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1. Informing the pandemic response: the role of the WHO’s COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update

Author

Maria D Van Kerkhove, Mahmoud Hassan, Ibrahima Socé Fall, Olivier Le Polain de Waroux, Boris Igor Pavlin, Sandra Adele, Kazuki Shimizu, Oliver Morgan, Daniel Feikin, Lorenzo Subissi, Richard G Pebody, Masaya Kato, Opeayo Ogundiran, Ana Riviere-Cinnamond, Tshewang Dorji, Ingrid Hammermeister Nezu, Friday Idoko, Tamano Matsui, Silviu Ciobanu, Juniorcaius Ikejezie, Blanche Johanna Greene-Cramer, Tondri Noe Guinko, Samuel Mesfin, Harsh Lata, Alessandro Miglietta, Yurie Izawa, Aura Rocio Escobar Corado Waeber, Anahi Rico Chinchilla, Adedoyin Awofisayo-Okuyelu, Esther Hamblion, Melissa M Higdon, Ayse Acma, Samuel Moro, Homa Attar Cohen, Mary Anissa Sinnathamby, James Richard Otieno, Yosef Temre, Brian Ngongheh Ajong, Bernadette Basuta Mirembe, Vaishali Sodagar, Craig Schultz, Joao Muianga, Stéphane De Barros, Yeowon Jin, Shagun Khare, Marcia Poole, Nyka Alexander, Manilay Phengxay, Emilie Peron, Brett Nicholas Archer, Zyleen Alnashir Kassamali, and Abdi Mahamud

Subjects
Medicine (General), R5-920, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

On 31 December 2019, the Municipal Health Commission of Wuhan, China, reported a cluster of atypical pneumonia cases. On 5 January 2020, the WHO publicly released a Disease Outbreak News (DON) report, providing information about the pneumonia cases, implemented response interventions, and WHO’s risk assessment and advice on public health and social measures. Following 9 additional DON reports and 209 daily situation reports, on 17 August 2020, WHO published the first edition of the COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update (WEU). On 1 September 2023, the 158th edition of the WEU was published on WHO’s website, marking its final issue. Since then, the WEU has been replaced by comprehensive global epidemiological updates on COVID-19 released every 4 weeks. During the span of its publication, the webpage that hosts the WEU and the COVID-19 Operational Updates was accessed annually over 1.4 million times on average, with visits originating from more than 100 countries. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the WEU process, from data collection to publication, focusing on the scope, technical details, main features, underlying methods, impact and limitations. We also discuss WHO’s experience in disseminating epidemiological information on the COVID-19 pandemic at the global level and provide recommendations for enhancing collaboration and information sharing to support future health emergency responses.

Published
2024
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2. WHO Global Situational Alert System: a mixed methods multistage approach to identify country-level COVID-19 alerts

Author

Richard Pebody, Maria D Van Kerkhove, Mahmoud Hassan, Thierno Balde, Olivier Le Polain de Waroux, Sandra Adele, Kazuki Shimizu, Charlotte Christiane Hammer, Lisa Owen, Villyen Motaze, Michael Höhle, Piers Mook, Masaya Kato, Kathleen Ryan, Tanja Schmidt, Marjam Esmail, Jessica Lee Abbate, Opeayo Ogundiran, Sophie Maes, Victoria D Bélorgeot, Ana Riviere-Cinnamond, Martina McMenamin, Jessica Kolmer, Irena Djordjevic, Finlay Campbell, Henry Laurenson-Schafer, Basma Mostafa Abdelgawad, Amarnath Babu, Neale Batra, Hannah Brindle, Tshewang Dorji, Ingrid Hammermeister Nezu, Lucía Hernández-García, Friday Idoko, Sarah Karmin, Zyleen A Kassamali, Tamano Matsui, Mengjuan Duan, Boris I Pavlin, Tika Sedai, Teresa Zakaria, Abdi R Mahamud, Dominic Cocciolone, Christian Gapp, Kayla King, Aimee Latta, Sandra Lindmark, Ihor Perehinets, Amy Gimma, Jason McKnight, Margaux Mesle, Maarten Van Haverbeke, Tamar Amar, Ka Yeung Cheng, Silviu Ciobanu, Lauren E MacDonald, Jeff Pires, Jukka Pukkila, Celine Roman, Laila Skrowny, Ara Tadevosyan, Catherine Smallwood, Juniorcaius Ikejezie, Blanche Johanna Greene-Cramer, Adedoyin Abiola Awofisayo-Okuyelu, Bernadette Mirembe, Tondri Noe Guinko, Homa Attar-Cohen, Stephen Leshan Koyie, Samuel Mesfin, Veronica Cristea, Nikola Sklenovska, Mostafa Mahran, Emily Meyer, Grace Brough, Harsh Lata, Alessandro Miglietta, Sydel Parikh, Eri Togami, Yurie Izawa, Aura Rocio Escobar Corado Waeber, Anahi Rico Chinchilla, Yeo Won Jin, Raquel Medialdea Carrera, Amaia Artazcoz Glaria, Hyo Jeong Kim, and Muhammed Tayyab

