Search

Objective To develop a new, alternative sarcopenia risk score to screen for sarcopenia in type 2 diabetes patients in China and to demonstrate its validity. Research design and methods The data for this study came from a multicenter, cross-sectional study that had been designed to estimate the prevalence of sarcopenia among adults with type 2 diabetes and had been conducted in several hospitals in Beijing, China. A total of 1125 participants were randomly divided into two groups: an exploratory population and a validation population. A multivariable logistic regression model using the backward stepwise likelihood ratio method to estimate the probability of sarcopenia was fitted with candidate variables in the exploratory population. A new, alternative sarcopenia risk score was developed based on the multivariable model. The internal and external validations were performed in the exploratory and validation populations. The study was registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-EOC-15006901). Results The new, alternative sarcopenia risk score included five variables: age, gender, BMI, total energy intake per day, and the proportion of calories supplied by protein. The score ranged from − 2 to 19. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the risk score for the prediction of sarcopenia in type 2 diabetes patients was 0.806 (95% CI 0.741–0.872) and 0.836 (95% CI 0.781–0.892) in the exploratory and validation populations, respectively. At the optimal cutoff value of 12, the sensitivity and specificity of the score for the prediction of sarcopenia were 70.9% and 81.0% in the exploratory population and 53.7% and 88.8% in the validation population, respectively. The Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test showed a good calibration with the risk score in external validation (χ2 = 4.459, P = 0.813). Conclusions The new, alternative sarcopenia risk score appears to be an effective screening tool for identification of sarcopenia in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes in clinical practice. Clinical trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-EOC-15006901.

Objective—To understand the daily energy expenditure of military personnel with different measurement method, so as to provide scientific basis for guiding the military personnel’ reasonable energy intake and dietary supply. Methods—67 male military personnel were included in the study. The total energy expenditure (TEE) was assessed by 24-hour life observation method and activity recorder (ActiGraph GT3X+) method. The results of these two different energy expenditure assessment methods were compared by paired t-test. Results—With the 24-hour life observation method the average energy consumption of various actions(ECVA) and TEE-24 were (3672.42 ± 829.78)kcal and (3839.26 ± 834.75) kcal respectively. Using Actigraph GT3X+ to measure their average energy consumption of physical activity(PA) and TEE-Actigraph were (1416.47 ± 615.17) kcal and (3251.68 ± 680.98) kcal respectively, and the mean difference between TEE-24 and TEE-Actigraph was (587.58 ± 540.16) kcal. There is a strong correlation between the measurement results of the two methods(r = 0.764, p < 0.001). Conclusions—The measurement result of activity recorder (ActiGraph GT3X+) method and 24-hour life observation method is highly related. The activity recorder (ActiGraph GT3X+) method is more objective and easier to be implemented for the military personnel. Further comparative studies should be performed to find more objective, accurate, reproducible, and maneuverable methods.

In this study, four mixed juice beverages were evaluated using a fuzzy mathematical approach. The dimensions evaluated included color, aroma, taste and composition. Subjects scored each of these four dimensions. Using the obtained scores, a fuzzy mathematical comprehensive sensory evaluation model was developed. The results showed that the mixture of lemon and grapefruit juice scored the highest, followed by the mixture of pineapple and apple juice, and the mixture of strawberry and guava juice. The mixed juices of cherries and cranberries scored the lowest.

Objective—To study the sensory quality of four kinds of sticky soup food by fuzzy mathematics method. Methods—Adopted the method of fuzzy mathematics with color, status, smell, texture and taste as evaluation factors, and carried out fuzzy mathematics judgment of the sensory quality of four kinds of sticky soup food: cheese purple potato soup, guggen pumpkin soup, cocoa black bean soup and matcha wheat soup. Results—The fuzzy comprehensive sensory evaluation scores of four kinds of sticky soup food from high to low were cheese purple potato soup, guggen pumpkin soup, cocoa black bean soup, matcha wheat soup. Conclusions—The fuzzy mathematics method can reflect the sensory quality of sticky soup food objectively, which provided a reference method for the comprehensive sensory quality evaluation of sticky soup food.

