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AIM: To observe the effects of femtosecond laser-assisted excimer laser in situ keratomileusis combined with accelerated corneal cross-linking (FS-LASIK Xtra) on corneal densitometry after correcting for high myopia. METHODS: In this prospectively study, 130 patients underwent FS-LASIK or FS-LASIK Xtra for high myopia. Their right eyes were selected for inclusion in the study, of which 65 cases of 65 eyes in the FS-LASIK group, 65 patients with 65 eyes in the FS-LASIK Xtra group. Patients were evaluated for corneal densitometry at 1, 3, and 6mo postoperatively using Pentacam Scheimpflug imaging. RESULTS: Preoperative differences in corneal densitometry between the FS-LASIK and FS-LASIK Xtra groups in different ranges were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Layer-by-layer analysis revealed statistically significant differences in the anterior (120 μm), central, and total layer corneal densitometry between the FS-LASIK and FS-LASIK Xtra groups at 1 and 3mo postoperatively (all P0.05). CONCLUSION: There is an increase in internal corneal densitometry during the early postoperative period after FS-LASIK Xtra for correction of high myopia. However, the densitometry values decreased to the level of conventional FS-LASIK at 6mo after surgery, with the most significant changes observed in the superficial central zone.

AIM: To investigate the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on the mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signaling pathway in the ciliary muscle of guinea pigs with negative lens-induced myopia (LIM). METHODS: Guinea pigs were randomly divided into normal control (NC) group, LIM group, LIM+SHAM acupoint (LIM+SHAM) group, and LIM+EA group. Animals in the NC group received no intervention, while those in other three groups were covered with -6.0 diopter (D) lenses on right eyes. Meanwhile, animals in the LIM+EA group received EA at Hegu (LI4) combined with Taiyang (EX-HN5) acupoints, while those in the LIM+SHAM group were treated at sham points. After treatments for 1, 2, and 4wk, morphological changes in ciliary muscles were observed with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and nick end labeling (TUNEL), and the expression of the mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway-related molecules in ciliary muscles was measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot. Additionally, the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contents were also determined in ciliary muscles. RESULTS: Axial length increased significantly in the LIM and LIM+SHAM groups and decreased in the LIM+EA group. The ciliary muscle fibers were broken and destroyed in both LIM and LIM+SHAM groups, whereas those in the LIM+EA group improved significantly. TUNEL assay showed the number of apoptotic cells increased in the LIM and LIM+SHAM groups, whereas reduced in the LIM+EA group. ATP contents showed a significant decrease in the LIM and LIM+SHAM groups, whereas increased after EA treatment. Compared with the NC group, the dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), Caspase3, and apoptotic protease activator 1 (APAF1) levels were significantly increased in the LIM group and decreased in the LIM+EA group. CONCLUSION: The results provide evidence of EA inhibiting the development of myopia by regulating the mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway.

The occurrence and development of many eye diseases are closely related to genetic and environmental factors, among which epigenetic modification is an important bridge connecting genetic and environmental factors. It can affect the levels of related genes by influencing gene transcription or translation, thereby playing a role in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases. DNA methylation is an important part of epigenetic modification which is usually regulated by three processes: de novo methylation, maintenance methylation, and demethylation, and plays an essential role in regulating gene expression. At present, researchers have conducted that DNA methylation plays an important role in repair of damage to corneal endothelium, mitochondrial dynamics regulation and diabetic retinopathy, oxidative stress response and cataracts and other eye diseases, providing new ideas in the treatment of related ocular diseases. This study presented a brief review of the role of DNA methylation in the development of related ocular diseases and provided new perspectives and directions for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of eye diseases.

A brand-new class of photoreceptors has been identified in the past 20a: intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells(ipRGC). With melanopsin as its photopigment, ipRGCs transmit light signals to non-imaging brain regions like the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN)and the olivary pretectal nucleus(OPN)to regulate circadian photoentrainment and pupillary light reflex; a small portion of the signals are projected to brain imaging regions like the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus(dLGN)and superior colliculus(SC), to participate in imaging vision. There are six different ipRGC subtypes(M1～M6), each with its own morphological and physiological characteristics. In addition to receiving signaling inputs from the rods and cones, ipRGCs also regulate retinal signals through chemical and electrical synapses and play important roles in visual signaling and visual development. It has been discovered that ipRGCs are implicated in several systemic and ocular illnesses. Overall, various aspects of ipRGC are reviewed including the discovery, general physiological properties, signaling, and the relationship with disease in this work.

