafel slope of 59 mV dec−1), four-electron pathway, low peroxide yield, long-term stability (current retention of 95.3% after 50 000 s) and strong methanol tolerance in 0.1 M KOH, all superior to the benchmark 20% Pt/C commercial catalyst. This work demonstrates an effective method for the utilization of inherently hierarchical microstructures of plant biomass to make efficient and durable carbon-based metal-free ORR electrocatalysts.

Descriptions of two Chironomini pupal types collected in Yunnan Province are given. Among known genera, both types closely resemble that of the North American Hyporhygma Reiss, 1982, but the spine and spinule pattern of the dorsal abdomen does not fit within the current taxonomic boundaries, and represent an endemic component in the Oriental region. A new genus description is expected when associated adults are available.

Six new species of the genus Ablabesmyia are described and illustrated from Oriental China: A. (Ablabesmyia) lyrata sp. n. and A. (Ablabesmyia) pectinata sp. n. each based on the male adult and pupa; and A. (Ablabesmyia) huananensis sp. n., A. (Ablabesmyia) praegracilis sp. n., A. (Ablabesmyia) bifurca sp. n. and A. (Karelia) daiensis sp. n. each based on the male adult. The subgenus Karelia is recorded from China for the first time. In addition, A. (Ablabesmyia) alba Chaudhuri, Debnath et Nandi and A. (Ablabesmyia) maculitibialis Chaudhuri, Debnath et Nandi are redescribed based on the male adult, and new distribution records are given for A. (Ablabesmyia) prorasha Kobayashi et Kubota, A. (Ablabesmyia) amamisimplex Sasa and A. (Ablabesmyia) jogancornua Sasa et Okazawa.

Paralauterborniella ershanensis sp. nov. from the Oriental China are described both as male and pupa. In addition, an unnamed pupa of this genus is also described. Keys to the all known males and pupae in the world, and an emended diagnosis for this genus, are also provided.

Eutrophication and trace metal pollution seriously threaten the health of lake ecosystems; however, little is known about the response of zoobenthos to their combined impacts. In order to detect their effects on the biotic community of a lake, subfossil chironomids were analyzed in a sediment core from Sanliqi Lake, a hypereutrophic and severely metal-polluted lake located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in central China. The sediment core provides a record of environmental changes since the 1930s. Increases in pollutant concentrations began before the 1990s, and increases in total P and Pb began from the 1950s. Significant increases in nutrient and metal concentrations in the 1990s document the acceleration of eutrophication and metals pollution. As a consequence, macrophyte-related chironomid taxa (e.g., Cricotopus sylvestris-type and Dicrotendipes sp.) which dominated the subfossil assemblages prior to the 1990s were replaced by pollution-tolerant species (i.e., Tanypus chinensis-type and Procladius choreus-type) thereafter. Chironomid diversity gradually decreased from the 1950s with an abrupt change occurring in 1995. Multivariate statistical analyses reveal that subfossil chironomid assemblages are significantly correlated with total N, Pb, and Cd, highlighting the combined impact of nutrients and trace metals on the chironomid communities. In addition, the relative abundance of Procladius choreus-type with mouthpart deformities increased over time and is significantly positively correlated with trace metals and nutrients. Nevertheless, further laboratory studies to assess the linkage between sediment contamination and mouthpart deformities are needed in order to enhance the utility of the latter as an indicator of environmental health.

Three new species of Nilothauma Kieffer are described and figured from Oriental China: Nilothauma angustum sp. n. based on the male only, Nilothauma aristatum sp. n. based on the male, pupa and larva, and Nilothauma bilobatum sp. n. based on the male and pupa. In addition, new distribution records are given for Nilothauma japonicum Niitsuma, Nilothauma nojirimaculatum Sasa, Nilothauma hibaratertium Sasa, and Nilothauma acre Adam & Sæther. A key to known males of Nilothauma Kieffer in China is provided.

The male of Microchironomus trisetifer (Hashimoto, 1981) is redescribed. The pupa of M. trisetifer and the larva and pupa of M. tabarui Sasa, 1987 are described for the first time based on material collected from southern China. Immature stages of M. tabarui deviate considerably from the previous generic concept. An emended generic diagnosis and keys to the known males and pupae are also provided.

