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The cardiovascular is a system that contains extremely complex mechanical factors, in which the circulatory flow of blood has rich mechanical laws. Many studies have revealed that mechanical factors play a very important role in the process of revascularization. Hence, it is essential to investigate the mechanical factors in the process of revascularization in depth. A cyclic tensile strain (CTS) was applied to human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) at a frequency of 1 Hz and amplitudes of 5%, 10% and 15%, respectively. SmallRNA-seq was used to identify differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) responding to CTS in HASMCs. Starbase database predicted the target genes of DE-miRNAs. Metascape was applied for GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis and protein–protein interaction network construction. The proliferation and migration of CTS-treated HASMCs were significantly enhanced, and apoptosis were significantly reduced compared to the control group. SmallRNA-seq results demonstrated that 55, 16 and 16 DE-miRNAs were present in 5%, 10% and 15% CTS-treated HASMCs, respectively. Compared to controls, with miR-26a-2-3p and miR-187-3p being the intersection of these DE-miRNAs. Starbase database identified 189 common target genes for miR-26a-2-3p and miR-187-3p. Common target genes are mainly enriched in the basolateral plasma membrane and endocytosis. Further, in vitro experiments exhibited that CTS upregulated miR-187-3p expression, and miR-187-3p enhanced the proliferation and migration of HASMCs and reduced their apoptosis. It is suggested that miR-187-3p may be an important target for CTS participate in the process of cardiovascular disease.

Acupoint application therapy is a convenient, effective and with few side effects traditional Chinese medicine external treatment method. It’s dual effects of drug absorption and acupoint stimulation show unique advantages in the clinical treatment of peptic ulcer (PU). This paper summarized its research progress in terms of its medication, acupoint selection and the synergistic application. It’s clear that acupoint application has a positive effect in the treatment of PU and it can better improve the clinical symptoms of epigastric pain in patients with PU, so as to provide new ideas for further exploration of its research direction and demonstration of its efficacy.

In recent years, the incidence of Precancerous lesions of gastric cancer (PLGC) has gradually increased, and it is difficult to be cured and easy to recur. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) emphasizes the prevention before the disease. The regulation of PLGC related tumor genes by Chinese medicine has become a research hotspot. This paper summarized PLGC related protooncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and apoptosis related genes, and discussed the mechanism of Chinese Medicine Therapy PLGC from the perspective of gene expression, providing new ideas and methods for clinical treatment of PLGC.

Background Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) with concomitant aorto-retroarotic left renal vein fistula (ALRVF) is an extremely rare clinical condition. With the recent development of endovascular techniques, repair of such conditions with a complete minimal invasive approach is now possible. We reported here a case of endovascular repair of AAA with concomitant ALRVF. Case Presentation A 62-year-old gentleman presenting with AAA and concomitant ALRVF underwent complete endovascular repair, including an endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) with bifurcated aortic graft as well as embolization of the aneurysm sac and deployment of a covered stent in the left retroarotic renal vein to achieve sealing of the arterial-venous fistula. The patient required no blood transfusion and no ICU stay. He has been followed up closely for 4 years and has been well clinically. Aneurysm sac size has remained stable. Conclusions Endovascular repair can be a safe and reliable surgical alternative to treat AAA with concomitant ALRVF. But long-term follow up and more clinical data are required to verify the durability of endovascular repair for such conditions.

One of the most promising approaches to reach a high gain in inertial confinement fusion is the fast ignition scheme. In this scheme, a relativistic electron beam is generated; this passes through the imploded plasma and deposits parts of its energy in the core. However, the large angular spread of the relativistic electron beam and the poorly controlled compression of the target affect realization of the fast ignition technique. Here, we demonstrate that indirectly driven (that is, driven by X-rays generated inside a gold hohlraum) implosions with a ‘high-foot’ and a short-coast time of less than 200 ps allow us to tightly compress the shell. Furthermore, we show the ability to optimize the symmetry of the imploding shell by changing the hohlraum length, successfully tuning a suitable tube-shaped shell to compensate for the large angular spread of the relativistic electron beam and to enhance the electron-to-core coupling efficiency via resistive magnetic fields. Benefiting from those experimental techniques, a significant enhancement in neutron yield was achieved in our indirectly driven fast ignition experiments. These results pave the way towards high-coupling fast ignition experiments with indirectly driven targets similar to those at the National Ignition Facility. Experiments realizing the indirect-drive fast ignition scheme for inertial confinement fusion are reported. Enabled by a tightly compressed target, an increase of neutron yield is observed.