Myopia has become a major public health problem affecting the eye health of our nationals, especially adolescents, and is listed as one of the three major diseases in the world. The etiology of myopia is complex and it is currently considered to be mainly related to environmental factors and genetic factors. Dietary factors are less concerned, but it has been reported that there is a correlation between high-sugar diet and the occurrence and development of myopia. Studies have found that high-sugar diet can cause hyperinsulinemia, which mediates the increase of retinal insulin-like growth factor(IGF-1, IGF-2)expression level, and the decrease of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3(IGFBP-3)expression level in scleral fibroblasts, thereby activating signal transduction and transcriptional activator protein 3(STAT3)signaling pathway, and then acting on scleral matrix metalloproteinases(MMP)/transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)and other factors, resulting in a decrease in scleral extracellular matrix(ECM), eventually leading to scleral remodeling, eye axis growth and myopia. This article explores the relationship between high-sugar diet and the occurrence and development of myopia from the aspects of epidemiology and biological mechanisms by consulting relevant literature, and provides research directions for the prevention and control of myopia.

Lattice degeneration of the retina(LD)is a peripheral vitreoretinal lesion characterized by atrophic retinal lesions and vitreous liquefaction in the equatorial region of the fundus. The progress of the disease is slow and the pathogenesis is not clear, which may be the result of multiple factors, among which the increase of ocular axis is one of the main risk factors. With the increase of myopia incidence, the prevalence of LD is on the rise. In recent years,it has become possible to quickly examine peripheral retina with the development of ultra-wide field fundus imaging technology. At present, retinal photocoagulation is the main prevention and treatment method for LD, but the need for preventive treatment is still unclear. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, influencing factors and treatment of LD, hoping to provide ideas for further research and treatment of myopia-related LD.

Cataract is one of the most common causes of vision loss and even blindness in patients, and surgery is a proven and effective treatment option. Traditional cataract surgery for vision loss has increasingly given way to refractive cataract surgery as science and technology have progressed. There are also a variety of refractive intraocular lenses on the market place. Patients are increasingly accepting and recognizing multifocal intraocular lens(MIOL)as an alternative to traditional single focus intraocular lens(SIOL). Through classification and listing, the existing MIOL are discussed in this article, as well as the features of different types of MIOL and techniques for evaluating the clinical impacts of patients after surgery, so as to provide references for ophthalmologists.

Amblyopia is a common eye disease in children. In recent years, people have been exploring new treatments for amblyopia patients with poor results of the traditional treatment. In the field of visual cognition, some computer programs and video games are widely used to improve the functions of the visual system. Based on the perceptual learning, new methods such as video games, dichotomous stimulation, and stereo vision training are proposed to treat amblyopia. This article combines domestic and foreign research on perceptual learning and other emerging methods. The application of therapies in the treatment of amblyopia was reviewed, the effects of different methods in the treatment of amblyopia were analyzed. Combined with the existing problems, the future development of this field was further discussed.

Myopia refers to the refraction state in front of macular fovea when the external parallel light falls through the refractive system of the eye. Myopia has seriously affected the healthy growth of teenagers,so that prevention and control of myopia have become a hot issue of social concern. Studies generally agreed that myopia has a close relationship with choroid changes, and the choroid thickness shows a gradual thinning trend with the increase of diopter and ocular axis. Evidence-based medical studies have proved that effective methods for myopia prevention and control(orthokeratology, defocus lens, atropine eye drops, illumination, posterior scleral reinforcement, etc.)showed choroid thickening effect, suggesting that choroid thickening is a protective factor for myopia control. In order to provide a reference for the change of choroid thickness as an evaluation index of myopia prevention and control efficacy, this paper reviews the effect of current effective methods of myopia prevention and control on choroid thickness.

High myopia complicated with fundus lesions is one of irreversible blinding eye diseases. Posterior seleral staphyloma(PSS)is one of the most basic pathologies in a series of complications of high myopia. This article reviews the pathogenesis, examination methods, classification and treatment of PSS in high myopia by sorting out domestic and foreign literature, providing a better understanding of the prevention and control of PSS.

In recent years, metagenomics(MGS)is the fastest growing fields in microbiology, and has been broadly applied in the detection of pathogenic microorganisms. Comparing with the traditional poly merase chain reaction(PCR)-based detecting technology which relies on microbial culture, MGS can directly detect the sequences of the total microbial DNA from uncultured samples with the high-throughput sequencing platform. It can help the doctors identify the involved pathogens more quickly and provide better medication guidance. Among the known ophthalmic diseases, a lot of them are caused by the infection of pathogens and have many difficulties in clinical diagnosis and treatment. The development of metagenomics provides us a more effective and reliable way for detecting the pathogens of ophthalmic diseases. This article was aimed to review the development of MGS, applications and in the field of ophthalmology, as well as its current deficiencies and the possible development directions in the future.

