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Abstract The secondary injury is more serious after traumatic brain injury (TBI) compared with primary injury. Release of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ influx at the damaged site trigger the secondary injury. Herein, a neutrophil-like cell membrane-functionalized nanoparticle was developed to prevent ROS-associated secondary injury. NCM@MP was composed of three parts: (1) Differentiated neutrophil-like cell membrane (NCM) was synthesized, with inflammation-responsive ability to achieve effective targeting and to increase the retention time of Mn3O4 and nimodipine (MP) in deep injury brain tissue via C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4, integrin beta 1 and macrophage antigen-1. (2) Nimodipine was used to inhibit Ca2+ influx, eliminating the ROS at source. (3) Mn3O4 further eradicated the existing ROS. In addition, NCM@MP also exhibited desirable properties for T1 enhanced imaging and low toxicity which may serve as promising multifunctional nanoplatforms for precise therapies. In our study, NCM@MP obviously alleviated oxidative stress response, reduced neuroinflammation, protected blood–brain barrier integrity, relieved brain edema, promoted the regeneration of neurons, and improved the cognition of TBI mice. This study provides a promising TBI management to relieve the secondary spread of damage. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Background Coronary microembolization(CME)is a common complication in acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous coronary intervention, which is closely related to poor prognosis. Pyroptosis, as an inflammatory programmed cell death, has been found to be associated with CME-induced myocardial injury. Colchicine (COL) has potential benefits in coronary artery disease due to its anti-inflammatory effect. However, the role of colchicine in pyroptosis-related CME-induced cardiomyocyte injury is unclear. This study was carried out to explore the effects and mechanisms of colchicine on myocardial pyroptosis induced by CME. Methods The CME animal model was constructed by injecting microspheres into the left ventricle with Sprague-Dawley rats, and colchicine (0.3 mg/kg) pretreatment seven days before and on the day of modeling or compound C(CC)co-treatment was given half an hour before modeling. The study was divided into 4 groups: Sham group, CME group, CME + COL group, and CME + COL + CC group (10 rats for each group). Cardiac function, serum myocardial injury markers, myocardial histopathology, and pyroptosis-related indicators were used to evaluate the effects of colchicine. Results Colchicine pretreatment improved cardiac dysfunction and reduced myocardial injury induced by CME. The main manifestations were the improvement of left ventricular systolic function, the decrease of microinfarction area, and the decrease of mRNA and protein indexes related to pyroptosis. Mechanistically, colchicine increased the phosphorylation level of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), promoted the expression of silent information regulation T1 (SIRT1), and inhibited the expression of NOD-like receptor pyrin containing 3 (NLRP3) to reduce myocardial pyroptosis. However, after CC co-treatment with COL, the effect of colchicine was partially reversed. Conclusion Colchicine improves CME-induced cardiac dysfunction and myocardial injury by inhibiting cardiomyocyte pyroptosis through the AMPK/SIRT1/NLRP3 signaling pathway.

Abstract Background Real‐world evidence on immune‐related adverse events (irAEs) are relatively insufficient. Herein patterns and outcomes of irAEs after administration of anti‐programmed cell death 1 (PD‐1) and its legend 1 (PD‐L1) antibodies were investigated. Methods Patients treated with anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 drugs from January 2018 to September 2021 at Huadong Hospital, Fudan University were included. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) was used for irAEs evaluation. The primary endpoints were the clinical description of irAEs. Results Two hundred and forty‐one solid tumor patients were included, with lung cancer as the most common tumor type (56%). 187 (77.6%) patients presented any kind of irAEs. The median time to any irAE onset was 28 (95% CI 24–32) days. Skin toxicities are the most common irAEs (46.1%) and the irAEs (36.5%) occurred earliest after immune‐checkpoint inhibitors. The most frequently occurred all‐grade irAEs were rash (23.7%), myelosuppression (20.7%), and hepatic injury (19.5%). 23 (9.5%) patients died of severe irAEs, which consists of 10 patients with pneumonitis, four colitis, four myocarditis, and one each for gastritis, pulmonary embolism, myelosuppression, hypophysitis, and encephalitis. Patients with any irAE onset had significantly longer progression‐free survival (PFS) (p = 0.013) and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.007), respectively, than patients without irAEs. In addition, patients with skin toxicities (p = 0.012) or blood toxicities (p = 0.015) had achieved a longer PFS, than those without corresponding toxitities, respectively. Conclusion Most irAEs are mild and manageable, while some irAEs can present at later time or can be life‐threatening, especially pneumonitis as we observed. Patients with any irAE onset may achieve a better prognosis than those without irAEs, and presentation of skin or blood toxicities will indicate a better PFS.