The presence of endoleak was associated with the failure of endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) treatment. The key to eliminating type II endoleak has shifted from reintervention to prevention. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of applying fibrin sealant to prevent type II endoleak in conjunction with EVAR.All patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm who underwent EVAR from June 2019 to July 2021 were reviewed. Patients were grouped as Group A: standard EVAR with preemptive embolization and Group B: standard EVAR alone. The primary endpoint was the incidence of type II endoleak. The secondary endpoints were aneurysm sac regression, the inferior mesenteric artery patency, the numbers of patent lumbar arteries, and all-cause mortality.A total of 104 patients were included in Group A, and 116 were included in Group B. Technical success rate was 100%. The overall incidence of type II endoleak in Group A was significantly lower than that in Group B (4.8% vs 19.0%). The mean time of freedom from type II endoleak was 22.71 months for Group A (95% confidence interval, 21.59-23.83 months) and 19.89 months for Group B (95% confidence interval, 18.08-21.70 months). The Kaplan-Meier estimate of freedom from type II endoleak showed a significantly longer duration of freedom from type II endoleak in Group A (81.0% vs 95.2%). Group A showed a continuous sac regression tendency. In Group B, the sac volume decreased within 12 months but increased by 3.07 cmNonselective preemptive embolization with porcine fibrin sealant during EVAR was safe and effective in preventing type II endoleak in the short and mid-term. Preemptive embolization can lead to a significantly higher sac regression rate. Larger patient populations and longer follow-ups with randomized control designed trials are expected to verify the long-term effectiveness and safety of preemptive embolization in preventing type II endoleak.

In the archive of the Ground Wide Angle Camera (GWAC), we found 43 white light flares from 43 stars, among which, three are sympathetic or homologous flares, and one of them also has a quasi-periodic pulsation with a period of $13.0\pm1.5$ minutes. Among these 43 flare stars, there are 19 new active stars and 41 stars that have available TESS and/or K2 light curves, from which we found 931 stellar flares. We also obtained rotational or orbital periods of 34 GWAC flare stars, of which 33 are less than 5.4 days, and ephemerides of three eclipsing binaries from these light curves. Combining with low resolution spectra from LAMOST and the Xinglong 2.16m telescope, we found that $L_{\rm H\alpha}/L_{\rm bol}$ are in the saturation region in the rotation-activity diagram. From the LAMOST medium-resolution spectrum, we found that Star \#3 (HAT 178-02667) has double H$\alpha$ emissions which imply it is a binary, and two components are both active stars. Thirteen stars have flare frequency distributions (FFDs) from TESS and/or K2 light curves. These FFDs show that the flares detected by GWAC can occur at a frequency of 0.5 to 9.5 yr$^{-1}$. The impact of flares on habitable planets was also studied based on these FFDs, and flares from some GWAC flare stars may produce enough energetic flares to destroy ozone layers, but none can trigger prebiotic chemistry on their habitable planets., Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures, 3 tables

The formation and structure of a collisional shock wave in a fully ionized plasma is studied via full particle-in-cell simulations, which allows the complex momentum and energy transfer processes between different charged particles to be treated self-consistently. The kinetic energy of the plasma flow drifting towards a reflecting piston is found to be rapidly converted into thermal motion under the cooperative effects of ion-ion collisions, ion-electron collisions, and electric field charged-particle interactions. The subsequent shock evolution is influenced by the ``precursor'' ion beam before a quasisteady state is reached. The shock wave structure is then analyzed from a two-fluid transport viewpoint, which is found to be affected by ``flux-limiting'' electron transport, the nonthermal ions, and the charge separation electric field.

Experimental and simulation data [Moreau et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 62, 014013 (2019); Kaymak et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 035004 (2016)] indicate that self-generated magnetic fields play an important role in enhancing the flux and energy of relativistic electrons accelerated by ultra-intense laser pulse irradiation with nanostructured arrays. A fully relativistic analytical model for the generation of the magnetic field based on electron magneto-hydrodynamic description is presented here. The analytical model shows that this self-generated magnetic field originates in the nonparallel density gradient and fast electron current at the interfaces of a nanolayered target. A general formula for the self-generated magnetic field is found, which closely agrees with the simulation scaling over the relevant intensity range. The result is beneficial to the experimental designs for the interaction of the laser pulse with the nanostructured arrays to improve laser-to-electron energy coupling and the quality of forward hot electrons.