The Notch signaling pathway is an evolutionarily highly conserved signaling pathway that exists in a wide variety of tissue cells and plays an important role in embryonic development, cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, as well as in the maintenance of multicellular biosynthesis, angiogenesis, and the development of various cancers. In recent years, it has been found that the Notch signaling pathway is abnormally activated in cataract, uveitis and other ophthalmic diseases, regulating the process of ocular disease development. This article provides a brief review of the regulatory role of the Notch signaling pathway in the development of ophthalmic diseases.

Myopic retinoschisis(MRS)is a major complication of pathological myopia. The pathogenesis of MRS is not yet fully understood and it can be the result of a number of different factors. The posterior vitreous cortex and the internal limiting membrane(ILM)are thought to play a role in the formation of the retinal splitting. In addition, retinal arteriole traction has been associated with axial length extension and the pathogenesis of MRS. The diagnosis of MRS is done by using optical coherence tomography(OCT), B-mode ultrasound and ultra-wide field fundus autofluorescence(UWF-FAF). The main treatment methods of MRS are pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)and the macular buckling technique(MB). This article reviews the pathogenesis, the course and the diagnostic methods of MRS, as well as, the treatment progress.

AIM: To study the effect of monocular form deprivation(MD)on the synaptic density in the visual cortex of the amblyopic rats during the critical period of visual development, the visual cortical synaptophysin(SYN)expression and significance of its expression, as well as the relationship between the synaptic density and the visual function. This research will provide mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of amblyopia.METHODS: Normal newborn Long Evans rats were randomly divided into normal control group and amblyopia model group, each with 16 rats. Both groups of rats were raised in the same environment. The normal control group did not receive any treatment. On the 13d after birth, the amblyopic model group received monocular suture to establish a classic monocular form deprived amblyopic model. Both groups of rats were received Visual evoked potential(F-VEP)detection on the 51d. Samples were taken immediately after the detection. The transmission electron microscope and Image J image analysis software were used to observe and analyse the synaptic density in the V1M of the primary visual cortex of the two groups of rats. Frozen sections of visual cortex were stained by immunofluorescence histochemical staining by bleaching method and the expression of SYN positive neurons was observed and quantitatively analyzed. RESULTS: F-VEP examination showed that compared with the normal control group, the P2 latency of the deprived eyes in the amblyopic group was significantly long, and the amplitude of P2 wave was significantly lower than that of normal eyes(P

AIM: To observe changes in the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), and central choroidal thickness (CCT) of patients with macular edema (ME) secondary to ischemic retinal vein occlusion (iRVO) following intravitreal Conbercept injection. METHODS: This retrospective study included 33 eyes from 33 patients who received intravitreal injections of Conbercept for ME secondary to iRVO. Treatments were performed on a 3+pro re nata (3+PRN) basis. All of the patients were examined by fundus fluorescein angiography and spectral domain optical coherence tomography at the first visit. Laser photocoagulation was performed in the nonperfusion area of the retina of all eyes after the first injection. BCVA, CMT, and CCT were observed before and after 6mo of treatment. The number of injections necessary to achieve improved vision was also noted. RESULTS: Following Conbercept treatment, the mean BCVA significantly improved from 0.81±0.39 at baseline to 0.41±0.25 and 0.43±0.29 logMAR in the third and sixth months, respectively (both P=0.000). The CMT of the patients at baseline was 556.75±98.57 μm; 304.78±68.53 and 306.85±76.77 μm 3 and 6mo after treatment, respectively (both P=0.000 vs baseline). The CCTs of the patients at baseline, 3 and 6mo after treatment were 304.63±57.83, 271.31±45.53, and 272.29±39.93 μm, respectively (P=0.026 and 0.035 vs baseline). No severe adverse event relevant to the therapy was noted, and the average number of injections delivered was 3.35. CONCLUSION: Intravitreal Conbercept injection combined with laser photocoagulation appears to be a safe and effective treatment for ME secondary to iRVO in the short-term.

The occurrence and development of ophthalmic diseases are closely related to the abnormality of cellular regulation and ocular tissue function, in which the relevant signaling pathways play an important role in the regulation of physiological functions. The Rho/ROCK signaling pathway is involved in a variety of cellular events, including cytoskeletal reorganization, cell adhesion, cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and also plays a significant role in cell cycle progression, cell differentiation and apoptosis. Studies have shown that the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway is widely distributed in ocular tissues, and its aberrant activation can affect the normal physiological function of ocular tissues, demonstrating it is closely related to the occurrence and development of ophthalmic diseases. This paper briefly reviews the role of Rho/ROCK signaling pathway in the occurrence and development of ophthalmic diseases, providing new insights into the clinical treatment of ophthalmic diseases.

