Search

Abstract Background Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) is considered as a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Our study aimed to investigate whether the predicted risk for cardiac death with the Framingham risk score (FRS) could be further improved with the addition of AAC score in general population aged ≥ 40 years. Methods A total of 2971 participants aged ≥ 40 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2013–2014 were followed up. The Spearman’s rank correlation was performed to explore the correlation between the AAC score and FRS. the Kaplan-Meier method was used to make cumulative cardiac death curve. Predictors of cardiac death was identified by multivariate Cox regression. Additionally, the predictive value of FRS alone and combined with AAC score was estimated by comparing the area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) and calculating Integrated Discrimination Improvement (IDI). Results During a median of 70.50 months (interquartile range 58.43–82.57 months), 49 (1.649%) experienced cardiac death in the follow-up. The FRS was positively associated with AAC score. Both FRS and AAC score were independent predictors of cardiac death (hazard ratio 1.216; 95%CI 1.135 to 1.302; p

Abstract A differential microelectromechanical system (MEMS) quartz resonant accelerometer with a novel oscillating readout circuit is proposed. The phase noise in a piezoelectric quartz resonant accelerometer has been systematically investigated. A high-performance front-end is used to extract the motional charge from a piezoelectric quartz resonator for the first time. This topology eliminates the tradeoff between the gain, bandwidth, and noise of the traditional front-end. The proposed bandpass front-end provides a 14.5 M gain at the oscillation frequency with a phase drift of 0.04°, ensuring a high-quality factor for the quartz resonator. The proposed bandpass front end also achieves input-referred current noise as low as 30.5 fA/√Hz, which helps improve the bias instability and resolution of the accelerometer. An anti-aliasing phase shifter is designed to regulate the loop bandwidth and compensate for additional phase drifts. To reduce the flicker noise introduced by the nonlinear effect, an amplitude limiter is used to set the resonator operating point. The accelerometer achieves a frequency resolution of 14 μHz/√Hz and bias instability of 32 μHz with a ± 70 g full scale, 54.5 Hz/g scale factor, and 552 Hz bandwidth.

Abstract Spontaneous forward–reverse mutations were reported by us earlier in clinical samples from various types of cancers and in HeLa cells under normal culture conditions. To investigate the effects of chemical stimulations on such mutation cycles, the present study examined single nucleotide variations (SNVs) and copy number variations (CNVs) in HeLa and A549 cells exposed to wogonin-containing or acidic medium. In wogonin, both cell lines showed a mutation cycle during days 16–18. In acidic medium, both cell lines displayed multiple mutation cycles of different magnitudes. Genomic feature colocalization analysis suggests that CNVs tend to occur in expanded and unstable regions, and near promoters, histones, and non-coding transcription sites. Moreover, phenotypic variations in cell morphology occurred during the forward–reverse mutation cycles under both types of chemical treatments. In conclusion, chemical stresses imposed by wogonin or acidity promoted cyclic forward–reverse mutations in both HeLa and A549 cells to different extents.

