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The pencil-shaped micropipette is a potentially promising tool for the three-dimensional micro/nanoscale printing based on its capability to deliver low volumes of nanomaterial solution on a desired spot.

OBJECTIVE There is limited evidence on the association of sustained low-income status, income changes, and all-cause mortality risk in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using the Korean Health Insurance Service database, we studied 1,923,854 adults with T2D (aged ≥30 years) without cardiovascular disease and cancer, who were enrolled from 2009 through 2012 and followed to the end of 2020 (median 10.8 years of follow-up). We defined income levels based on the amount of health insurance premiums and categorized them into quartiles, the first being the low-income group, and assessed the income status annually in the preceding 5 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to quantify the association of low-income status and income changes with mortality, with adjustment for sociodemographic factors, comorbidities, and diabetes duration and treatment. RESULTS Participants who consecutively had low income showed a higher risk of mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.19; 95% CI 1.16–1.22), compared with those who had never been in the low-income group. This association was much stronger for consecutive recipients of Medical Aid, reflecting very-low-income status (HR 2.26; 95% CI 2.16–2.36), compared with those who had never been Medical Aid beneficiaries. Sustained low- and very-low-income status was associated with increased risk of mortality, specifically for younger adults (aged CONCLUSIONS Among Korean adults with T2D, sustained low-income status and declines in income were associated with increased risk of mortality.

Printed electrical gas sensors are a low-cost, lightweight, low-power, and potentially disposable alternative to gas sensors manufactured using conventional methods such as photolithography, etching, and chemical vapor deposition. The growing interest in Internet-of-Things, smart homes, wearable devices, and point-of-need sensors has been the main driver fueling the development of new classes of printed electrical gas sensors. In this Perspective, we provide an insight into the current research related to printed electrical gas sensors including materials, methods of fabrication, and applications in monitoring food quality, air quality, diagnosis of diseases, and detection of hazardous gases. We further describe the challenges and future opportunities for this emerging technology.

The generation of high-purity localized trions, dynamic exciton–trion interconversion, and their spatial modulation in two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors are building blocks for the realization of trion-based optoelectronic devices. Here, we present a method for the all-optical control of the exciton-to-trion conversion process and its spatial distributions in a MoS2 monolayer. We induce a nanoscale strain gradient in a 2D crystal transferred on a lateral metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguide and exploit propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) to localize hot electrons. These significantly increase the electrons and efficiently funnel excitons in the lateral MIM waveguide, facilitating complete exciton-to-trion conversion even at ambient conditions. Additionally, we modulate the SPP mode using adaptive wavefront shaping, enabling all-optical control of the exciton-to-trion conversion rate and trion distribution in a reversible manner. Our work provides a platform for harnessing excitonic quasiparticles efficiently in the form of trions at ambient conditions, enabling high-efficiency photoconversion.

Plant diseases that affect crop production and productivity harm both crop quality and quantity. To minimize loss due to disease, early detection is a prerequisite. Recently, different technologies have been developed for plant disease detection. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a nondestructive method for the early detection of crop disease and is based on the spatial and spectral information of images. Regarding plant disease detection, HSI can predict disease-induced biochemical and physical changes in plants. Bacterial infections, such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, are among the most common plant diseases in areas of soybean cultivation, and have been implicated in considerably reducing soybean yield. Thus, in this study, we used a new method based on HSI analysis for the early detection of this disease. We performed the leaf spectral reflectance of soybean with the effect of infected bacterial wildfire during the early growth stage. This study aimed to classify the accuracy of the early detection of bacterial wildfire in soybean leaves. Two varieties of soybean were used for the experiment, Cheongja 3-ho and Daechan, as control (noninoculated) and treatment (bacterial wildfire), respectively. Bacterial inoculation was performed 18 days after planting, and the imagery data were collected 24 h following bacterial inoculation. The leaf reflectance signature revealed a significant difference between the diseased and healthy leaves in the green and near-infrared regions. The two-way analysis of variance analysis results obtained using the Python package algorithm revealed that the disease incidence of the two soybean varieties, Daechan and Cheongja 3-ho, could be classified on the second and third day following inoculation, with accuracy values of 97.19% and 95.69%, respectively, thus proving his to be a useful technique for the early detection of the disease. Therefore, creating a wide range of research platforms for the early detection of various diseases using a nondestructive method such HSI is feasible.