In modern society, children and adolescents are experiencing an increasing incidence of myopia, resulting from the combined influence of genetic factor and environmental factor. Despite the influence of genetic factor, a great number of researches indicate that environmental factor has been playing a crucial role. Outdoor activity proves to be a major protective factor to reduce the incidence of children's myopia. Sunlight is one of the important ones among various factors of outdoor activity. The intensity, wavelength and rhythm of sunlight may all affect eyeball's refraction development. Varied sunlight environment may have different influences on eyeball's refraction development. The paper has summarized clinical and trial and animal experiment research results on how sunlight affects eyeball's refraction development, and it has offered references to further study on refractive error development mechanism and prevention strategy.

AIM: To discuss the clinical effects of pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)combined with interal limiting membrane peeling(ILMP)for macular hole(MH)in pathological myopic eyes.METHODS: This is a retrospective case study. Eighteen patients(19 eyes)with high myopic MH diagnosed in our hospital from January 2017 to January 2019 were enrolled in this study. All eyes were grouped for pathological myopia(9 patients 10 eyes)and non-pathological myopia groups(9 patients 9 eyes). All eyes were treated with PPV combined with ILMP surgery. Postoperative follow up was 3-23mo, the efficacy was determined at the final follow up, including BCVA, visual deformation symptoms and macular hole closure.RESULTS: During the final follow up, BCVA was improved in 6 eyes,stable in 2 eyes, more severe in 2 eyes in pathological myopia group, and MH was fully closed in 7 eyes(70%), bareness-closed in 2 eyes(20%)and not closed in 1 eye(10%). In non-pathological myopia group, BCVA was improved in 6 eyes,stable in 2 eyes, more severe in 1 eyes, and MH was fully closed in 8 eyes(88%), not closed in 1 eye(11%). There were significant differences in the axial length between the two groups before surgery, axial length was negatively correlated with the macular hole closure rate at the last follow up(rs= -0.477, P=0.039).CONCLUSION: PPV combined with ILMP for the treatment of MH in high myopia can effectively improve BCVA. However, the hiatal closure rate of pathological myopia patients was lower than that of non-pathological myopia patients.

AIM: To evaluate the one-year outcome of intravitreal conbercept injections for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to pathological myopia(pm-CNV)by optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA).METHODS: The medical records of 26 consecutive eyes of 23 patients who received intravitreal injections of conbercept for pm-CNV with a follow-up of 1y were retrospectively reviewed. All the patients were diagnosed by fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)and OCTA at the first visit. All approaches were performed as “1+PRN” treatment. Outcomes included best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), central foveal thickness(CFT)and the mean CNV area by OCTA.RESULTS: Mean BCVA improved from(0.66±0.51)at baseline to(0.39±0.38)at 1y(t=3.528, P=0.004). The CFT before treatment and after 1y after were(275.08±48.74)μm and(205.15±43.74)μm respectively(t=4.630, P=0.001). The mean pm-CNV areas before treatment and after 1y treatment were(0.48±0.24)mm2 and(0.15±0.11)mm2 respectively, with a significant difference among them(t=5.329, P=0.000). Twenty-one eyes had no needs after the first treatment. Four eyes received 2 injections and only one eye received 3 injections. No severe adverse events were noted relevant to the therapy.CONCLUSION: Intravitreal conbercept can improve the vision and relieve CFT and CNV area for the treatment of pm-CNV with “1+PRN” by OCTA for 1y, however, long-term follow-up still need to be performed.

Contrast sensitivity(CS)is regarded as one of the most comprehensive index to measure human spatial vision recently, which can completely and accurately reveal the patients' visual function, and provide an important reference basis for the early diagnosis,disease progression and efficacy evaluation of ophthalmopathy. Studies have found that the damage mechanism of CS is different in different ophthalmopathy, and the influence degree to each spatial frequency area is also slightly different. Therefore, this article reviews the research of CS detection in eye diseases.

Calcium is an important messenger in the mammalian nerve cells which mediates a variety of intracellular signal transduction pathways and plays critical roles in regulating the neuronal functions. Calcium signaling exerts its highly specific function in a defined sub-region of the cell, especially in the visual cortex of the brain. Detection of calcium signals in neurons is particularly important for the studying of neuronal function. The two-photon microscope has a unique advantage in the detection of calcium signal in the superficial cortex. In this paper, the application of two-photon in the in vivo detection of the visual cortical Ⅱ/Ⅲ layer of model animals are reviewed.