We propose a simulation approach to explore surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP), in which how the chain growth is affected by activation/deactivation process could be considered explicitly. Our findings indicate that these activation and deactivation mechanisms provide all polymer chains with equal growth opportunities. This process leads to a significant increase of grafting density while concurrently reducing the dispersity of the grafted chains. The ratio of activated and dormant chains is theoretically proved to eventually reach equilibrated within the activation/deactivation process. The shorter lifetime of activation/deactivation cycle leads to an even equal opportunity and a faster “stop-continue” pace for the growth of all chains. Our study is helpful for better understanding the role of activation/deactivation process in SI-ATRP from a microscopic perspective.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multigenic condition influenced by both nature and nurture (60% to 40%). Prognosis of CAD is based on familial patterns. This study examined and analyzed the susceptibility of CAD to genetic variants in various Pakistani families. A total of 50 families, 308 participants (79 affected and 229 unaffected were genotyped for NOS3 (rs1799983, rs2070744), PON1 (rs662), LPA-PLA2 (rs105193, rs1805017), APOE (rs429358, rs7412), PCSK9 (rs505151), MEF2A (rs325400), TNF (rs1800629) and LDLR (rs1122608, rs2228671) genes. The family-based association in CAD associated genes SNPs were NOS3 (rs1799983), PON1 (rs662), LPA-PLA2 (rs1805017), MEF2A (rs325400), and LDLR (rs1122608, rs222867) showed transmission within families p≤ 0.05 whereas NOS3 (rs2070744), APOE (rs429358, rs7412) and TNF (rs1800629) showed no association TDT asymptotic p-value >0.05. In DFAM and QFAM test NOS3 (rs1799983), PON1 (rs662), MEF2A (rs325400), and LDLR (rs1122608, rs222867) showed positive association p≤ 0.05 in both whereas NOS3 (rs2070744), APOE (rs429358, rs7412), LPA-PLA2 (rs1805017) and TNF (rs1800629) showed low risk of transmission asymptotic p-value >0.05 in DFAM but NOS3(rs2070744), APOE(rs7412), LPA-PLAG2(rs1805017) also showed association p≤ 0.05 whereas APOE (rs429358) and TNF (rs1800629) showed no association EMP1 p-value >0.05 in QFAM. In linkage analysis Chromosome 6 (Position 70.810): LOD = 3.16, Chromosome 7 (Position 107.190): LOD = 3.16, and chromosome 19 (Position 31.470): LOD = 3.90 also showed significant association with disease as p < 0.05. This discovery enhances the understanding about genetic variants of CAD and also facilitates early detection, targeted interventions, pattern of inheritance in population. This ultimately improving patient outcomes and guiding future research to highlight its significance as a potential diagnostic marker.

ObjectiveTo develop a nomogram model based on the albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score for predicting the 90-day prognosis of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and to evaluate its predictive efficacy.MethodsClinical data of 290 ACLF patients at the Third People’s Hospital of Nantong City, collected from December 2020 to December 2023, were analyzed. The data were divided into a training set (n = 200) and a validation set (n = 90), with August 2022 as the cut-off date. Patients in the training set were categorized into an improvement group (n = 133) and a mortality group (n = 67) based on their 90-day outcomes. The predictive power of baseline parameters was assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression to construct model. Model performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, decision curve analysis (DCA) and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test.ResultsCreatinine (CR) [odds ratio (OR) = 1.013, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.004–1.022], ALBI (OR = 10.831, 95% CI: 4.009–33.247), Gender (OR = 1.931, 95% CI: 0.973–3.870) and ascites (OR = 3.032, 95% CI: 1.249–8.178) were identified as independent prognostic factors. The prognostic model formula was derived as prognostic index (PI) = –0.591 + 0.658 × Gender + 1.109 × ascites + 0.012 × CR + 2.382 × ALBI. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.804 (95% CI: 0.741–0.866), with a specificity of 85.0% and a sensitivity of 65.7% at a cut-off of 0.425. The AUC of the validation set was 0.811 (95% CI: 0.697–0.926). The Hosmer-Lemeshow test indicated a good model fit with a p-value of 0.287 for the training set and 0.423 for the validation set. Calibration curves demonstrated the accuracy of the model, and DCA results suggested that the model was clinically useful when the threshold was below 0.6.ConclusionThe nomogram model incorporating ALBI with CR, Gender and ascites can predict the 90-day prognosis of ACLF patients, potentially helping to optimize treatment strategies and improve patient outcomes.

Abstract Objective To investigate the association between meteorological data three days before admission and the status of sputum pathogens culture in hospitalized patients with Acute exacerbation of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) and respiratory infections. Methods Data from 1,370 AECOPD patients (80.66% males, approximately 80% age > 70) with respiratory infections hospitalized in Fujian Provincial Hospital between December 2013 and December 2019 were collected. This cohort comprised, along with concurrent meteorological data from Fuzhou. Group differences were analyzed to compare the meteorological data three days prior to admission between patients with positive sputum pathogen cultures and those without. Logistic regression models were employed to investigate the association between meteorological parameters and the status of sputum pathogen cultures in patients with AECOPD and respiratory infections. Sensitivity analyses was conducted among the hospitalized patients from 2013 to 2016 and 2017–2019. Stratified analysis was performed to explore the factors affecting the effect of temperature differences and their interactions. Results 578(42.19%) cases had a positive sputum culture report indicating pathogen growth. 323 cases were found with Gram-negative bacteria, 160 with Gram-positive bacteria, and 114 with fungi. Uni-variate analysis revealed statistical differences in DTD three days prior to admission (DTD-3d) between the positive and negative sputum culture groups (p = 0.019). Multivariate analysis indicated that an increase in the risk of positive sputum pathogen cultures was associated with greater DTD three days before admission (DTD-3d), with OR1.657 (95%CI [ 1.328–1.981]). The risk of positive sputum pathogen cultures was higher in groups with greater DTD-3d. The findings were consistent across different admission periods. Stratified analysis showed that patients without respiratory failure were more affected by DTD-3d, and an interaction effect was observed (p