Objective—To study the sensory quality of six kinds of military ready-to-eat meat sticks by fuzzy mathematics method. Methods—Adopted the method of fuzzy mathematics with color, status, smell, texture and taste as evaluation factors, and carried out fuzzy mathematics judgment of the sensory quality of six kinds of military ready-to-eat meat sticks: Orleans pork, sauced pork tenderloin, original beef, black pepper beef, mellow beef and spicy beef. Results—The fuzzy comprehensive sensory evaluation scores of six kinds of military ready-to-eat meat sticks from high to low were original beef, mellow beef, black pepper beef, spicy beef, Orleans pork and sauced pork tenderloin. Conclusions—The fuzzy mathematics method can reflect the sensory quality more objectively and accurately, which provided a reference method for the comprehensive sensory quality evaluation of military ready-to-eat meat sticks.

Objective-To study the dietary changes of Chinese flight personnel in the past 60 years, and to provide a basis for formulating reasonable nutritional intervention measures. Methods-The changes of dietary structure of Chinese pilots from 1963 to 2018 were analyzed by retrospective statistical classification and analysis according to each 10-year-period. It involved a total of 10,327 flight personnel, 68 civil aviation personnel, 10,259 military aviation personnel. Results- The average carbohydrate energy intake ratio is 50.21%, decreasing year by year, and the fat is 34.89%, increasing yearly. The intakes of vitamin B1 and vitamin PP decreased while Vitamin B2 increased. Conclusions-The aircrew have been in a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet for in the past 60 years, and their total energy intake was high. Therefore, attention should be paid to the long-term potential negative effects of these results on flight occupations. Attention should be paid to the intake of vitamin B1 and PP.

Objective—To explore the effect of muscle-enhancing nutrition support on anthropometric indexes after anti-G physical training. Methods—Ten healthy male volunteers were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. Based on anti-G physical training, different muscle-enhancing nutrition support were used for 16 weeks. Anthropometric indexes were measured every two weeks. Results—The neck circumference, chest circumference, armpit upper arm circumference, upper arm circumference, upper arm minimum circumference and upper arm maximum circumference increased, while waist circumference, hip circumference and thigh circumference decreased in the experimental group and the control group. The body weight, fat free mass and muscle mass increased, while body fat percentage and fat mass decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the experimental group. The body weight, boy fat percentage and fat mass increased while the fat free mass and muscle mass decreased in the control group. Conclusions—The results showed that the nutrition support in the experimental group could help improving muscle mass and reducing fat mass, and the effect was better than that in the control group.

Objective—To observe the effect of different muscle-enhancing supplement programs on muscle strength and guide pilots to carry out reasonable nutritional supplement in anti-G physical training. Methods—Ten healthy male volunteers were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group. The subjects were trained according to the anti-G muscle strength training program and got different muscle-enhancing supplement programs for 16 weeks. The muscle strength indexes of the subjects were measured before and after the experiment. Results—Compared with before the experiment, the 10RM and 3RM of barbell squat, leg bend and pull, and maximal leg strength in the experimental group and the control group were significantly increased (P < 0.01), and the 10RM and 3RM of barbell push in the experimental group and the control group were significantly increased (P < 0.05). After muscle-enhancing supplement, the proportion of muscle strength improvement in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group. Conclusions—The muscle-enhancing supplement program of experimental group was better than the control group.

Objective—To understand and analyze the prevalence and risk factors of dyslipidemia among flight personnel, so as to provide the basis for aviation health management. Methods—The physical examination data of flight personnel who participated in physical examination in 2020 were collected. The prevalence and risk factors of dyslipidemia in flight personnel were analyzed by statistical methods. Results—The risk of dyslipidemia increased with age and longer flight time. Flight crews with an overweight body mass index are more likely to have dyslipidemia. Conclusions—Comprehensive measures should be taken to prevent and control dyslipidemia from health education, diet and nutrition, and physical training for the key population.