The results of a commissioning experiment on the SILEX-Ⅱ laser facility (formerly known as CAEP-PW) are reported. SILEX-Ⅱ is a complete optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification laser facility. The peak power reached about 1 PW in a 30 fs pulse duration during the experiment. The laser contrast was better than 1010 at 20 ps ahead of the main pulse. In the basic laser foil target interaction, a set of experimental data were collected, including spatially resolved x-ray emission, the image of the coherent transition radiation, the harmonic spectra in the direction of reflection, the energy spectra and beam profile of accelerated protons, hot-electron spectra, and transmitted laser energy fraction and spatial distribution. The experimental results show that the laser intensity reached 5 × 1020 W/cm2 within a 5.8 µm focus (FWHM). Significant laser transmission did not occur when the thickness of the CH foil was equal to or greater than 50 nm. The maximum energy of the accelerated protons in the target normal direction was roughly unchanged when the target thickness varied between 50 nm and 15 µm. The maximum proton energy via the target normal sheath field acceleration mechanism was about 21 MeV. We expect the on-target laser intensity to reach 1022 W/cm2 in the near future, after optimization of the laser focus and upgrade of the laser power to 3 PW.

The Weibel instability and the induced magnetic field are of great importance for both astrophysics and inertial confinement fusion. Because of the stochasticity of this magnetic field, its main wavelength and mean strength, which are key characteristics of the Weibel instability, are still unobtainable experimentally. In this paper, a theoretical model based on the autocorrelation tensor shows that in proton radiography of the Weibel-instability-induced magnetic field, the proton flux density on the detection plane can be related to the energy spectrum of the magnetic field. It allows us to extract the main wavelength and mean strength of the two-dimensionally isotropic and stochastic magnetic field directly from proton radiography for the first time. Numerical calculations are conducted to verify our theory and show good consistency between pre-set values and the results extracted from proton radiography.

Plasma effects, such as the multi-component kinetic diffusion and self-generated electromagnetic fields, are recognized as a pivotal key to understanding the physics of interface evolution in inertial confinement fusion and supernova remnants. In this work, a two-dimensional hybrid fluid-PIC code is used to investigate the ion kinetic effects of the single-mode Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) at the interface between hydrogen plasma and carbon plasma. After an electrostatic shockwave passing through the perturbed interface, the RMI, which reshapes the interface, grows via the vorticity depositing as well as the self-generated magnetic field. After scaling the growth of the interfacial mix region with time, the density transition layer has been found to exceed the disturbance wavelength and lead to a suppression of the instability evolution finally.

In proton radiography, degeneracy of electric and magnetic fields in deflecting the probe protons can prevent full interpretation of proton flux perturbations in the detection plane. In this paper, theoretical analyses and numerical simulations suggest that the contributions of the electric and magnetic fields can be separately obtained by analyzing the difference between the flux distributions of two discriminated proton energies in a single shot of proton radiography. To eliminate the influence of field evolution on the separation, a strategy is proposed in which slow field evolution is assumed or an approximate estimate of field growth is made. This could help achieve a clearer understanding of the radiographic process and allow further quantitative analysis.

Kinetic physics has the potential to impact the performance of indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. In near vacuum hohlraums (or vacuum hohlraums), the high-Z plasma expands from the hohlraum wall and collides with the blow-off from the capsule (or the low-density fill-gas). Such collision produces conditions in which kinetic effects may dominate since the ion-ion mean free paths are larger than the size of the interaction region. In the present work, we present the experimental evidence supported by simulations of kinetic effects launched in the interpenetration layer between the laser-driven hohlraum plasma bubbles and the corona plasma of the compressed pellet on the Shenguang-III prototype laser facility. Our study showed kinetic shocks arisen in the hohlraum wall/ablator (or the low-density fill-gas) interpenetration region, which result in efficient acceleration of high energy ions. When these high energy ions were deposited inside the capsule, it resulted in significant low-mode asymmetry of the implosion capsule since there are no high energy ions from the laser entrance holes. These studies provide novel insight into the interactions and dynamics of a vacuum hohlraum and near vacuum hohlraum.

Powerful lasers interacting with solid targets can generate intense electromagnetic pulses (EMPs). In this study, EMPs produced by a pulsed laser (1 ps, 100 J) shooting at CH targets doped with different titanium (Ti) contents at the XG-III laser facility are measured and analyzed. The results demonstrate that the intensity of EMPs first increases with Ti doping content from 1% to 7% and then decreases. The electron spectra show that EMP emission is closely related to the hot electrons ejected from the target surface, which is confirmed by an analysis based on the target–holder–ground equivalent antenna model. The conclusions of this study provide a new approach to achieve tunable EMP radiation by adjusting the metal content of solid targets, and will also help in understanding the mechanism of EMP generation and ejection of hot electrons during laser coupling with targets.Powerful lasers interacting with solid targets can generate intense electromagnetic pulses (EMPs). In this study, EMPs produced by a pulsed laser (1 ps, 100 J) shooting at CH targets doped with different titanium (Ti) contents at the XG-III laser facility are measured and analyzed. The results demonstrate that the intensity of EMPs first increases with Ti doping content from 1% to 7% and then decreases. The electron spectra show that EMP emission is closely related to the hot electrons ejected from the target surface, which is confirmed by an analysis based on the target–holder–ground equivalent antenna model. The conclusions of this study provide a new approach to achieve tunable EMP radiation by adjusting the metal content of solid targets, and will also help in understanding the mechanism of EMP generation and ejection of hot electrons during laser coupling with targets.