AIM: To investigate the cytotoxic effect of specific T cells from mice with experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) as well as their secreted interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17A on murine photoreceptor (661W) cells. METHODS: An EAU model was established in female mice by injection of interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) emulsion supplemented with complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). On day 12 after induction of EAU, specific T cells from spleen and lymph node tissues were isolated and cultured for 4d and the levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A in the supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). T cells and their supernatants were added to 661W cells to observe the alteration of cell morphology; IFN-γ and IL-17A were separately added to 661W cells to observe the effect of IFN-γ and IL-17A on cell proliferation. RESULTS: The levels of IFN-γ and IL-17A in the T cell supernatants were 1568.64±38.79 pg/mL and 1456.57±46.98 pg/mL, respectively. The supernatants apparently inhibited 661W cell proliferation (P

Contrast sensitivity(CS)has been widely studied in the research of ophthalmology and optometry. Compared with visual acuity(VA)test, CS assessment can fully and accurately reveal the state of visual function, which has become an important indicator for the prediction, diagnosis of eye diseases and for the evaluation of the disease progression and therapeutic effect. To improve the accuracy of CS measurement, CS detection methods have been constantly improved and innovated, mainly including objective examination and subjective psychophysical examination. Both methods have their advantages and limitations and the main target population is slightly different. With the development of the current Internet Plus, the CS detect software based on computer technology has been successively developed by many research institutions, which provide more convenient detection methods. Therefore, this paper reviews the visual standard design, measurement requirements and main applicable characteristics of common CS detection.

Amblyopia is a disease which is caused by abnormal visual experience during the critical period of the visual development, and it has no organic diseases of the eye. Visual examination is an important part of the screening and diagnosis of amblyopia. However, the vision test is limited for the young children who can't express verbally. Refraction error and anisometropia are most common risk factors for amblyopia. In recent years, the early screening of amblyopia has been extended to the early screening of amblyopia-related risk factors. Moreover, the screening methods and technologies for amblyopia have also been developed and updated. In this paper, the methods of vision examination and refractive screening for amblyopic patients are reviewed.

At present, myopia has become a public health disease worldwide, and its occurrence is mostly caused by genetic and environmental factors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)are the changes in single base at the genomic level caused by DNA sequence polymorphisms. In recent years, it is reported that the change of SNPs in myopic related gene loci is closely related to the occurrence and development of myopia. The present paper reviewed the current status of the association between SNPs of myopia-related genes and the development of myopia, providing a new insight into the future research of pathogenesis of myopia.

Myopia has become a common disease in the world. In our country, myopia shows a trend of high incidence and young age. Myopia affects people's psychological development. As a unique psychological characteristic that distinguishes it from others, personality is also associated with myopia. Most patients with myopia are mainly introverted personality and emotional personality, but some studies have shown that myopia patients have not yet had personality traits that are significantly different from ordinary people. This article reviews the related literatures at home and abroad to review the research progress of myopia factors from the relationship between myopia and personality factors, the interaction of the two.

AIM: To determine the differences of amino acid (AA) levels in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). METHODS: AA analysis of the plasma samples in EAU rats induced by interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein emulsion were performed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and phenylisothiocyanate (PITC) pre-column derivation methods were performed. Using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the potential biomarkers were identified in EAU rat plasma, and the metabolic pathways related to EAU were further analyzed. RESULTS: The method results showed that linear (r≥0.9957), intra-day reproducible [relative standard deviation (RSD)=0.04%-1.33%], inter-day reproducible (RSD=0.06%-2.07%), repeatability (RSD=0.03%-0.89%), stability (RSD=0.05%-2.48%) and recovery (RSD=1.98%-4.39%), with detection limits of 0.853-11.4 ng/mL. The metabolic profile in EAU rats was different from that in the control groups five AAs concentrations were increased and nine AAs were reduced. Moreover, five metabolic pathways were related to the development of EAU. CONCLUSION: The developed method is a simple, rapid and convenient for determination of AAs in EAU rat plasma, and these findings will provide a comprehensive insight on the metabolic profiling of the pathological changes in EAU.

As magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)technology has the features of non-invasive, clear imaging, and high resolution to soft tissue, it has been used to both the clinic applications and basic researches of ophthalmic diseases. The most important applications of MRI in ophthalmology are orbital and ocular tumor diseases. In recent years, MRI has been gradually applied to clinical and scientific research of visual impairment. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the applications of MRI in the field of ametropia, cataract, glaucoma, amblyopia, optic nerve diseases, choroidal disease, retinopathy, and so on.