A new subgenus, Nothorthocladius, of the genus Orthocladius v. d. Wulp and a new genus Yaethauma which bears a superficially resemblance to Collartomyia Goethgebuer of the subfamily Chironominae are erected, and the subgeneric and generic diagnoses are provided here. Orthocladius (Nothorthocladius) brevistylus sp. n. is described based on a single male and Yaethauma longiligulata sp. n. is described in both sexes. The former species is characterized from any other orthoclads by having the short gonostylus fused to gonocoxite. The species is treated as a member belonging to the genus Orthocladius based on various morphological features. The latter species is distinguishable from two other members of Collartomyia species by having the antepronotal lobe distinctly narrowed dorsally, the long ligula being sclerotized on the dorsolateral surface along outer margin, and the distinctly bifurcated pulvilli. Furthermore, in the male, the long and spindle-shaped anal point, the short and ovoid gonostylus, the long and distally expanded median appendage, the short and dorsolaterally elongate laterosternite, the plate-like apodeme lobe and the spermatheca bearing sclerotized neck in the female will be sufficiently separated from any described genera clearly.

Skusella Freeman, 1961 (Diptera: Chironomidae, Chironominae), known previously from adults from Australia and Africa, is revised with extended descriptions, including for immature life stages. Skusella is diagnosed based on its type species S. subvittata (Skuse, 1889) from Australia, S. pallidipes (Kieffer, 1921) from the Afrotropical region (the only other originally included species), a second African species S. freemani Harrison, 2002, and S. silingae Tang, sp. n., newly described here from the pupa and adult males from China. The immature stages of Skusella have been known informally for several decades, notably for a characteristic fringe of setae on one or more abdominal pleurae of the pupa, shared only with newly described Paraskusella Cranston, 2018 within the Chironominae. Amongst larvae of Chironomini with 6-segmented antenna, alternate Lauterborn organs and a well-demarcated ventromentum, those of Skusella are distinguishable only with caution due to insufficient reared associations. Unassociated pupal exuviae, tentatively belonging to three unknown new species, are described informally from China, as is a larval type from Africa. Range extensions include for S. freemani, with pupae (newly described here) from Nigeria and Cameroon, at least 5000 km from the type locality in South Africa. A wider distribution of S. subvittata in Australia and Asia is revealed by extensive pupal exuviae sampled from drift.

The male, female and pupa of Nilodosis austrosinensis Tang & Cranston, sp. n., reared from 2 reservoirs of south China, are described. The male can be separated from congeners by the presence of few squamal setae, a relatively long spur on the mid– and hind legs, a characteristic superior volsella and distinctive pattern of all legs. The female can be separated by features of genitalia, namely the absence of a ventrolateral lobe and the dorsomesal lobe with the apex usually curved. The pupa is separable by a bare tergite VIII and by characteristic spinulation of the sternites. The generic diagnosis is emended and some problems alluded to. This is the first formal record of Nilodosis from the Oriental region, indeed the first outside the Afrotropical region.

This paper reports the first quantitative summer (mean July) temperature reconstruction based on subfossil chironomids from the southeast margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) covering the end of the last deglaciation and the entire Holocene, spanning 11,800 cal yr BP to the present. The record is based on 223 chironomid samples throughout a 927 cm sediment core providing a temporal resolution of ~50 years per sample. We validate the record by applying several statistical reconstruction diagnostics and comparing with pollen and diatom records from the same sediment core. The record suggests the summer temperature varies by ~2.5 C across the entire period. A generally warmer period occurred between c.8500 and c.6000 cal yr BP and a cooling trend was initiated from c.5500 cal yr BP. The overall pattern broadly matches the summer insolation at 30N and the Asian Summer Monsoon records from the surrounding regions suggesting that summer temperatures from the southeast margin of the QTP respond to insolation forcing and monsoon driven variability on a multi-millennial time scale. Modifications of this overall trend are observed on the finer temporal resolution and we suggest that solar activity could be an important mechanism driving the centennial-scale variability. It may have astrengthened effect in the late Holocene when the monsoon influence weakened. Further detailed investigation is needed to disentangle these effects on the climate change over the highlands of southwestern China.