When it reaches high energy density state, new features of laser propagation in plasma arises in the contrast to that of research field in classical optics. Such as beam deflection, a laser beam can change its propagation direction while it comes across a transverse plasma flow. On the other hand, employment of all sorts of smoothed laser beams becomes very common in high power laser facilities for high energy density physics experiments. Therefore, on what condition beam deflection comes into play for smoothed beams are necessary to be investigated. This paper presents numerical simulation results for that, which is performed by laser plasma interaction code LAP3D. It is a three dimensional massively parallel code, including a laser paraxial envelope solver and a nonlinear Eulerian hydrodynamics package, and models for filamentation, stimulated Raman scattering and stimulated Brillouin scattering, with beam smoothed by continuous phase plate (CPP), spectral dispersion (SSD), separately. For simplicity in this study, numerical simulations perform in a about 700 μm × 700 μm × 700 μm plasma using isotropic conditions (Te = 3 keV, Ti = 1 keV, n = 0.1 nc) and only include refraction and diffraction effects, namely, with filamentation model excluding scattering models. Simulation employs the CPP and the SSD beam as representatives of spatial and temporal smoothed beams, respectively, and uses an oval like focused spot with extension in the long axis direction about 200 μm in the focus plane propagating through the left boundary into the simulation domain. Based on our previous investigations, we assume that beam deflection of a smoothed beam becomes effective when it satisfies two following conditions as that for a Gaussian beam, namely, suffering filamentation and facing a transverse plasma flow at ion sound speed. Simulation results of LAP3D confirm that both spatial and temporal smoothed beams suffer beam deflection when two above conditions are both satisfied. For the case of CPP smoothed beam, simulation results show that it suffers evident beam deflection under the conditions that it suffers filamentation when its average intensity is larger than that of filamentation threshold, and faces a transverse plasma flow at ion sound speed. For the case of SSD smoothed beam, simulation results show that the beam can avoid beam deflection even if it faces a transverse plasma flow at ion sound speed when filamentation is suppressed as beam bandwidth is much larger than the growth rate of filamentation, otherwise it suffers beam deflection.

We present the first experimental evidence supported by simulations of kinetic effects launched in the interpenetration layer between the laser-driven hohlraum plasma bubbles and the corona plasma of the compressed pellet at the Shenguang-III prototype laser facility. Solid plastic capsules were coated with carbon-deuterium layers; as the implosion neutron yield is quenched, DD fusion yield from the corona plasma provides a direct measure of the kinetic effects inside the hohlraum. An anomalous large energy spread of the DD neutron signal (∼282 keV) and anomalous scaling of the neutron yield with the thickness of the carbon-deuterium layers cannot be explained by the hydrodynamic mechanisms. Instead, these results can be attributed to kinetic shocks that arise in the hohlraum-wall-ablator interpenetration region, which result in efficient acceleration of the deuterons (∼28.8 J, 0.45% of the total input laser energy). These studies provide novel insight into the interactions and dynamics of a vacuum hohlraum and near-vacuum hohlraum.

Weibel instability, a subject of relevance to many fields of physics ranging from inertial confinement fusion to some astrophysical scenarios, is usually probed with the side-on proton radiography. In order to diagnose the strength and wavelength of the spontaneous fields, how to distinguish the coexisting electric and magnetic fields, and how to overcome the counteracting of deflections in radiographing the filamentary structured fields, are two concerns which must be settled. In this paper, proton radiography of the Weibel instability in two counterstreaming plasma flows is studied by simulation. It suggests that the electric field dominates the deflection of probe protons, whereas the contribution from magnetic field is ignorable. To resolve the deflection-counteracting problem, spatial spectrum of the electric field energy is found to be related with the deflection velocity of the probe beam by theoretical analyses. The strength and wavelength of the electric field is then obtainable from the proton flux on the detection plane, whereas the strength and wavelength of the magnetic field can be deduced through the equilibrium between the electric field and the magnetic field pressure gradient after the linear growth stage of the instability. Both numerical and experimental verifications suggest that our method performs well in extracting the strength and wavelength of the spontaneous electric and magnetic fields of Weibel instability from proton radiography.