AIM: To compare the effect of fixation and select the optimal fixation solution and condition for PAS staining of guinea pig eyes among three different fixation solution: 4% paraformaldehyde solution, 4% glutaraldehyde solution and Davidson solution. METHODS: Totally 30 healthy guinea pigs were divided into 6 groups: Group I-II were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde solution and 4% glutaraldehyde solution for 24h, respectively; Group III-V were fixed in Davidson solution for 3, 6 and 24h, respectively; and Group VI were fixed in Davidson solution for 3h and then transferred into 10% neutral formaldehyde solution for 48h. All groups were sectioned by routine section method and undergone PAS staining, and then observed by light microscope. RESULTS: It was found that the group which was fixed by Davidson solution for 3h, remained the most complete structure for PAS staining(Group III). While the effect of fixation for the group which was transferred into 10% neutral formaldehyde solution for preserving for 48h after fixing in Davidson solution for 3h was also acceptable for PAS staining(Group VI). The retinal cells remained clear and in order for both groups which was mentioned above. CONCLUSION: The best fixation condition for PAS staining for eyes of guinea pigs is fixation in Davidson solution for 3h among these fixation conditions, while it is also suitable to transfer the eyes into neutral formaldehyde solution after fixing in Davidson solution for 3h for preserving for long periods, which is not severely reduced the effect of fixation for PAS staining.

Rodents have been used widely in the research of eye diseases to study visual function in animal models. Two methods of visual acuity testing in animals have been internationally recognized: the electrophysiological visual acuity test and the behavioral visual acuity test. Both of these methods have their advantages and limitations. The electrophysiology test(visual evoked potential)is invasive, and animals need recovery time after being implanted with electrodes. Also, the electrophysiological visual acuity test only reflects the electrical activity of a single cell or nuclei, it does not reflect the overall visual function of the animal. The widely used behavioral visual acuity test is able to compensate for these limitations. This paper gives a brief overview of the methods of the behavioral visual acuity test for rodents(rats, mice, guinea pigs, etc.).

AIM: To observe the efficacy and safety of a new posterior chamber intraocular lens(ICMO V4c)implantation in patients with high myopia and low astigmatism and to provide reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of these patients. METHODS: The study was to analyze the clinical data of patients with high myopia who underwent ICMO V4c implantation with low degree of astigmatism in our hospital from January 2015 to December 2016. The patients were followed up for 1, 3 and 6mo after operation. The items we analyzed including preoperative and postoperative uncorrected visual acuity(UCVA)and best corrected visual acuity(BCVA), diopter, spherical and cylinder equivalent, and manifest refraction spherical equivalent(MRSE), intraocular pressure(IOP), endothelial cell counting, anterior chamber depth(ACD), arch height and postoperative complications. RESULTS: Postoperative UCVA and BCVA improved compared with preoperative, and the difference between preoperative and postoperative was statistically significant(Pt=38.510, 20.100, 34.300; Pt=3.998, 2.837, all Pt=0.383, P>0.05). The corneal endothelium counts in the patients at 3mo and 6mo after surgery were lower than those before surgery(t=2.119, 2.411; all Pt=5.850, 5.260, 2.556; all PCONCLUSION: The new posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation in the treatment of high myopia with low astigmatism reaches satisfaction with less complications, is a good supplement to corneal refractive surgery.

AIM:To explore the levels of serum total adiponectin, high-molecular-weight(HMW)adiponectin and its ratio in type 2 diabetic retinopathy and to investigate risk factors of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.METHODS:Three hundred and seventy-four subjects were recruited from an epidemiological survey, including 88 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 124 patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 78 patients only with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 84 healthy volunteers. Demographics, physical and laboratory parameters were collected. Serum total and HMW adiponectin levels were detected by ELISA. The main statistical analysis included covariance analysis and cumulative logit model.RESULTS:Total adiponectin level was higher in healthy group than in groups of only diabetes, non-proliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy(harmonic mean, 5.717, 3.310, 3.288, 3.822 μg/ml, F=18.792, PPF=14.025, PP>0.05). The ratio of HMW adiponectin and total adiponectin had no differences among four groups(F=0.650, P>0.05). Drug history, high levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, total and HMW adiponectin had protective effects to the non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PCONCLUSION:The lower concentrations of serum total and HMW adiponectin may result in the occurrence of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. And the total adiponectin level was related to the severity of diabetic retinopathy.

AIM: To systematically review the current evidence based on the efficacy and cost of Ex-PRESS implantation and trabeculectomy (Trab) for uncontrolled glaucoma. METHODS: Clinical trials were identified by electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of science and Cochrane library), and data, such as intraocular pressure (IOP), the complete and qualified success rate, the postoperative complications and the cost, were exacted from these relevant studies. Weighted mean difference (WMD), odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and were pooled using a random-effects model. RESULTS: Eleven relevant publications and two abstracts met the inclusion criteria. The efficacy of Ex-PRESS was similar to that of Trab in the percentage of IOP reduction (IOPR %) at 1, 2y (WMD: -2.01; 95% CI: -7.92-3.90; P=0.50 and WMD: 2.89; 95% CI: -8.05-13.83; P=0.60, respectively). Ex-PRESS possessed a significant higher complete and qualified success rate (OR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.07-2.35; P=0.02 and OR: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.06-2.86; P=0.03, respectively). Moreover, Ex-PRESS exerted a significantly lower frequency of hypotony and hyphema than Trab (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.21-0.72; P=0.003 and OR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.10-0.69; P=0.003, respectively). However, there was no consistent result on the cost between the two groups according to the previous three studies. CONCLUSION: Both Trab and Ex-PRESS have equivalent efficacy in lowering IOP, yet Ex-PRESS had a lower risk of hypotony and hyphema than Trab. Nevertheless, whether the cost of Ex-PRESS was less than that of Trab should be further investigated to ensure evidence-based conclusion in the long run.