Backgrounde-Cigarette (electronic cigarette) use has been a public health issue in the United States. On June 23, 2022, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued marketing denial orders (MDOs) to Juul Labs Inc for all their products currently marketed in the United States. However, one day later, on June 24, 2022, a federal appeals court granted a temporary reprieve to Juul Labs that allowed it to keep its e-cigarettes on the market. As the conversation around Juul continues to evolve, it is crucial to gain insights into the sentiments and opinions expressed by individuals on social media. ObjectiveThis study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of tweets before and after the ban on Juul, aiming to shed light on public perceptions and sentiments surrounding this contentious topic and to better understand the life cycle of public health–related policy on social media. MethodsNatural language processing (NLP) techniques were used, including state-of-the-art BERTopic topic modeling and sentiment analysis. A total of 6023 tweets and 22,288 replies or retweets were collected from Twitter (rebranded as X in 2023) between June 2022 and October 2022. The encoded topics were used in time-trend analysis to depict the boom-and-bust cycle. Content analyses of retweets were also performed to better understand public perceptions and sentiments about this contentious topic. ResultsThe attention surrounding the FDA’s ban on Juul lasted no longer than a week on Twitter. Not only the news (ie, tweets with a YouTube link that directs to the news site) related to the announcement itself, but the surrounding discussions (eg, potential consequences of this ban or block and concerns toward kids or youth health) diminished shortly after June 23, 2022, the date when the ban was officially announced. Although a short rebound was observed on July 4, 2022, which was contributed by the suspension on the following day, discussions dried out in 2 days. Out of the top 50 most retweeted tweets, we observed that, except for neutral (23/45, 51%) sentiment that broadcasted the announcement, posters responded more negatively (19/45, 42%) to the FDA’s ban. ConclusionsWe observed a short life cycle for this news announcement, with a preponderance of negative sentiment toward the FDA’s ban on Juul. Policy makers could use tactics such as issuing ongoing updates and reminders about the ban, highlighting its impact on public health, and actively engaging with influential social media users who can help maintain the conversation.

Plant architecture determines canopy coverage, photosynthetic efficiency, and ultimately productivity in soybean (Glycine max). Optimizing plant architecture is a major goal of breeders to develop high yield soybean varieties. Over the past few decades, the yield per unit area of soybean has not changed significantly; however, rice and wheat breeders have succeeded in achieving high yields by generating semi‐dwarf varieties. Semi-dwarf crops have the potential to ensure yield stability in high-density planting environments because they can significantly improve responses to fertilizer input, lodging resistance, and enhance resistance to various abiotic and biotic stresses. Soybean has a unique plant architecture, with leaves, inflorescences, and pods growing at each node; internode number greatly affects the final yield. Therefore, producing high-yielding soybean plants with an ideal architecture requires the coordination of effective node formation, effective internode formation, and branching. Dozens of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling plant architecture have been identified in soybean, but only a few genes that control this trait have been cloned and characterized. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the genetic basis of soybean plant architecture. We provide our views and perspectives on how to breed new high-yielding soybean varieties.