Benthic communities of macroinvertebrates, algae, and microorganisms were concurrently collected using a Surber sampler (30 × 30 m 2 ; 300 μm mesh), brush (5 × 5 cm 2 ), and syringe (100 mL; Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis), respectively, to determine the ecological integrity of streams with different levels of pollution. Macroinvertebrates provided a clearer representation of the gradient of pollution, while a broader scope of species distribution was observed for algae and microorganisms, including sites severely polluted with heavy metals. Species associations among different taxa were presented on the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) and Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) based on environmental factors. After screening, indicator species visualized on the SOM represented a wider range of environmental impacts and were more illustrative with benthic macroinvertebrates in least polluted sites. In contrast NMDS presented species more closely associated with overall variance of communities with severe pollution, mainly in microorganisms and algae. Multi-taxa community analysis using SOM and NMDS in combination would provide a comprehensive assessment for addressing ecological integrity in streams.

Lakes in Yunnan Province, SW China, have been subjected to increased environmental stress over the last century. In order to assess the impacts of these stresses on the biota, a sediment core was collected from Lugu Lake covering the past 120 years, and detailed chemical, biological (subfossil chironomids), and physical analyses of the lake sediments were undertaken. The analyses indicated consistent trends of increased soil erosion since the early 1970s associated with significant changes in chironomid assemblages, which occurred simultaneously with the sedimentological proxies. A redundancy analysis (RDA) using a range of sedimentary proxies indicated that the shifts in the chironomid communities were mainly attributable to soil erosion. Constant soil erosion caused dramatic reductions in the available organic materials and large increases in fine sediments, leading to changes in the chironomid fauna and reduced chironomid abundance. The chironomid succession revealed that Procladius, the likely top predator in the chironomid community food chain, decreased in abundance under the impact of soil erosion, whereas the proportion of small forms of filter feeders, represented by Tanytarsus mendax-type, increased rapidly. Due to the loss of suitable habitats, the population of some bottom collector-gatherers (e.g., Polypedilum nubeculosum-type) decreased sharply. The results of this study suggest that increased catchment soil erosion may seriously impact benthic communities and potentially alter ecosystem functioning.

Yanmin Cao and Hongqu Tang (2017) Three species of the genus Zavreliella from East Asia are reviewed in this paper, including a new species, Z. shidai sp. n., based on associated pupae and males collected from Guangdong Province, China. The new species can be separated from other congeners by the uniquely banded wing and marked abdomen. The Japanese species Z. inawaheia Sasa, Kitami and Suzuki, 2001 is re-described based on the holotype. In addition, two additional records are added for Z. marmorata (v. d. Wulp). An emended generic diagnosis and keys to the known males from Asia are also provided.

Surface sediment samples were collected from 35 lakes on the Yunnan Plateau as part of an investigation into the relationship between surface sediment subfossil chironomid distribution and lake environmental variables. This region of China is unique as it contains large temperature gradients, from the subtropics to the foothills of the Himalaya, but also contains lakes that have been heavily impacted by anthropogenic activities. The chironomid communities were dominated by 8 taxa, which together accounted for 77.7 % of the fauna. The statistical analyses indicated that mean July air temperature and water depth were the most significant variables affecting the distribution of chironomids across these sites. After removing 3 major outliers from axis 1 in the ordination data set, temperature lost its significance but water depth and reductions in bottom dissolved oxygen (DO) were still found to be significant. In addition the diversity of the dataset was found to be low compared with other chironomid training sets throughout the world, suggesting that this region in China has different characteristics governing the abundance and distribution of chironomids compared with other parts of the world, hence the need for regional training sets within China. This is the first subfossil chironomid data set from this region and the understanding of key environmental influences on contemporary faunas will aid interpretations of palaeolimnological data sets to reconstruct past trends and magnitude of environmental change over a range of timescales.