In view of the anatomical and physiological barrier of the ocular surface and the intraocular structure, the conventional ophthalmic agents cannot efficiently reach the lesion site. Currently, the different types of nanomaterials possess great advantages in delivering drugs due to their characteristics of small size, easy preparation, degradability, strong targeting and less irritation to biological tissue. As drug delivery carriers, nanomaterials have been widely used in ocular drug delivery so as to treat different types of eye diseases. In this paper, the applications of nanomaterials as drug delivery carriers in treating eye diseases are briefly reviewed.

AIM: To compare the efficacy of intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) alone or in combination with photodynamic therapy (PDT) vs PDT in patients with symptomatic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV).METHODS: A systematic search of a wide range of databases (including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science) was searched to identify relevant studies. Both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCT studies were included. Methodological quality of included literatures was evaluated according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RevMan 5.2.7 software was used to do the Meta-analysis.RESULTS: Three RCTs and 6 retrospective studies were included. The results showed that PDT monotherapy had a significantly higher proportion in patients who achieved complete regression of polyps than IVR monotherapy at months 3, 6, and 12 (All P≤0.01), respectively. However, IVR had a tendency to be more effective in improving vision on the basis of RCTs. The proportion of patients who gained complete regression of polyps revealed that there was no significant difference between the combination treatment and PDT monotherapy. The mean change of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) from baseline showed that the combination treatment had significant superiority in improving vision vs PDT monotherapy at months 3, 6 and 24 (All PPCONCLUSION: IVR has non-inferiority compare with PDT either in stabilizing or in improving vision, although it can hardly promote the regression of polyps. The combination treatment of PDT and IVR can exert a synergistic effect on regressing polyps and on maintaining or improving visual acuity. Thus, it can be the first-line therapy for PCV.

AIM:To evaluate the effect of phagocytic load on apoptosis of cultured aged bovine retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)cells.METHODS: The third generation of cultured aged bovine RPE cells was cultured respectively with culture medium, containing 200μg/mL photoreceptor outer segment(POS)and 400μg/mL POS. Then the apoptosis rates of RPE cells after 24, 48 and 96h were detected with flow cytometry instrument(AnnexinⅤ/PI double staining).RESULTS: In blank control group, the apoptosis rates were very low at different time. After RPE cells were cultured with culture medium containing 200μg/mL POS for 24h, the apoptosis rate including early apoptosis and late apoptosis was 1.73%. As time going, the apoptosis rate increased rapidly and reached 65.92% after 96h. After RPE cells were cultured with culture medium containing 400μg/mL POS for 24h, the apoptosis rate was 4.02%. And it reached 91.34% significantly after 96h.CONCLUSION: Phagocytic loads can induce the apoptosis of RPE depending the time and dose.

AIM:To compare the efficacy and safety of combination of ranibizumab with photodynamic therapy (PDT) vs ranibizumab monotherapy in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).METHODS:The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in the Cochrane Library, Pubmed, and Embase were searched. There were no language or data restrictions in the search for trials. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Methodological quality of the literatures was evaluated according to the Jadad Score. RevMan 5.2.6 software was used to do the meta-analysis.RESULTS:Seven studies were included in our systematic review, among which four of them were included in quantitative analysis. The result shows that the ranibizumab monotherapy group had a better mean best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) change vs baseline at month 12 compared with that of the combination treatment group, and the statistical difference was significant (WMD, -2.61; 95% CI, -5.08 to -0.13; P=0.04). However, after the removal of one study, the difference between the two groups showed no significant difference (WMD, -2.29; 95% CI, -4.81 to 0.23; P=0.07). Meanwhile, no significant central retinal thickness (CRT) reduction was found in the combination treatment group and the ranibizumab monotherapy group at 12 months follow-up. Nevertheless, the combination group tended to have a greater reduction in CRT (WMD, -4.13μm; 95%CI, -25.88 to 17.63, P=0.71). The proportion of patients gaining more than 3 lines at month 12 in the ranibizumab group was higher than in the combination group and there was a significant difference (RR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.95; P=0.02). Whereas there was no significant difference for the proportion of patients gaining more than 0 line at month 12 between the two groups (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.15; P=0.52). The general tendency shows a reduction in ranibizumab retreatment number in the combination treatment group compared with the ranibizumab monotherapy group. As major adverse events, the differences in the number of eye pain, endophthalmitis, hypertension and arterial thromboembolic events were not significant between the two groups, and the incidence of serious adverse events in the two groups was very low.CONCLUSION:For the maintenance of vision, the comparison of the combination of ranibizumab with PDT vs ranibizumab monotherapy shows no apparent difference. Compared with the combination of ranibizumab and PDT, patients treated with ranibizumab monothearpy may gain more visual acuity (VA) improvement. The combination treatment group had a tendency to reduce the number of ranibizumab retreatment. Both the two treatment strategies were well tolerated.