While recent progress in holographic displays has shown that they are capable of displaying photorealistic 3D holograms in real time, the acquisition of high-quality real-world holograms has remained a missing piece regarding the realization of holographic streaming systems. Incoherent holographic cameras, which record holograms under daylight conditions, are suitable candidates for real-world acquisition, as they avoid the safety issue involved in the use of laser lights; however, they are hindered by severe noise due to the optical imperfections of such systems. In this work, we develop a deep learning-based incoherent holographic camera system that can deliver visually enhanced holograms in real time. A neural network filters the noise in the captured holograms, maintaining a complex-valued hologram format throughout the whole process. Enabled by the computational efficiency of the proposed filtering strategy, we demonstrate the first holographic streaming system integrating a holographic camera and a holographic display, with the aim of developing the ultimate holographic ecosystem of the future.

Holography is considered as one of the most prominent approaches to realize true-to-life reconstructions of objects. However, owing to the limited resolution compared to static holograms, state-of-the-art computer generated holograms with dynamic display capabilities reconstruct objects exhibiting various coherent properties, such as interference-induced noise and content-dependent defocus blur. Since real world scenes are composed of incoherent light, the coherent properties of reconstructed scenes severely distort the depth perception. Here, we propose a diffraction-engineered hologram, which imitates real world incoherent light by adopting a multi-plane hologram, thereby offering a real world-like defocus blur and a photorealistic reconstruction. Our hologram is synthesized by optimizing a wave field to reconstruct numerous varifocal images after propagating the corresponding focal distances where the varifocal images are rendered using a physically-based renderer. By explicitly adopting out-of-focus images as the optimum intensities, the hologram can be synthesized to reconstruct the scene with the correct defocus blur. Moreover, to reduce the computational costs associated with rendering and optimizing, we also demonstrate a network-based synthetic method that requires only an RGB-D image. We experimentally confirm the incoherent-like depth expression of the hologram, while successfully suppressing unnecessary interference in the reconstructed hologram. Our diffraction-engineered hologram offers comparable synthetic time to previously reported methods while presenting significantly more accurate depth cues, moving one step further to reconstructing naturalistic scenes of a virtual world.

Bandgap and photoluminescence (PL) energy control of epitaxially grown II–VI quantum dots (QDs) are highly desirable for applications in optoelectronic devices, yet little work has been reported. Here, we present a wide tunability of PL emission for CdTe/ZnTe QDs through an impurity-free vacancy disordering method. To induce compressive stress at the dielectric layer/ZnTe interface, a SiO2 film is deposited onto the samples, followed by rapid thermal annealing to induce atomic interdiffusion. After the heat treatment, the PL spectra of the intermixed QDs show pronounced blueshifts in peak energy as large as ∼200 meV because of the reduced bandgap renormalization and decreased quantum confinement effects in addition to the dominant atomic interdiffusion effect. In addition, we present a thorough investigation on the modified physical properties of the intermixed QDs, including their lattice structure, thermal escape energy, and carrier dynamics, through quantitative X-ray and optical characterizations.

We propose augmented reality (AR) near-eye display using a holographically printed freeform mirror array. A wide depth of field AR system is implemented by the retinal projection via a small mirror array. Since we use a holographic mirror array, more advantages over a traditional physical mirror array are achieved. Due to the see-through characteristics of the holographic optical element (HOE), the array structure does not obstruct the sight of an observer. Also, the holographic printing technique for the freeform mirror array enables a wide depth of field system without using a floating lens and compensates for the astigmatism of the HOE. The detailed design method of the freeform mirror array HOE is presented. Through the retinal image simulations and the experimental results, the feasibility of the proposed method is verified.