ABSTRACT Lactose intolerance (LI) is a prevalent condition characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms that arise following lactose consumption. Recent evidence suggests that the gut microbiome may influence lactose levels in the gut. However, there is limited understanding regarding the alterations in microbiota and metabolism between individuals with LI and non-LI. This study conducted a paired-sample investigation utilizing data from the American Gut Project (AGP) and performed metagenomic and untargeted metabolomic analyses in a Chinese cohort to explore the interaction between the gut microbiome and serum metabolites. In addition, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments were conducted to further examine the impact of the LI-associated gut microbiome on inflammatory outcomes. We identified 14 microbial genera that significantly differed between LI and controls from AGP data. Using a machine learning approach, group separation was predicted based on seven species and nine metabolites in the Chinese cohort. Notably, increased levels of Escherichia coli in the LI group were negatively correlated with several metabolites, including PC (22:6/0:0), indole, and Lyso PC, while reduced levels of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Eubacterium rectale were positively correlated with indole and furazolidone. FMT-LI rats displayed visceral hypersensitivity and an altered gut microbiota composition compared to FMT-HC rats. Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses revealed an enrichment of MAPK signaling in LI, which was confirmed by FMT-LI rats showing higher expression of ERK and RAS, along with increased concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines. This study provides valuable insights into the disrupted microbial and metabolic traits associated with LI, emphasizing potential microbiome-based approaches for its prevention and treatment.IMPORTANCELactose intolerance (LI) is a prevalent condition characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms after lactose consumption due to a deficiency of lactase. There is limited understanding regarding the microbiota and metabolic alterations between individuals with LI and non-LI. This study represents the first exploration to investigate metagenomic and metabolomic signatures among subjects with lactose intolerance as far as our knowledge. We identified 14 microbial genera in the Western cohort and 7 microbial species, along with 9 circulating metabolites in the Chinese cohort, which significantly differed in LI patients. Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses revealed an enrichment of MAPK signaling in LI patients. This finding was confirmed by FMT-LI rats, exhibiting increased expression of ERK and RAS, along with higher concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our study provides insights into the disrupted functional and metabolic traits of the gut microbiome in LI, highlighting potential microbiome-based approaches for preventing and treating LI.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the predictive value of PD-1 expression in T lymphocytes for rehospitalization due to acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) in discharged patients. Methods 115 participants hospitalized with COPD (average age 71.8 ± 6.0 years) were recruited at Fujian Provincial Hospital. PD1+T lymphocytes proportions (PD1+T%), baseline demographics and clinical data were recorded at hospital discharge. AECOPD re-admission were collected at 1-year follow-up. Kaplan-Meier analysis compared the time to AECOPD readmissions among groups stratified by PD1+T%. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression and stratified analysis determined the correlation between PD1+T%, potential confounders, and AECOPD re-admission. ROC and DCA evaluated PD1+T% in enhancing the clinical predictive values of Cox models, BODE and CODEX. Results 68 participants (59.1%) were AECOPD readmitted, those with AECOPD readmission exhibited significantly elevated baseline PD-1+CD4+T/CD4+T% and PD-1+CD8 + T/CD8 + T% compared to non-readmitted counterparts. PD1+ T lymphocyte levels statistically correlated with BODE and CODEX indices. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that those in Higher PD1+ T lymphocyte proportions had reduced time to AECOPD readmission (logRank p

Background: Osteoporosis is one of the most common bone diseases in middle-aged and elderly populations worldwide. The development of new drugs to treat the disease is a key focus of research. Current treatments for osteoporosis are mainly directed at promoting osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclasts. However, there is currently no ideal approach for osteoporosis treatment. l-arginine is a semi-essential amino acid involved in a number of cellular processes, including nitric production, protein biosynthesis, and immune responses. We previously reported that l-arginine-derived compounds can play a regulatory role in bone homeostasis. Purpose: To investigate the specific effect of l-arginine on bone homeostasis. Methods: Mildly aged and ovariectomized mouse models were used to study the effects of l-arginine on osteogenesis and angiogenesis, assessed by micro-computed tomography and immunostaining of bone tissue. The effect of l-arginine on osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and adipogenesis was further studied in vitro using osteoblasts obtained from cranial cap bone, endothelial cells, and an adipogenic cell line. Specific methods to assess these processes included lipid staining, cell migration, tube-forming, and wound-healing assays. Protein and mRNA expression was determined for select biomarkers. Results: We found that l-arginine attenuated bone loss and promoted osteogenesis and angiogenesis. l-arginine increased the activity of vascular endothelial cells, whereas it inhibited adipogenesis in vitro. In addition, we found that l-arginine altered the expression of PINK1/Parkin and Bnip3 in the mitochondria of osteoblast-lineage and endothelial cells, thereby promoting mitophagy and protecting cells from ROS. Similarly, l-arginine treatment effectively ameliorated osteoporosis in an ovariectomized mouse model. Conclusion: l-arginine promotes angio-osteogenesis, and inhibits adipogenesis, effects mediated by the PINK1/Parkin- and Bnip3-mediated mitophagy. The Translational Potential of this Article: L-arginine supplementation may be an effective adjunct therapy in the treatment of osteoporosis.