AIM:To establish the model of age-related macular degeneration through blue light burning human retinal pigment epithelium(hRPE)cells in vitro and to investigate the possible mechanism of lycium barbarum polysaccharide(LBP)protecting the hRPE cells from blue light irradiation-induced damage.METHODS: hRPE cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium with high glucose and were pretreated with different concentrations(0.01mg/mL, 0.1mg/mL and 1mg/mL, respectively)of LBP solution, respectively. Further, hRPE cells were irradiated with different intensities(2000±500 LUX)of blue light(wave length 470-520nm)for 12h and the cellular morphology was observed by inverted phase contrast microscopy for every sample. Using flow cytometry, the alterations in the levels of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis were determined, respectively. RESULTS: The level of reactive oxygen species in hRPE cells in blue-light treatment group was the highest, whereas the level in control group was the lowest. The fluorescent level of reactive oxygen species among different concentrations of LBP-treatment groups had specifically significant differences compared with that in blue light irradiation group(PPP>0.05). CONCLUSION: LBP can efficiently inhibit apoptosis induced by blue light irradiation in hRPE cells and 1mg/mL of LBP has the strongest protective ability in blue light irradiation-induced damage in hRPE cells. The possible mechanism may attribute to the protective effect of LBP in inhibiting the overgeneration of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in hRPE cells.

To assess stereoacuity in a population-based sample of children and to examine ocular and systemic parameters related to stereoacuity.Using a random cluster sampling method, four- to 18-year-old children from kindergartens, elementary schools, junior high schools and senior high schools from a rural area and an urban area in the East Chinese province of Shandong were included in the school-based cross-sectional study. All participants underwent a comprehensive eye examination including assessment of cycloplegic refraction and measurement of stereoacuity using the Titmus Stereo test.Out of 6364 eligible children, 5780 (90.8%) children with a mean age of 10.1 ± 3.2 years (range: 4 to 18 years) participated. Mean (± standard deviation) stereoacuity was 50.2 ± 50.6 arc seconds. Stereoacuity improved significantly (P

AIM: To investigate the effects of ginkgo biloba extract(EGb 761)on laser-induced choroidal neovascularization(CNV)in rats.METHODS: Totally 60 BN rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal control group, model group, experimental group, physiological saline group with 15 in each group. All CNV models were made by krypton laser. Rats in experimental group were intraperitoneally injected with 0.35% EGb761(100mg/kg)every day after laser exposure until they were sacrificed. Rats in physiological saline group were intraperitoneally injected physiological saline every day after laser exposure until they were sacrificed. Fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)was performed on every rat on the 7th day, 14th day and the 21st day after laser exposure, then the rats were sacrificed immediately. The eyes were enucleated and processed for histopathologic examination.RESULTS: There was no choroidal fluorescein leakage staining in normal rats. There were obviously less choroidal fluorescein leakage points in experimental groups than that in the corresponding model groups(PCONCLUSION: EGb761 len inhibit the formation of laser-induced CNV in rats. The longer the time, the better curative effect.

AIM: To investigate the utility of ultrasound in the diagnosis of posterior vitreous detachment(PVD). METHODS: From September 2011 to September 2012, 506 eyes of 305 cases(male 191, female 114)of PVD patients in our hospital were checked and analyzed with ultrasound.RESULTS: Totally, 179 eyes were diagnosed as partial PVD, the proportion was 35.4%. And 327 eyes were diagnosed as complete PVD, the proportion was 64.6%. Among the 61 eyes(12.1%)with a small amount of hemorrhage of vitreous humor,retinal breaks of 26 eyes(5.1%)were founded. Given the photocoagulation nicely heal to the breaks and then recovered. CONCLUSION:Ultrasonography can accurately diagnose PVD. It has non-invasive,convenience, and other characteristics, and it is worthy of clinical popularization.