The Ficus erecta complex, characterized by its morphological diversity and frequent interspecific overlap, shares pollinating fig wasps among several species. This attribute, coupled with its intricate phylogenetic relationships, establishes it as an exemplary model for studying speciation and evolutionary patterns. Extensive researches involving RADseq (Restriction-site associated DNA sequencing), complete chloroplast genome data, and flow cytometry methods were conducted, focusing on phylogenomic analysis, genetic structure, and ploidy detection within the complex. Significantly, the findings exposed a pronounced nuclear-cytoplasmic conflict. This evidence, together with genetic structure analysis, confirmed that hybridization within the complex is a frequent occurrence. The ploidy detection revealed widespread polyploidy, with certain species exhibiting multiple ploidy levels, including 2×, 3×, and 4×. Of particular note, only five species (F. abelii, F. erecta, F. formosana, F. tannoensis and F. vaccinioides) in the complex were proved to be monophyletic. Species such as F. gasparriniana, F. pandurata, and F. stenophylla were found to encompass multiple phylogenetically distinct lineages. This discovery, along with morphological comparisons, suggests a significant underestimation of species diversity within the complex. This study also identified F. tannoensis as an allopolyploid species originating from F. vaccinioide and F. erecta. Considering the integration of morphological, molecular systematics, and cytological evidences, it is proposed that the scope of the F. erecta complex should be expanded to the entire subsect. Frutescentiae. This would redefine the complex as a continuously evolving group comprising at least 33 taxa, characterized by blurred species boundaries, frequent hybridization and polyploidization, and ambiguous genetic differentiation.

The development of the eco-economy has become an important way to promote sustainable development and address climate change worldwide. Implementing eco-economic developmental policy globally or locally requires establishing precise indicators. Currently, there are many studies on eco-economy indicators at the academic level, but the eco-economy indicators researched at the academic level are difficult to be implemented and applied by local governments in China, and there is a knowledge gap between the political sector and the academic sector in the process of cooperation. This mainly stems from the lack of whole-process research and analysis that combines government practice and academic research. We attempt to analyze the differences in the understanding of eco-economic indicators between academics and government decision-makers through the study of the establishment process of China's local eco-economic indicator system. We try to find out the reasons for the knowledge gap between academics and government decision-makers, and to build a knowledge bridge between government practice and academic research. At the same time, China, as the largest developing country and an emerging country in the construction of ecological civilization, is worth studying and learning from its experience in the construction of eco-economic indicators. Therefore, we systematically study the connotation of China's eco-economy and the development process of the indicators. And we combine with the practical experience, describe the method and specific process of constructing eco-economy indicators at the provincial scale of the Chinese government. Meanwhile, we put forward the limitations of the construction of the eco-economy indicator system in Liaoning Province. In addition, we analyze in detail the characteristics and attributes of the ecological economy indicators in Liaoning Province, as well as the relationship of these indicators to the implementation of national strategies and to the SDGs. The discipline contributions and scientific and technological concerns of the indicator system's creation are reviewed, and additional improvement ideas are presented. It is expected that the practice of eco-economic indicators in China will further promote eco-economy development and provide methodological reference for countries to measure the level of eco-economic development.