Abstract Introduction Anti-mitosis has been a key strategy of anti-cancer therapies, targeting at a fundamental property of cancer cells, their non-controllable proliferation due to overactive mitotic divisions. For improved anti-cancer therapies, it is important to find out whether cancer cells can proliferate independent of mitosis and become resistant to anti-mitotic agents. Results In this study, live-cell imaging was applied to both primary-cultures of tumor cells, and immortalized cancer cell lines, to detect aberrant proliferations. Cells isolated from various malignant tumors, such as Grade-III hemangiopericytoma, atypical meningioma, and metastatic brain tumor exhibit distinct cellular behaviors, including amoeboid sequestration, tailing, tunneling, nucleic DNA leakage, as well as prokaryote-like division such as binary fission and budding-shedding, which are collectively referred to and reported as ‘non-mitotic proliferation’ in this study. In contrast, benign tumors including Grade-I hemangiopericytoma and meningioma were not obvious in such behaviors. Moreover, when cultured in medium free of any anti-cancer drugs, cells from a recurrent Grade-III hemangiopericytoma that had been subjected to pre-operation adjuvant chemotherapy gradually shifted from non-mitotic proliferation to abnormal mitosis in the form of daughter number variation (DNV) and endomitosis, and eventually regular mitosis. Similarly, when treated with the anti-cancer drugs Epirubicin or Cisplatin, the cancer cell lines HeLa and A549 showed a shift from regular mitosis to abnormal mitosis, and further to non-mitosis as the dominant mode of proliferation with increasing drug concentrations. Upon removal of the drugs, the cells reversed back to regular mitosis with only minor occurrences of abnormal mitosis, accompanied by increased expression of the stem cell markers ALDH1, Sox, Oct4 and Nanog. Conclusions The present study revealed that various types of malignant, but not benign, cancer cells exhibited cellular behaviors indicative of non-mitotic proliferation such as binary fission, which was typical of prokaryotic cell division, suggesting cell level atavism. Moreover, reversible transitions through the three modes of proliferation, i.e., mitosis, abnormal mitosis and non-mitosis, were observed when anticancer drug concentrations were grossly increased inducing non-mitosis or decreased favoring mitosis. Potential clinical significance of non-mitotic proliferation in cancer drug resistance and recurrence, and its relationship with cancer stem cells are worthy of further studies.

Abstract Bone and mineral metabolism homeostasis accounts for the maintenance of normal skeletal remodeling. However, with aging and changes in hormone levels, over-activated osteoclasts disrupt homeostasis, induce osteoporosis, and even cause osteoporotic fractures, leading to an enormous economic burden. Despite the rapid development of pharmacological therapy for osteoporosis, safer and more effective treatments remain to be explored. Here, we demonstrate that Mulberroside A (Mul-A), a natural component extracted from mulberry bark and branches, effectively suppresses osteoclastogenesis in vitro and counteracts bone loss caused by ovariectomy (OVX). The mechanism underlying this effect involves the repression of autophagic flux during osteoclastogenesis by Mul-A, which can be attributed to the restrained expression of microphthalmia-related transcription factor (Mitf) and its nuclear translocation. Importantly, Mitf overexpression partially reverses the inhibitory effects of Mul-A on autophagy and osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, applying two autophagy agonizts, rapamycin and Torin 1, attenuates the osteoclastogenic regulatory role of Mul-A. Collectively, our study demonstrates that Mul-A damages osteoclast differentiation and ameliorates osteoporosis caused by estrogen deficiency by modulation of Mitf-associated autophagy, indicating its therapeutic potential against osteoporosis.