A compact augmented reality (AR) combiner using Pancharatnam-Berry phase (PBP) lens and holographic optical element (HOE) is proposed. PBP lens is activated as a convex lens or a concave lens according to the polarization state of the input light wave. By using this characteristic, a thin AR eyepiece with a large numerical aperture (NA) is constructed. The AR eyepiece operates as a convex lens for the input light with a right-handed circular polarization state and operates as a transparent plate for the left-handed circularly polarized light. In order to adopt this AR eyepiece to the AR combiner, a chromatic aberration should be compensated. To resolve the chromatic aberration, HOE which diffracts the light rays with different profiles according to the input wavelength is designed. By combining this HOE with the AR eyepiece and a light guide, a compact AR combiner providing a wide field of view (FOV) is designed. A prototype of the proposed AR combiner is presented along with experimental results and analysis.

The textile industry has advanced processes that allow computerized manufacturing of garments at large volumes with precise visual patterns. The industry, however, is not able to mass fabricate clothes with seamlessly integrated wearable sensors, using its precise methods of fabrication (such as computerized embroidery). This is due to the lack of conductive threads compatible with standard manufacturing methods used in industry. In this work, we report a low-cost poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)-modified cotton conductive thread (PECOTEX) that is compatible with computerized embroidery. The PECOTEX was produced using a crosslinking reaction between PEDOT:PSS and cotton thread using divinyl sulfone as the crosslinker. We extensively characterized and optimized our formulations to create a mechanically robust conductive thread that can be produced in large quantities in a roll-to-roll fashion. Using PECOTEX and a domestic computerized embroidery machine, we produced a series of wearable electrical sensors including a facemask for monitoring breathing, a t-shirt for monitoring heart activity and textile-based gas sensors for monitoring ammonia as technology demonstrators. PECOTEX has the potential to enable mass manufacturing of new classes of low-cost wearable sensors integrated into everyday clothes.

An artificial muscle actuator resolves practical engineering problems in compact wearable devices, which are limited to conventional actuators such as electromagnetic actuators. Abstracting the fundamental advantages of an artificial muscle actuator provides a small-scale, high-power actuating system for developing varifocal augmented reality (AR) glasses and naturally fit haptic gloves. Here, we design a shape memory alloy (SMA)-based lightweight and high-power artificial muscle actuator, the so-called compliant amplified SMA actuator (CASA). Despite its light weight (0.22 g), the CASA has a high power density of 1.7 kW/kg and an actuation strain of 300%. We show how CASA enables image depth control and an immersive tactile response in the form of AR glasses and haptic gloves whose thin form factor and high power density can hardly be achieved by conventional actuators.

We have successfully demonstrated the colloidal hot-injection process to easily obtain the Mn-doped ZnSe quantum dots (QDs) with a size of about 4–5 nm, and d-spacing is 0.31 nm, corresponding to the (1 1 1) lattice plane of ZnSe. Experimental results show that UV–vis absorption and fluorescence spectra were recorded to elucidate the role of Mn2+ ions substituted into ZnSe, which resulted in the carrier transfer of luminescent sites by a small amount of Mn2+ dopant. The small size of the Mn-doped ZnSe QDs offers intriguing opportunities for their application in photonic, bioimaging, and spintronics devices.

In this paper, we present the world's first single-chip field-programmable gate array holographic video processor. It makes 16 computer-generated color holograms of resolution 1920 × 1080 in a second. It uses an off-the-shelf commercial liquid crystral display for the spatial light modulator. To build a single-chip holographic video processor, we used a layer-based computer-generated hologram (CGH) algorithm and a hardware efficient CGH architecture using fixed-point arithmetic. The single-chip holographic video processor provides moving color holograms with low cost, a small footprint, and high energy efficiency. With these characteristics, the holographic video processor will enable the widespread use of holographic applications including mobile and wearable applications.

We studied the optical properties of CdTe/ZnTe quantum dots (QDs) in single, double, and triple QD structures by measuring the temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL). On going from the single to the triple QD structures, the PL peak position of the QDs was blue shifted. This blue-shift was attributed to compressive strain imparted by the separation layers and to material intermixing. Temperature-dependent PL measurements of the triple QD structures showed that, as the temperature increased, the PL peak intensity for the 4.5-monolayer (ML) QDs decreased less than it did for the 3.0- and the 3.5-ML QDs. The activation energy of the 4.5-ML QDs in the triple QD structures was larger than that of the corresponding 4.5-ML QDs in the single QD structures. The reason for this is that, as the temperature increases, some carriers disappear due to non-radiative recombination, but many carriers in the 3.0- and the 3.5-ML QDs move to the 4.5-ML QDs in the triple QD structures, and those carriers then undergo radiative recombination.