Artificial gynogenesis is an important method for accelerating the selective breeding of varieties and populations. In this study, ultraviolet-irradiated sperm of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was used to activate the mature eggs of mrigal carp (Cirrhinus mrigala, MC), after cold shock at 4–8 °C for 16 min to double the chromosomes, a population of gynogenetic mrigal carp (GMC) was obtained. The fertilization rate, hatching rate and survival rate of GMC exceeded 62.2%, 6.3% and 2.9%, respectively. Comparative analyses of morphological traits, DNA content, chromosome numbers and 5S rDNA sequences showed no significant differences between MC and GMC. However, microsatellite (MFW1, CCA15) analysis revealed that paternal DNA fragments were inserted and a parent DNA fragment was deleted in the GMC. The GMC population survived the natural winter for more than 50 days with a temperature below 10 °C, while all the normal MC individuals perished. In addition, lower critical thermal minimum (CTMin) and lethal temperature (TLD50) values were detected in GMC than that in MC. Our results indicated that the artificial gynogenesis method improved the cold tolerance of mrigal carp. The results of this study are of great significance for fish breeding and application.

Peanut growth, development, and eventual production are constrained by biotic and abiotic stresses resulting in serious economic losses. To understand the response and tolerance mechanism of peanut to biotic and abiotic stresses, high-throughput Omics approaches have been applied in peanut research. Integrated Omics approaches are essential for elucidating the temporal and spatial changes that occur in peanut facing different stresses. The integration of functional genomics with other Omics highlights the relationships between peanut genomes and phenotypes under specific stress conditions. In this review, we focus on research on peanut biotic stresses. Here we review the primary types of biotic stresses that threaten sustainable peanut production, the multi-Omics technologies for peanut research and breeding, and the recent advances in various peanut Omics under biotic stresses, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, miRNAomics, epigenomics and phenomics, for identification of biotic stress-related genes, proteins, metabolites and their networks as well as the development of potential traits. We also discuss the challenges, opportunities, and future directions for peanut Omics under biotic stresses, aiming sustainable food production. The Omics knowledge is instrumental for improving peanut tolerance to cope with various biotic stresses and for meeting the food demands of the exponentially growing global population.

【Objective】The study evaluated the land ecological security in Shannan City of Tibet Autonomous Region, revealed the main factors affecting the land ecological security, with a view to providing reasonable suggestions for the realization of ecological environment protection and sustainable land use in Shannan City, and promoting the sustainable and healthy economic development on the premise of ensuring the land ecological security.【Method】An evaluation index system of land ecological security was established based on Pressure-State-Response (PSR) Model to evaluate the state of land ecological security in the city from 2010 to 2020, and the main factors affecting land ecological security were identified by Obstacle Degree Model (ODM).【Result】From 2010 to 2016, the land ecological security index of Shannan City was between 0.41 and 0.50, showing a slight fluctuation. It continued to decrease from 2016 to 2018, and decreased to 0.44. From 2018 to 2020, the land ecological security index increased rapidly from 0.44 to 0.69, which was closely related to the economic development and ecological environment protection strategies of Shannan City. Among the pressure, state and response indexes, the impact of pressure index on ecological security had little change, and its proportion in ecological security index increased from 29.19% in 2010 to 31.46% in 2020. The influence of state index decreased significantly from 41.62% in 2010 to 29.39% in 2020. The influence of response index increased significantly, from 29.19% in 2010 to 39.16% in 2020. The main influencing factors of land ecological security in Shannan City from 2010 to 2020 were per capita GDP, per capita rural disposable income, annual expenditure of environmental protection and fixed-asset investment.【Conclusion】In order to en sure the land ecological security of Shannan City, it is suggested to increase the annual expenditure of environmental protection and optimize the investment structure of fixed assets in a coordinated way while developing economy rapidly and increasing per capita GDP and rural per capita disposable income in the future.