Abstract Background Commercial cultivars of perennial ryegrass infected with selected Epichloë fungal endophytes are highly desirable in certain pastures as the resulting mutualistic association has the capacity to confer agronomic benefits (such as invertebrate pest deterrence) largely due to fungal produced secondary metabolites (e.g., alkaloids). In this study, we investigated T2 segregating populations derived from two independent transformation events expressing diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and cysteine oleosin (CO) genes designed to increase foliar lipid and biomass accumulation. These populations were either infected with Epichloë festucae var. lolii strain AR1 or Epichloë sp. LpTG-3 strain AR37 to examine relationships between the introduced trait and the endophytic association. Here we report on experiments designed to investigate if expression of the DGAT + CO trait in foliar tissues of perennial ryegrass could negatively impact the grass-endophyte association and vice versa. Both endophyte and plant characters were measured under controlled environment and field conditions. Results Expected relative increases in total fatty acids of 17–58% accrued as a result of DGAT + CO expression with no significant difference between the endophyte-infected and non-infected progeny. Hyphal growth in association with DGAT + CO expression appeared normal when compared to control plants in a growth chamber. There was no significant difference in mycelial biomass for both strains AR1 and AR37, however, Epichloë-derived alkaloid concentrations were significantly lower on some occasions in the DGAT + CO plants compared to the corresponding null-segregant progenies, although these remained within the reported range for bioactivity. Conclusions These results suggest that the mutualistic association formed between perennial ryegrass and selected Epichloë strains does not influence expression of the host DGAT + CO technology, but that endophyte performance may be reduced under some circumstances. Further investigation will now be required to determine the preferred genetic backgrounds for introgression of the DGAT + CO trait in combination with selected endophyte strains, as grass host genetics is a major determinant to the success of the grass-endophyte association in this species.

In the control of network terminal power, due to the overall low analysis of network state, the adaptive regulation ability of communication network terminal power is poor.Therefore, the power line carrier communication network terminal power control method based on adaptive hash function was proposed.Considering the dynamic fluctuation of the actual operating state of the power line carrier communication network, the adaptive mechanism was set for the hash function, and the adaptive hash function was constructed for the original running state data, and the final hash value was obtained in the variable chaotic mapping system.In the power control stage of the power line carrier communication network terminal, the communication network terminal was affected by the interference of other communication network terminals, and it was used as the input value of the adaptive hash function to realize the power control of each communication network terminal.In the test results, the proposed control method not only effectively reduces the increase range of network terminal power under constant communication conditions, but also effectively reduces the network terminal power output under dynamic communication conditions, which has a high adaptive adjustment ability.

Abstract Background The geographic information science-based interactive map provided good prospects for the public health to study disease prevalence. The purpose of this study is to understand global spatial–temporal trends of childhood overweight and obesity and underlying causes help formulating intervention strategies. Methods This multiple cross-sectional study included data on childhood overweight and obesity prevalence, gross national income per capita, and urbanization rate for 191 countries from 1975–2016. Autoregressive integrated moving average model, standard deviational ellipse model and mixed-effects models were used to explore spatial–temporal trends of childhood overweight and obesity and associations with gross national income per capita and urbanization rate. Results Globally, childhood overweight and obesity rate would reach 30.0% in 2030 (boys: 34.2%, girls: 27.4%). By 2030, it would reach 58.3% in middle- and high-income countries and 68.1% in Western Pacific region. Spatial–temporal trendline for childhood overweight and obesity in 1975–2030 exhibited a “C” shape, migrating from 1975 (15.6。E, 24.6。N) to 2005 (10.6。E, 21.7。N), then to 2030 (14.8。E, 17.4。N). The trendline for urbanization rate was also an irregular "C", and the turning point appeared five years earlier than childhood overweight and obesity. Conclusions Globally, childhood overweight and obesity prevalence will continue to increase. Its weight mean center migrated from western countries to Asia and Africa following economic development.