The influence of ionization on the formation of plasma channel and the propagation of a relativistic electron beam in a near-critical density hydrocarbon gas are investigated by using two-dimensional (2D) particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. A magnetic-dipole vortex is formed and self-sustained by its magnetic field pressure inside the plasma channel when the short pulse laser energy is almost depleted. After its formation, the magnetic dipole vortex moves forward with the relativistic electron beam in the plasma channel. In a fully ionized plasma, a high density plasma barrier is usually formed ahead of the plasma channel due to the density profile steepening. Therefore, the deflection of the plasma channel can easily occur during the forward movement of the magnetic dipole vortex. In contrast, the deflection of the plasma channel is suppressed by the ionization effect with hydrocarbon gas. Two main mechanisms to suppress the deflection are found. These mechanisms are the decrease of the plasma density steepening at the front of the plasma channel in a partly-ionized plasma, and the consuming of the electromagnetic field energy due to the ionization itself.

A novel scheme assisted by an external axial magnetic field is proposed to accelerate and collimate protons when a right-hand circularly polarized laser irradiates on an overdense plasma. We find that the transition of heating electron mode plays an important role in proton acceleration. First, the electrons are accelerated by stochastic heating in the case of no external magnetic field. Second, when the ratio of electron cyclotron frequency in the external magnetic field to the laser frequency is smaller than the relativistic factor ω ce / ω 0 ≤ γ, the cyclotron resonance absorption can occur and a laser front sharpening mechanism greatly improves the energy conversion from the laser to electrons. Meanwhile, the external magnetic field also restrains electrons' transverse motion. Finally, for ω ce / ω 0 > γ, there is a time delay in the electron heating, which can be divided into two stages. In the case of B = 2, a high quality proton beam can be harvested whose cut-off energy is enhanced by a factor of 4 and beam width is reduced to one fifth of that in the case of B = 0. These results may be helpful to understand the electron heating and proton accelerated process in a strongly magnetized plasma.

In order to study the laser plasma instabilities (LPIs) in the context of some novel six-side laser-driven indirect designs like the six-cylinder-port hohlraum and the three-axis cylindrical hohlraum, where the laser beams inject in hohlraum with a large angle. LPI experiments in cylindrical hohlraum with only outer beams were designed and performed based on the current laser arrangement condition of SGIII laser facility for the first time. Stimulated Brillouin backscatter (SBS) was found to be the dominant instability with high instantaneous reflectivity in experiments. A typical feature was obtained in the time-resolved spectra of SBS, which maintained similar for different laser intensities of the interaction beam. The experimental data are analyzed by the hydrodynamic simulations combined with HLIP code, which is based on the ray-tracing model. By analysis of experimental data, it is argued that the mixture of gas and Au in the region of their interface is important to SBS, which indicates the need for the mixture model between the filled gas and the high Z plasma from hohlraum wall in the hydrodynamic simulations. Nonlinear saturation of SBS as well as the smoothed beam are also discussed here. Our effective considerations of the ions pervasion effect and the smoothed beam provide utilitarian ways for improvement of the current ray-tracing method.

We report experimental research on laser plasma interaction (LPI) conducted in Shenguang laser facilities during the past ten years. The research generally consists of three phases: (1) developing platforms for LPI research in mm-scale plasma with limited drive energy, where both gasbag and gas-filled hohlraum targets are tested; (2) studying the effects of beam-smoothing techniques, such as continuous phase plate and polarization smoothing, on the suppression of LPI; and (3) exploring the factors affecting LPI in integrated implosion experiments, which include the laser intensity, gas-fill pressure, size of the laser-entrance hole, and interplay between different beam cones. Results obtained in each phase will be presented and discussed in detail.

The anomalous mix at the high-Z and low-Z plasma interfaces in an inertial confinement fusion hohlraum is a current topic of interest. The mechanism for such an anomalous mix in the interpenetration layer at the high-Z and low-Z plasma interface and its effects on the laser plasma instabilities have been investigated by particle-in-cell simulations. It is found that a diffusion-driven collisionless shock wave can be generated from an initially sharp high-Z and low-Z plasma interface with total pressure balance and constant temperature in the laser propagation channel. This purely electrostatic shock wave propagates into the high-Z plasma and leads to mix of different species of ions which is significantly faster than a classical mix in the presence of the large electric field. The mix layer width, measured as a separation distance affected by the shock, grows as , where . The effect of the anomalous mix on the linear growth rate of laser plasma instabilities is evaluated.

The effect of an externally applied magnetic field on the ion acceleration by laser-driven collisionless shocks is examined by means of multi-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. For the interaction of ultra-intense sub-picosecond laser pulses with the near-relativistic critical-density plasma, the longitudinal transport of the laser generated fast electrons are significantly inhibited by the kilo-Tesla (kT) level transverse magnetic field, resulting in a thermal pressure which significantly exceeds the laser radiation pressure in the hot electron accumulation region. As a result, the accumulated plasma expands into the vacuum and leads to acceleration of a supersonic plasma flow in the opposite direction through the rocket effect, which streams into the target and drives a supercritical magnetized collisionless shock. In comparison with the case without the external magnetic field, where an electrostatic collisionless shock can be driven, the energy flux of the shock accelerated quasi-monoenergetic ion beam is considerably increased by an order of magnitude due to the strength enhancement of the magnetized shock.