Background: This study was to determine the analgesic effect of ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block (ESPB) and paravertebral block (PVB) as well as the combination of PVB and ESPB (P + E) after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). Patients and Methods: Patients were randomly assigned to receive ESPB, PVB or PVB combined with ESPB with 0.5% ropivacaine (20 ml). The primary outcomes were cumulative hydromorphone consumption and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores at rest and while coughing at 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h postoperatively. The secondary outcomes were effective PCA usage count and rescue analgesia requirement at the same time points. Results: The median (interquartile range) hydromorphone consumption, including converted oxycodone, was significantly different at 48 h postoperatively among the three groups (ESPB, 10.24 [9.53–11.71] mg; PVB, 9.94 [9.19–10.75] mg; P + E, 9.44 [8.96–9.97] mg; P = 0.011). Hydromorphone consumption in P + E group was lower compared with that in ESPB group at 12 h, 24 h and 48 h (P < 0.001, P = 0.004 and P = 0.003, respectively). VAS scores at rest were significantly higher for ESPB group compared to P + E group at 0 h postoperatively (P = 0.009). VAS scores while coughing were significantly higher for ESPB group compared to P + E group at 0 h and 12 h postoperatively (P = 0.015 and P < 0.001) and to the PVB group at 12 h postoperatively (P = 0.002). The effective PCA usage count in P + E group was lower than in ESPB group in 0–12 h (P < 0.001). More patients needed rescue analgesia in ESPB group compared to those in P + E group in 0–12 h, 0–24 h and 0–48 h (P = 0.022, 0.035 and 0.035, respectively). Conclusions: Ultrasound-guided PVB combined with ESPB provided superior analgesia to ESPB for VATS. The combination of PVB and ESPB had a similar analgesic effect compared with PVB alone.

The distribution and composition of wetland habitats for wintering waterbirds are heavily influenced by water level fluctuations. Through polder construction and aquaculture activities, paddy fields and aquaculture ponds have decreased the lateral connectivity of water level fluctuations in the lake. However, the impacts of water level fluctuations on habitat suitability, which can be seen using high-resolution images analysis, often cannot separate disturbances caused by the paddy fields and aquaculture ponds, and it is difficult to capture the actual impact of water level fluctuations on wetland habitats. Based on remote sensing image data and hydrological data, we selected Caizi Lake as a study site and comparatively analyzed the changes in wintering waterbird habitats in a water level sequence under the two scenarios. Our work showed that paddy fields and aquaculture ponds should be considered as potential options for creating more suitable habitats for migratory waterbirds if combined with reasonable and effective management of the water level within the paddy fields and aquaculture ponds. The present study results could facilitate the management and sustainable utilization of Caizi Lake wetlands and provide support for creating small habitats by managing the water levels of paddy fields and aquaculture ponds.

Abstract Sauropodomorpha were herbivorous saurischian dinosaurs that incorporate Sauropoda and early-diverging sauropodomorphs. The oldest sauropodomorph remains are known from Late Triassic deposits, most of them Gondwanan. The Laurasian record comprises some Triassic forms, but the bulk is Jurassic in age. Among the 14 Jurassic non-sauropodan sauropodomorphs from Laurasia described in the past, 8 are from China. Here we describe a new non-sauropodan sauropodomorph, Irisosaurus yimenensis gen. et sp. nov., from the Early Jurassic Fengjiahe Formation of China. Nearly all of the non-sauropodan sauropodomorph genera currently known from China were first reported from the Lufeng Formation. The Fengjiahe Formation is its Southern equivalent, bringing a fauna similar to that of the Lufeng Formation to light. The new genus is defined based on an incomplete but unique maxilla, with a premaxillary ramus higher than long prior to the nasal process, a large and deep neurovascular foramen within the perinarial fossa, and a deep perinarial fossa defined by a sharp rim. Phylogenetic analysis places Irisosaurus at the very base of Sauropodiformes, as the sister-taxon of the Argentinean genus Mussaurus. This specimen adds to a growing assemblage of Chinese Jurassic non-sauropodan sauropodomorphs that offers new insight into the Laurasian evolution of this clade.

