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In this paper, the authors propose the notions of (α,s)-geometric-arithmetically convex functions and (α,s,m)-geometric-arithmetically convex functions, while they establish some new integral inequalities of the Hermite–Hadamard type for (α,s)-geometric-arithmetically convex functions and for (α,s,m)-geometric-arithmetically convex functions.

In the paper, the authors find and apply necessary and sufficient conditions for a bivariate mean of two positive numbers with three parameters to be Schur convex or Schur harmonically convex respectively.

In the paper, by convolution theorem of the Laplace transforms, a monotonicity rule for the ratio of two Laplace transforms, Bernstein's theorem for completely monotonic functions, and other analytic techniques, the authors (1) verify decreasing monotonicity of a ratio between three derivatives of a function involving trigamma function; (2) find necessary and sufficient conditions for a function defined by three derivatives of a function involving trigamma function to be completely monotonic. These results confirm previous guesses posed by the first author and generalize corresponding known conclusions.

Kit W-2Bao mice are single-gene autosomal dominant mutation mice with a B6 background that were bred in our laboratory. Heterozygotes had morphological characteristics including albinism of the abdomen, extremities, and tail, whereas the homozygotes had albinism of the body, black eyes, and infertility. The homozygous mutants showed small, structurally abnormal gonads, and lacked germ cells. Heterozygous male mice lacked germ cells in some contorted seminiferous tubules. This mutation has been mapped at 43.8 cM from the centromere in chromosome 5 by linkage analysis and Kit has been identified as the candidate gene. After Kit full-length mRNA amplification, it was found that a G to T conversion at position 1228 in the ORF changed the 410th amino acid from V to F. This amino acid change could affect the protein’s secondary structure. Heterozygous mutant mice were intercrossed and homozygous mutant mice were bred and genotyped. We found that no primordial germ cells (PGCs) appeared in the urogenital ridge area at fetus day 11.5 in the homozygotes. The number of PGCs also significantly decreased in heterozygotes. At fetus day 15.5, the differentiation of the testis tubule structure was unclear; as well, they contained no spermatogonia. Female homozygotes contained no primordial follicles in the ovary. The numbers of PGCs and primordial follicles were significantly decreased in heterozygous mice. W −2Bao is the only mutated site in the extracellular 4th Ig-like domain and this mutant mouse model provides new material for the study of the mechanism of reproductive system development.

The direct sequencing of the Kit cDNA obtained from mutant mice was used to reveal the molecular nature of the W(-3Bao) ENU-induced mutation. There was a T to A transversion at the 441st nucleotide in the W(-3Bao) open reading frame (ORF), which introduced a pre-mature termination codon at residue 147. The gross embryonic development, hematopoiesis and spermatogenesis were examined in the mutant mice. There was no visible difference among the W(-3Bao/+), W(-3Bao/3Bao) and wild type embryos before embryonic day 12.5. W(-3Bao/3Bao) embryos appeared pale after E14.5 and dwarf after E16.5. An extremely low level of hematochrome and large red blood cells were found in W(-3Bao/3Bao) 18.5 days old embryos, leading to the stillbirth of the homozygotes. In 18.5 days old embryos the spermatogonia of W(-3Bao/3Bao) embryos did not migrate to the contorted seminiferous tubules properly, but instead were found in the interstitial tissue. The spermatogonia of W(-3Bao/+) or W(+/+) mice were present in both the interstitial tissue and contorted seminiferous tubules. In the adult male hetereozygotes, there are contorted seminiferous tubules with no spermatogonia, suggesting that the migration defect was dominant. In female W(-3Bao/3Bao) ovaries, primordial follicles were absent while primordial follicles appeared clearly in the ovaries of W(-3Bao/+) or W(+/+) mice. With a nonsense mutation in the Kit gene, W(-3Bao/+) mice show white spotting and an abnormal development of the contorted seminiferous tubules and W(-3Bao/3Bao) mice are stillborn due to severe macrocytic anemia, and have abnormal genital glands in both the male and female.