Introduction: Individuals with cancer may be at higher risk of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, sufficient data are lacking in AF risk among breast cancer survivors, especially for the mid-to long-term risk of AF and the impact of cancer treatment on this association. We aimed to investigate the risk of incident AF in women diagnosed with breast cancer and evaluate the association by length of follow-up and breast cancer treatment. Methods: Using the Korean Health Insurance Service database, we studied 96,476 women who were diagnosed with breast cancer (aged≥20 years) without prior history of AF and breast cancer and underwent breast cancer surgery between January 2007 and December 2013. They were matched 1:3 to a cancer-free population (n=289,428) based on birth year and sex and were followed to the end of 2018. Using ICD-10 codes (I48.0 to I48.4, I.48.9), AF was defined when it was a discharge diagnosis or was verified more than twice in an outpatient clinic. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of AF associated with breast cancer relative to the cancer-free population, adjusting for age, income, and comorbidities including diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Results: During a median follow-up of 6.8 years, AF developed in 2,105 women with breast cancer (3.2 per 1,000 person-years). Mean age at baseline among participants was 49.6 years. Having breast cancer was associated with increased risk of AF (HR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.93-2.15). This association was stronger for women aged 65 years. Compared with no use of anthracyclines and taxanes, respectively, ever use of anthracyclines and taxanes was associated with increased risk of AF after further adjusting for other cancer treatment modalities including use of trastuzumab, radiotherapy, and endocrine treatment (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.12-1.40 and HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.23-1.53, respectively). This association persisted only among women with breast cancer ever treated with anthracyclines when analysis was limited to those with two year-lag periods (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.04-1.45). Conclusions: In this large-scale nationwide cohort study in South Korea, women with breast cancer had an elevated risk of incident AF, especially for women with breast cancer younger than 50 years, regardless of the length of follow-up. Our findings also suggest that cardiotoxic side effects of cancer treatment such as use of anthracyclines might increase both short-term and mid-to long-term risk of AF among women with breast cancer. Citation Format: Yong-Moon ("Mark") Park, Wonyoung Jung, Yohwan Yeo, Sang Hyun Park, Ronda Henry-Tillman, Hong Seok Lee, Tasneem Z. Naqvi, Kyungdo Han, Dong Wook Shin. Risk of atrial fibrillation among women diagnosed with breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3214.

4119 Background: Tumor microenvironment (TME) is known to impact prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although digital pathology and artificial intelligence have been adopted in modern medicine and oncology, few quantitative biomarkers have been identified to predict the prognosis and guide treatment for HCC via an automated analysis of TME at the cellular level. Methods: Histopathological images and clinical data of 365 cases with HCC were obtained from TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas), and 60 of HCC pathology images and cancer lesion annotations were collected from PAIP2019 [1]. DenseNet-based HCC segmentation model (F1-score, 0.904) and Hover-Net-based cell detection model (F1-score, 0.914) were developed using PAIP2019 and MoNuSac datasets, respectively [2,3,4]. Each histopathology image of TME was segmented via the segmentation model into two areas: 1) non-tumoral regions that include the stroma; 2) tumoral regions where HCC cells are concentrated. The cell detection model recognized individual cells on images, specified lymphocytes, and calculated ratios of lymphocyte to total cell count (RLTCC) in segmented regions. RLTCC was then correlated with clinical survival outcomes, HCC primary risk factors, and RNA expression profiles. Results: RLTCC in tumoral regions was not significantly associated with prognosis. Patient groups with higher RLTCC in non-tumoral regions (RLTCC in NT) showed better overall survival (OS) than those with lower RLTCC in NT regardless of HCC risk factors (median OS 45.7 vs 18.6 months; log hazard ratio of -1.6 ± 1.1, p=0.006). These patients had significantly enriched expression of genes (p