Yunnan Province is famous for its diversified Lufeng vertebrate faunas containing many saurischian dinosaur remains. In addition to the body fossil record, dinosaur ichnofossils have also been discovered in Yunnan, and the number of published track sites is on the rise. We report a theropod assemblage from the Lower Jurassic Fengjiahe Formation in Xiyang, central Yunnan. It is the third report and description of dinosaur footprints from the Fengjiahe Formation, and this new track site is the largest in number of footprints for theropods in Yunnan. Over one hundred footprints are preserved on different layers of a claystone-dominated succession close to the Lower-Middle Jurassic boundary. The track area is referred to as a lacustrine shallow-water paleoenvironment. Tracks vary in size, morphology, and preservation. All are tridactyl and digitigrade, and some are identified as undertracks. The best preserved footprints were divided into three morphotypes: morphotype A (>8 cm–27 cm–

Selective partial C--Cl bond reduction represents an important strategy for the construction of valuable chlorine-containing skeletons. Herein, we report an efficient and straightforward mono-(deutero)hydrodechlorination strategy of various trichloroacetyl esters and amides for the incorporation of gem-dichloromethyl moieties. The proposed mechanism involves key electron donor--acceptor (EDA) complexes formed between catalytic cyclohexanethiol (CySH) and substrates, which undergo single-electron transfer (SET) processes under blue light irradiation to provide the gem-dichloro radical anion and CyS•. A gram-scale reaction and late-stage modification of bioactive molecules further demonstrate the potential utility of this methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural transition has become a core topic in the study of the urban–rural relationship in China. Analyzing the transition process and sorting out the key driving factors in different periods is essential for providing critical references for the urban–rural integration and rural revitalization policy. This paper takes Suzhou, a rapidly urbanizing prefecture-level city that has experienced three obvious stages of rural transition since China’s reform and opening-up, as the case area to explore the driving mechanism from the perspective of rural–urban continuum. We first construct the index system for measuring rural transition from two dimensions of rurality and urbanity. Then, we identify the core influencing factors of different phases from 1990 to 2015, employing spatial regression models and then extract the main driving mechanism. The results revealed the following key findings. (1) Rural transition in Suzhou has both proximity effects and structural effects; the development patterns of rural areas are becoming more heterogeneous. (2) From the rurality dimension, the regression coefficient of index representing grain production changes from positive to negative during the research periods, reflecting the “non-grain” trend of agricultural production in rural areas. (3) From the urbanity dimension, the regression coefficient of index promoting by foreign direct investment increases from 0.372 in 1990 to 0.829 in 2015, indicating that the external driving force of rural transition has become stronger. (4) In 2015, the regression coefficient of index representing tertiary industry reaches 0.468, meaning the modern service industry has played an increasingly important role in rural development. Our study provides valuable insights into the dynamic change of driving mechanism of rural transition at the town level, argues that the general trend of viewing transition process as rurality weakens and urbanity enhances could be replaced by multifunctional pathways. This study supplements existing research to understand new phenomena during the transition process, the latter offer implications for policy-making, such as grain security, spatial spillovers, and rural tourism.

Flowering time control is critically important for the reproductive accomplishment of higher plants as floral transition can be affected by both environmental and endogenous signals. Flowering Locus T-like (FTL) genes are major genetic determinants of flowering in plants. In rice, 13 OsFTL genes have been annotated in the genome and amongst them, Hd3a (OsFTL2) and RFT1 (OsFTL3) have been studied extensively and their functions are confirmed as central florigens that control rice flowering under short day and long day environment, respectively. In this report, a rice OsFTL gene, OsFTL10, was characterized, and its function on flowering and abiotic stress was investigated. The expression level of OsFTL10 was high in young seedlings and shown to be induced by GA3 and drought stress. Overexpression of OsFTL10 resulted in earlier flowering in rice plants by up to 2 weeks, through up-regulation of the downstream gene OsMADS15. OsFTL10 also regulated Ehd1 and OsMADS51 through a feedback mechanism. The OsFTL10 protein was also detected in both nucleus and cytoplasm. Furthermore, yeast two hybrid (Y2H) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) results show that OsFTL10 could interact with multiple 14-3-3s, suggesting that OsFTL10 might function in a similar way to Hd3a in promoting rice flowering by forming a FAC complex with 14-3-3, and OsFD1. Further experiments revealed that constitutive expression of OsFTL10 improved the drought tolerance of transgenic plants by stimulating the expression of drought responsive genes. These results suggest that rice FTL genes might function in flowering promotion and responses to environmental signals.