The W-3Bao mouse, which was obtained in previous ENU mutagenesis project, is a new mutant caused by the nonsense mutation of Kit gene. Mating and gross observing combining with PCR and sequencing were used for determining the genotypes of the W-3Bao mice. Embryonic development, hematological detection and histopathologic section methods were used for their phenotype analysis. The results showed that the W-3Bao/+ mouse was white belly, white limb terminals and white tail tip. However, there was no difference of the external appearance among the W-3Bao/+, W-3Bao/3Bao and wild type mice for the embryo of 12.5 days. The W-3Bao/3Bao embryos looked pale since pregnant 14.5 days and dwarf since pregnant 16.5 days. The extremely low level of haematochrome and big red blood cells of W-3Bao/3Bao 18.5-day-embryos were found in the inspections of blood routine items and blood smear, which resulted in death of W-3Bao/3Bao homozygous mouse around being born, and no live postnatal W-3Bao/3Bao mouse was found in this study. No spermatogonium at different developmental stages was found in some contorted seminiferous tubules in adult W-3Bao/+ mouse. At the age of 18.5-day embryo, the spermatogonium of W-3Bao/3Bao mice only lied in interstitial tissue and no one lied in contorted seminiferous tubules, while the spermatogonium of W-3Bao/+ or W+/+ mice lied in interstitial tissue and in contorted seminiferous tubules in the same time. At the age of 18.5-day embryo, cells arranged irregularly and primordial follicles were not seen in the W-3Bao/3Bao ovaries, while primordial follicles appeared clearly in the ovaries of W-3Bao/+ or W+/+ mice. We concluded that because of the nonsense mutation of Kit gene, the W-3Bao/+ mice show white spot and abnormal development of some contorted seminiferous tubules. The W-3Bao/3Bao mice die around birth resulting from severe macrocytic anemia and show abnormal genital glands of both genders.

In the paper, the authors establish some Hermite{Hadamard type inequalities for the product of two (;m )convex functions. c 2015 All rights reserved.

In the current study, the alopecia areata gene was introduced into the C57BL/6 (B6) mouse through repeated backcrossing/intercrossing, and the allelic homozygosity of congenic AAtjmice (named B6.KM-AA) was verified using microsatellites. The gross appearance, growth characteristics, pathological changes in skin, and major organs of B6.KM-AA mice were observed. Counts and proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood were determined by flow cytometry. Results show that congenic B6.KM-AA mice were obtained after 10 generations of backcrossing/intercrossing. B6.KM-AA mice grew slower than B6 control mice and AA skin lesions were developed by four weeks of age. The number of hair follicles was reduced, but hair structures were normal. Loss of hair during disease progression was associated with CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes infiltration peri- and intra- hair follicles. No pathological changes were found in other organs except for the skin. In the peripheral blood of B6.KM-AA mice, the percentage of CD4+ T cells was lower and percentage of CD8+ T cells higher than in control mice. These findings indicate that B6.KM-AA mice are characterized by a dysfunctional immune system, retarded development and T-cell infiltration mediated hair loss, making them a promising new animal model for human alopecia areata.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the duration of bladder overdistention (DOBO) on kidney structure and function in rats. Bladder overdistention was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by an infusion of saline. Forty rats were divided into five groups: DOBO 1, 2, 4 or 8 h groups and the control. Renal function was evaluated using serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Apoptotic indices and morphologic changes of the kidney were detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Compared with the control, rats undergoing 2, 4 or 8 h of overdistention showed significant, time-dependent increases in SCr (12.375 vs. 23.125, 34.375 and 51.500 μmol/l, respectively), BUN (6.980 vs. 18.689, 25.184 and 32.079 mmol/l, respectively), renal size (1.041 vs. 1.472, 1.484 and 1.634 cm3, respectively) and renal pelvis separation (0.000 vs. 0.223, 0.320, 0.308 and 0.277 cm, respectively; P

In the paper, by convolution theorem of the Laplace transforms, a monotonicity rule for the ratio of two Laplace transforms, Bernstein's theorem for completely monotonic functions, and other analytic techniques, the authors (1) verify decreasing monotonicity of a ratio between three derivatives of a function involving trigamma function; (2) find necessary and sufficient conditions for a function defined by three derivatives of a function involving trigamma function to be completely monotonic. These results confirm previous guesses posed by the first author and generalize corresponding known conclusions.