The electric and magnetic fields generated by the Weibel instability, most of which have a tube-like structure, are of importance for many relevant physical processes in the astrophysics and the inertial confinement fusion. Experimentally, proton radiography is a commonly used method to diagnose the Weibel instability, where the proton deflection introduced from the self-generated electric field is usually ignored. This assumption, however, is in conflict with the experimental observations by Quinn, Fox and Huntington, et al. because the magnetic field with a tube-like structure cannot introduce parallel flux striations on the deflection plane in the proton radiography. In this paper, we re-examine the nature of the proton radiography of the Weibel instability numerically. Two symmetric counterstreaming plasma flows are used to generate the electron Weibel instability with the three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. The proton radiography of the Weibel instability generated electric and magnetic fields are calculated with the ray tracing method. Three cases are considered andcompared: only the self-generated electric field E is included, only the self-generated magnetic field B is included, both the electric field E and magnetic field B are included. It is shown that when only E is included, the probe proton flux density perturbation on the detection plane, i.e., δn/n0, is much larger than that when only B is included. Also, when both E and B are included, δn/n0 is almost the same as that when only E is included. This suggests that in the proton radiography of the Weibel instability generated electric and magnetic fields, the deflection from the electric field dominates the radiography, whereas the magnetic field has an ignorable influence. Our conclusion is quite different from that obtained on the traditional assumption that the electric field is ignorable in the radiography. This mainly comes from the spatial structure of the Weibel instability generated magnetic field, which is tube-like and points to the azimuthal direction around the current filaments. When the probe protons pass through the field region, the deflection from the azimuthal magnetic field can be compensated for completely by itself along the passing trajectories especially if the deflection distance inside the field region is small. Whereas for the electric field, which is in the radial direction, the deflection to the probe protons will not be totally compensated for and will finally introduce an evident flux density perturbation into the detection plane. This understanding can beconducive to the comprehension of the experimental results about the proton radiography of the Weibel instability.

Micro-structured targets have been widely used in the interaction between ultra-intense laser and target, aiming at improving the electron accelerating efficiency. In this paper, we perform two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations to study the interaction of the ultra-intense laser pulse with the micro-structured foam-attached target (the foam is composed of low density bubbles and high density interfaces between the bubbles). It is found that at the beginning of the laser-plasma interaction, the fast electrons accelerated at the front surface of the foam freely propagate into the target and drive a return current of cold background electrons. These cold background electrons are restricted to propagate along the interfaces between the bubbles in the foam due to the self-generated large sheath field. As a result, small current filaments are generated in the foam, which then leads to the generation of randomly distributed megagauss magnetic field in the foam layer. This quasistatic magnetic field then acts as an energy-selective " magnetic barrier”: the low-energy electrons are reflected back into the laser acceleration region while the high-energy electrons can penetrate through it. If the reflected electrons enter into the laser field with proper phases, they can be further accelerated to higher energy through cooperative actions of the ultra-intense laser pulse and the sheath field generated due to plasma expansion at the target surface. Our simulation results show that many of the laser accelerated low-energy electrons can be reflected back and accelerated several times until they gain enough energy to penetrate through the magnetic barrier. This is termed the " multiple acceleration mechanism”. Due to this mechanism, the electron acceleration efficiency in the foam-coated target with a thickness of several microns is significantly enhanced in comparison with that in the plane target. This enhancement in the electron acceleration efficiency will be beneficial to many important applications such as the fast ignition. Additionally, foam-coated targets with different bubble radii and layer thickness are also studied, and it is found that the yield of the high energy electrons increases with the radius of bubble size more efficiently than with the bubble thickness. In order to understand the physics more clearly, a single particle model is developed to analyze the simulation results.

A new inverse Compton scattering scheme for production of high-energy Gamma-ray sources is proposed in which a Giga-electronvolt (GeV) electron beam is injected into a thermal hohlraum. It is found that by increasing the hohlraum background temperature, the scattered photons experience kinematic pileup, resulting in more monochromatic spectrum and smaller scattering angle. When a relativistic electron beam with energy 1 GeV and charge 10nC is injected into a 0.5 keV hohlraum, 80% of the scattered photons have energy above 0.5 GeV.