Xenocypris yunnanensis is an endemic species subsisted in Dianchi Lake in China and has been listed as one of the most dangerous species due to the invasion of alien species. In the present study, we determined the first complete mitochondrial genome of X. Yunnanensis, This genome was 16,630 bp in size and contained 37 genes (13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA, 22 transfer RNA genes and one control region). The overall base composition of the heavy strand is that the 31.25% for A, the 27.20% for C, the 16.15% for G and the 25.40% for T. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequencing for X. yunnanensis was determined for the first time. The result of phylogenetic analysis indicated is that X. yunnanensis is clustered in genus Xenocypris as expected. Also, The mitochondrial genome sequencing of X. yunnanensis provided important molecular data for conservation genetic studies.

Proximity-dependent biotin identification (BioID), which detects physiologically relevant proteins based on the proximity-dependent biotinylation process, has been successfully used in different organisms. In this report, we established the BioID system in rice protoplasts. Biotin ligase BirAG was obtained by removing a cryptic intron site in the BirA∗ gene when expressed in rice protoplasts. We found that protein biotinylation in rice protoplasts increased with increased expression levels of BirAG. The biotinylation effects can also be achieved by exogenous supplementation of high concentrations of biotin and long incubation time with protoplasts. By using this system, multiple proteins were identified that associated with and/or were proximate to OsFD2 in vivo. Our results suggest that BioID is a useful and generally applicable method to screen for both interacting and neighboring proteins in their native cellular environment in plant cell.

BACKGROUND:Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is an important disease threatening human life and health. Many studies have shown that the loading dose of atorvastatin can significantly improve the prognosis of patients with ACS, and reduce the mortality. However, this conclusion is not consistent. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of high-dose rosuvastatin loading before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in Chinese patients with ACS using a meta-analysis based on a systematic review of published articles. METHODS:We systematically reviewed published studies, evaluating the effect of high-dose rosuvastatin loading before percutaneous coronary intervention in Chinese patients with ACS. The retrieval time is limited from inception to 2 November 2016, and the retrieved databases included PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CBM, CNKI, the VIP database and the Wang Fang database. Two researchers independently assessed the quality of the included studies and then extracted the data. Stata 11.0 was used for data analysis. RESULTS:In total, 11 articles, which included 802 patients, were included in our meta-analysis. Among these patients, 398 patients were in the high-dose group (20 mg/day) and 404 patients were in the conventional dose group (10 mg/day). Meta-analysis results showed that compared with the conventional dose group: 1) The loading dose of rosuvastatin can significantly reduce the hs-CRP level after PCI, including at 24 hours (SMD = -0.65, 95%CI -0.84 ~ -0.47, P = 0.000), 48 hours (SMD = -0.40, 95%CI -0.68 ~ -0.11, P = 0.006), and four weeks (SMD = -1.64, 95%CI -2.01 ~ -1.26, P = 0.000). 2) The loading dose of rosuvastatin can significantly reduce the levels of LDL-C and cTnT, including the level of LDL-C at 30 d after PCI (SMD = -0.89, 95%CI -1.10 ~ -0.69, P = 0.000), and the level of cTnT at 24 h after PCI (SMD = -1.93, 95%CI -2.28 ~ -1.59, P = 0.000), and increase the level of HDL-C at 48 h after PCI (SMD = 0.61, 95%CI 0.34 ~ 0.88, P = 0.000). 3) The loading dose of rosuvastatin can significantly reduce the levels of TG and TC, including the level of TG at 30 d after PCI (SMD = -0.94, 95%CI -1.17 ~ -0.71, P = 0.000), the level of TC at 48 h after PCI (SMD = -0.35, 95%CI -0.68 ~ -0.01, P = 0.043), and the level of TC at 30 d after PCI (SMD = -0.77, 95%CI -0.98 ~ -0.56, P = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS:Our systematic review and meta-analysis showed that, compared with the conventional dose, the loading dose of rosuvastatin was more beneficial to patients with ACS in China and is suitable for clinical application. Due to the limitations of the quality and quantity of included articles, this conclusion still needs to be confirmed by multicenter clinical trials.