Sarcopenia is considered to be a new complication of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) leading to increased risk of adverse outcome. We performed a survey to evaluate glucose metabolism and nutritional status in sarcopenia patients with T2DM. Diabetic participants aged ≥50 years were grouped into a probable sarcopenia group with low muscle strength ( n = 405 ) and a nonsarcopenia group with normal muscle strength ( n = 720 ) according to the revised recommendations from EWGSOP2 (2018). Compared to the controls, the probable sarcopenia participants were older and had lower waist-to-hip ratio and BMI, longer diabetes duration, higher fasting plasma glucose level and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate and lower bone mineral content, lower fatless upper arm circumference, lower appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI), and muscle quality in both genders. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed increased age, male, low BMI, and increased HbA1c, combined with diabetic nephropathy and decreased serum albumin levels, were risk factors associated with low muscle strength in diabetes patients. In conclusion, diabetic patients with sarcopenia had worse glucose metabolism and nutritional status, decreased renal function and reduced muscle quality ,and muscle mass with a greater likelihood of osteoporosis, who need an overall health management to improve outcomes. This clinical trial registration is registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-EOC-15006901.

Objective—To evaluate the dietary quality of aircrew by using military diet balance index (DBI) and provide basis for their dietary guidance and nutritional intervention. Methods—Dietary survey was carried out by weighing method. The dietary quality of aircrew was evaluated by using military DBI. Results—The intakes of red meat and egg met the standard, the intake of vegetable oil was over the standard, the intakes of other kind of food did not meet the standard. The intakes of calcium, iodine, vitamin A, vitamin B1 and vitamin B2 did not meet the standard. The energy supply ratio of protein, fat and carbohydrate was 16%, 46% and 38%, respectively, showing a “high protein, high fat and low carbohydrate” pattern. The food quantitative results were basically consistent with the military DBI scores, showing a slight nutritional imbalance. Conclusions—The dietary pattern of the investigated aircrew was unreasonable; part of the food and nutrients intake was insufficient; the military DBI score showed that the dietary pattern was slightly unbalanced. The dietary pattern should be further adjusted.

Objective To understand the nutritional status of air force pilots and explore its changing trend, so as to provide scientific basis for guiding reasonable nutrition and improving operational performance of the air force pilots. Methods 125–147 male pilots were included in the study. The energy intake was estimated by weighing method. The energy consumption was assessed by life observation method. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated by height and weight. Serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were determined by double reagent enzyme method. The results were compared with that of nutrition survey for air force pilots in 1997 and 2007. Results The average daily energy intake and consumption was 3375.2 kcal and 3091.5 kcal, respectively. Protein, fat, and carbohydrate provided 17.4%, 43.9%, and 38.7% of the daily energy intake, respectively. The incidence of underweight, overweight, and obesity was 4.8%, 16.8%, and 4.0%, while the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia was 31.2% and 36.1%, respectively. The nutritional status of air force pilots changed a lot compared with that of 1997. However, the situation seemed to be improved compared with that of 2007. Conclusions The dietary pattern of air force pilots was not reasonable and the incidence of overweight, obesity, and dyslipidemia was high. Nutritional intervention and guidance should be strengthened.