The fast ignition realization experiment (FIREX) project is progressing. The new short pulse laser system, LFEX laser, has been completely assembled and one of the four beamlets is now in operation. A fast-ignition experiment was performed using this single short pulse combined with the Gekko XII implosion laser. The energy of the GXII implosion laser was about 2 kJ and the pulse width was 1.5 ns. The energy of the LFEX laser was increased upto 800 J and two pulse durations 5 and 1.6 ps were compared. Targets were deuterated plastic shells with gold cones. It was found that the neutron yield was increased by a factor of 30 as a result of the fast electron-induced heating in LFEX 1.6 ps shot. The estimated coupling efficiency between the LFEX laser pulse and the compressed fuel was low (less than 5%). This may be due to pre-plasma formed by light arriving at the target before the main laser pulse. Further investigations and attempts to overcome these problems are now in progress. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.

A scheme capable of enhancing the energy of monoenergetic protons in high intensity laser-plasma interactions is proposed and demonstrated by two dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. The focusing of laser light pulse and the guiding of surface currentviathe highZmaterial cone-shaped substrate increase the temperature of hot electrons, which are responsible for the electrostatic field accelerating protons. Moreover, the sub-micron proton layer coated on the cone-shaped substrate makes the total proton beam experience the same accelerating field, thus the monochromaticity is maintained. Compared to the normal film double layer target, the energy of monoenergetic proton beams can be improved about three times.

A new scheme for cone-hollow-assisted fast ignition in inertial fusion is investigated. A hollow is attached to the tip of a conventional gold cone. The transport and heating of the high-current electrons propagating from the cone tip to the compressed fuel core along the hollow is investigated by two-dimensional hybrid simulation. Different hollow geometry sizes are examinized. It is shown that with proper hollow guiding, hot electrons can be collimated between the inner-walls of the hollow by the large interface magnetic fields appearing on the inner surface. When the beam electrons further propagate into the dense region, they are scattered into the gold hollow through collisions with the fuel electrons and ions. The resulting magnetic potential around the hollow then bends beam electrons along the gold hollow to reach the dense core.

An ultraintense femtosecond laser pulse was used, for the first time, to produce a strong magnetic field with controlled shapes by interactions with a capacitor-coil target with high efficiency. The temporal evolution of the strong magnetic field was obtained by the time-gated proton radiography method. A comparison of high-resolution radiographic images of proton deflection and particle-track simulations indicates a peak magnetic field of ∼20 T. The energy conversion efficiency from the ultraintense laser pulse to the magnetic field is as high as ∼10%. A simple model of the ultraintense laser-driven capacitor-coil target gives a relationship between the magnetic field strength and the electron temperature produced by the laser. Our results indicate that magnetic fields of tens of tesla could be stably produced by most of the existing ultraintense laser facilities. It potentially opens new frontiers in basic physics which require strong magnetic field environments.An ultraintense femtosecond laser pulse was used, for the first time, to produce a strong magnetic field with controlled shapes by interactions with a capacitor-coil target with high efficiency. The temporal evolution of the strong magnetic field was obtained by the time-gated proton radiography method. A comparison of high-resolution radiographic images of proton deflection and particle-track simulations indicates a peak magnetic field of ∼20 T. The energy conversion efficiency from the ultraintense laser pulse to the magnetic field is as high as ∼10%. A simple model of the ultraintense laser-driven capacitor-coil target gives a relationship between the magnetic field strength and the electron temperature produced by the laser. Our results indicate that magnetic fields of tens of tesla could be stably produced by most of the existing ultraintense laser facilities. It potentially opens new frontiers in basic physics which require strong magnetic field environments.

In indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion (ICF), the incident laser beam could excite laser plasma instabilities (LPI) such as stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and two plasmon decay (TPD) besides gently heat the hohlraum through collisional absorption. These instabilities would largely reduce the X-ray conversion and degrade the drive symmetry of the radiation environment. In addition, when the amplitude of parametric instability increases to a certain level, there would be interplay between different instabilities, which makes LPI complicated and unpredictable. Therefore, LPI has become one of the major challenge in achieving ignition. LPI research during recent few years made great strides in identifying, understanding, and controlling instabilities in the context of laser fusion. This paper reviews the progress in this important field according to laser (L), plasma (P), and instability (I). Prospects for the application of our improved understanding for indirect drive ICF and some exciting research opportunities are also discussed.

It is shown that an intense laser pulse can be focused by a conical channel. This anomalous light focusing can be attributedto a hitherto ignored effect in nonlinear optics, namely that the boundary response depends on the light intensity: the innercone surface is ionized and the laser pulse is in turn modified by the resulting boundary plasma. The interaction creates anew self-consistently evolving light-plasma boundary, which greatly reduces reflection and enhances forward propagationof the light pulse. The hollow cone can thus be used for attaining extremely high light intensities for applications in strong-field and high energy-density physics and other areas.Keywords: Laser-cone interaction; Laser focusing; Particle-in-cell simulation Strong-field or high-energy-density physics relies much on thevery high concentration of laser energy in an extremely smalltime/space interval. Chirped pulse amplification technologyhas opened a new era in strong-field physics. By compressingthe laser pulse to the femtosecond regime, terawatt, or evenpetawatt lasers have become available (Perry & Mourou,1994; Perry et al., 1999; Mourou et al., 1998). Furthermore,considerable effort has been made in concentrating laserenergy to a small or tightly focused spot. Recently, powerfullasers have been focused to the 10-wavelength level (Fritzleretal., 2003; Cowan etal.,2004),withpeakintensities reaching10

The role of ion–ion acoustic instabilities in the formation and dissipation of collisionless electrostatic shock waves driven by counter-streaming supersonic plasma flows has been investigated via two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. The nonlinear evolution of unstable waves and ion velocity distributions has been analyzed in detail. It is found that for electrostatic shocks driven by moderate-velocity flows, longitudinal and oblique ion–ion acoustic instabilities can be excited in the downstream and upstream regions, which lead to thermalization of the transmitted and reflected ions, respectively. For high-velocity flows, oblique ion–ion acoustic instabilities can develop in the overlap layer during the shock formation process and impede the shock formation.

Channeling by a train of laser pulses into homogeneous and inhomogeneous plasmas is studied using particle-in-cell simulation. When the pulse duration and the interval between the successive pulses are appropriate, the laser pulse train can channel into the plasma deeper than a single long-pulse laser of similar peak intensity and total energy. The increased penetration distance can be attributed to the repeated actions of the ponderomotive force, the continuous between-pulse channel lengthening by the inertially evacuating ions, and the suppression of laser-driven plasma instabilities by the intermittent laser-energy cut-offs.

A self-generation mechanism of magnetic dipoles and the anomalous energy dissipation of fast electrons in a magnetized beam-plasma system are presented. Based on two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, it is found that the magnetic dipoles are self-organized and play important roles in the beam electron energy dissipation. These dipoles drift slowly in the direction of the return flow with a quasisteady velocity, which depends upon the magnetic amplitude of the dipole and the imposed external magnetic field. This dipole formation provides a mechanism for the anomalous energy dissipation of a relativistic electron beam, which would play an important role in collisionless shock and ion shock acceleration.

We review the present status and future prospects of fast ignition (FI) research of the theoretical group at the IAPCM (Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing) as a part of the inertial confinement fusion project. Since the approval of the FI project at the IAPCM, we have devoted our efforts to improving the integrated codes for FI and designing advanced targets together with the experimental group. Recent FI experiments [K. U. Akli et al., Phys. Rev. E 86, 065402 (2012)] showed that the petawatt laser beam energy was not efficiently converted into the compressed core because of the beam divergence of relativistic electron beams. The coupling efficiency can be improved in three ways: (1) using a cone–wire-in-shell advanced target to enhance the transport efficiency, (2) using external magnetic fields to collimate fast electrons, and (3) reducing the prepulse level of the petawatt laser beam. The integrated codes for FI, named ICFI, including a radiation hydrodynamic code, a particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation code, and a hybrid fluid–PIC code, have been developed to design this advanced target at the IAPCM. The Shenguang-II upgraded laser facility has been constructed for FI research; it consists of eight beams (in total $24~ {\rm kJ}/3\omega $, 3 ns) for implosion compression, and a heating laser beam (0.5–1 kJ, 3–5 ps) for generating the relativistic electron beam. A fully integrated FI experiment is scheduled for the 2014 project.

An analytical fluid model is proposed for artificially collimating fast electron beams produced in interaction of ultraintense laser pulses with specially engineered sandwich structure targets. The theory reveals that in low-density-core structure targets, the magnetic field is generated by the rapid change of the flow velocity of the background electrons in transverse direction (perpendicular to the flow velocity) caused by the density jump. It is found that the spontaneously generated magnetic field reaches as high as 100 MG, which is large enough to collimate fast electron transport in overdense plasmas. This theory is also supported by numerical simulations performed using a two-dimensional particle-in-cell code. It is found that the simulation results agree well with the theoretical analysis.

Kα line emission from Mo was experimentally and theoretically studied using clean, ultrahigh-intensity femtosecond laser pulses. The absolute yields of Kα x-rays at 17 keV from Mo were measured as a function of the laser pulse contrast ratio and irradiation intensity. Significantly enhanced Kα yields were obtained by employing high contrast ratio at optimum irradiance. Conversion efficiencies of 4.28 × 10 −5 /sr, the highest values obtained to date, was demonstrated with contrast ratios in the range of 10 −10 to 10 −11 .