In contrast to the consumption of long-chain triacylglycerols (LCT), consumption of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCT) reduces the body fat and blood triacylglycerols (TAG) level in hypertriacylglycerolemic Chinese individuals. These responses may be affected by BMI because of obesity-induced insulin resistance. We aimed to compare the effects of consuming MLCT or LCT on reducing body fat and blood TAG level in hypertriacylglycerolemic Chinese subjects with different ranges of BMI. Employing a double-blind, randomized and controlled protocol, 101 hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects (including 67 men and 34 women) were randomly allocated to ingest 25-30 g/day MLCT or LCT oil as the only cooking oil for 8 consecutive weeks. Anthropometric measurements of body weight, BMI, body fat, WC, HC, blood biochemical variables, and subcutaneous fat area and visceral fat area in the abdomen were measured at week 0 and 8. As compared to subjects with BMI 24-28 kg/m(2) in the LCT group, corresponding subjects in the MLCT group showed significantly greater decrease in body weight, BMI, body fat, WC, ratio of WC to HC, total fat area and subcutaneous fat area in the abdomen, as well as blood TAG and LDL-C levels at week 8. Based upon our results, consumption of MLCT oil may reduce body weight, body fat, and blood TAG and LDL-C levels in overweight hypertriacylglycerolemic Chinese subjects but may not induce these changes in normal or obese hypertriacylglycerolemic subjects.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out to investigate the effects of micronutrients supplementation on immunity and the incidence of common infections in type 2 diabetic outpatients. A total of 196 type 2 diabetic outpatients were randomized to receive tablets of micronutrients (n=97) or placebo (n=99) for 6 months. Individualized dietary energy intake and daily physical activity were recommended. Anthropometric measurements, blood biochemical variables and the incidence of common infections were measured at baseline and at 6 months. Data on diet, exercise and infection (upper respiratory tract infection, skin infection, urinary and genital tract infections, other infections) were recorded 1 month before the study and every month during the study. Blood concentrations of total protein, iron (Fe), folic acid and hemoglobin increased and unsaturated iron-binding capacity(UIBC) levels were decreased in the micronutrients supplementation group compared to the placebo group at 6 months. Moreover, at 6 months, compared to the placebo group, the blood concentrations of IgE, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, WBC, lymphocyte counts, basophilic leukocyte increased and CD8+ count decreased in the supplementation group, and the levels of IgA, IgM, IgG and complements C3 and C4 did not differ. The incidence of upper respiratory infection, whitlow, dermapostasis, vaginitis, urinary tract infection, gingivitis and dental ulcer were lower and body temperature and duration of fever greatly improved in the supplementation than the placebo group. These data indicated that supplementation of micronutrients might increase immune function and reduce the incidence of common infections in type 2 diabetic outpatients.

To study the effect of 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid (DHSA) on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in KKAy diabetic mice.48 male KKAy mice were randomly divided into four groups and were fed with high fat diet containing 4% DHSA, 2% DHSA, 4% Olive oil and 4% Corn oil, respectively. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were measured after 5 and 6 weeks respectively. Effects of DHSA on activating PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma in CV-1 cells were also carried out.In glucose tolerance test, the blood glucose at 0.5 h and 1 h and the area under glucose curve in the group fed with 4% DHSA diet were significantly lower than those of other groups. In insulin sensitivity test, the blood glucose level at 0.5 h and 1 h after injection of insulin was lower in the 4% DHSA diet group, indicating the insulin sensitivity of this group was obviously higher than other groups (P0.05). The body weight of the mice fed with 4% DHSA diet was much lower than those mice fed with 4% Corn diet (P0.05). 5 - 20 micromol/L DHSA did not activate PPAR-gamma in CV-1 cells but 50 - 100 micromol/L DHSA activated PPARgamma in a dose-dependent way although the activating effect of DHSA on PPARgamma was significantly lower than that of rosiglitazone. DHSA did not activate PPAR-alpha in CV-1 cells.DHSA may improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in KKAy mice and the effect might be related to the activation of PPAR-gamma by DHSA.

A double blind clinical trial was carried out to clarify the effects of oil with medium- and long-chain triglyceride (MLCT) on body fat and blood lipid profiles in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. One-hundred-and-twelve subjects were enrolled and divided into two groups; those that consumed MLCT oil and those that consumed long-chain triglyceride (LCT) oil for 8 weeks. All subjects were requested to consume 25-30 g of the oils daily and maintain a fixed level of energy intake and exercise. Anthropometric and blood biochemical parameters were measured when the study was initiated and completed. The LCT group consisted of 50 subjects (34 men and 16 women), while the MLCT group consisted of 51 subjects (33 men and 18 women) who completed the study. Larger decreases in body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, body fat, total fat area and subcutaneous fat area in the abdomen and serum triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, C2, C3 and E were observed in male subjects in the MLCT group than those in the LCT group. However, no significant differences in these parameters between the female subjects in the two groups were observed. Data from this study indicate that consumption of medium-and long-chain triglycerides can reduce body weight and body fat and improve blood lipid profiles in male hypertriglyceridemic subjects.