Subjects
Medicine (General), R5-920, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract

Background Globally, since 1 January 2020 and as of 24 January 2023, there have been over 664 million cases of COVID-19 and over 6.7 million deaths reported to WHO. WHO developed an evidence-based alert system, assessing public health risk on a weekly basis in 237 countries, territories and areas from May 2021 to June 2022. This aimed to facilitate the early identification of situations where healthcare capacity may become overstretched.Methods The process involved a three-stage mixed methods approach. In the first stage, future deaths were predicted from the time series of reported cases and deaths to produce an initial alert level. In the second stage, this alert level was adjusted by incorporating a range of contextual indicators and accounting for the quality of information available using a Bayes classifier. In the third stage, countries with an alert level of ‘High’ or above were added to an operational watchlist and assistance was deployed as needed.Results Since June 2021, the system has supported the release of more than US$27 million from WHO emergency funding, over 450 000 rapid antigen diagnostic testing kits and over 6000 oxygen concentrators. Retrospective evaluation indicated that the first two stages were needed to maximise sensitivity, where 44% (IQR 29%–67%) of weekly watchlist alerts would not have been identified using only reported cases and deaths. The alerts were timely and valid in most cases; however, this could only be assessed on a non-representative sample of countries with hospitalisation data available.Conclusions The system provided a standardised approach to monitor the pandemic at the country level by incorporating all available data on epidemiological analytics and contextual assessments. While this system was developed for COVID-19, a similar system could be used for future outbreaks and emergencies, with necessary adjustments to parameters and indicators.

Published
2023
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3. When to update COVID-19 vaccine composition

Author

Rebecca Grant, Jilian A. Sacks, Priya Abraham, Supamit Chunsuttiwat, Cheryl Cohen, J. Peter Figueroa, Thomas Fleming, Paul Fine, David Goldblatt, Hideki Hasegawa, C. Raina MacIntrye, Ziad A. Memish, Elizabeth Miller, Sergio Nishioka, Amadou A. Sall, Samba Sow, Oyewale Tomori, Youchun Wang, Maria D. Van Kerkhove, Marie-Ange Wambo, Homa Attar Cohen, Samuel Mesfin, James R. Otieno, Lorenzo Subissi, Sylvie Briand, David E. Wentworth, and Kanta Subbarao

Subjects
General Medicine, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Published
2023
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4. COVID-19 Mortality and Progress Toward Vaccinating Older Adults — World Health Organization, Worldwide, 2020–2022

Author

Man Kai Wong, Donald J. Brooks, Juniorcaius Ikejezie, Marta Gacic-Dobo, Laure Dumolard, Yoann Nedelec, Claudia Steulet, Zyleen Kassamali, Ayse Acma, Brian N. Ajong, Sandra Adele, Maya Allan, Homa Attar Cohen, Adedoyin Awofisayo-Okuyelu, Finlay Campbell, Veronica Cristea, Stephane De Barros, Ntokwo Vabi Edward, Aura R. Escobar Corado Waeber, Tondri N. Guinko, Henry Laurenson-Schafer, Mostafa Mahran, Raquel Medialdea Carrera, Samuel Mesfin, Emily Meyer, Alessandro Miglietta, Bernadette B. Mirembe, Maribeth Mitri, Ingrid Hammermeister Nezu, Stephanie Ngai, Ojong Ojong Ejoh, Sydel R. Parikh, Emilie Peron, Nikola Sklenovská, Savine Stoitsova, Kazuki Shimizu, Eri Togami, Yeo Won Jin, Boris I. Pavlin, Ryan T. Novak, Olivier Le Polain, James A. Fuller, Abdi Rahman Mahamud, Ann Lindstrand, Bradley S. Hersh, Katherine O’Brien, and Maria D. Van Kerkhove

Subjects
Health (social science), Health Information Management, Epidemiology, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, General Medicine
Published
2023
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5. An early warning system for emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants

Author

Lorenzo Subissi, Anne von Gottberg, Lipi Thukral, Nathalie Worp, Bas B. Oude Munnink, Surabhi Rathore, Laith J. Abu-Raddad, Ximena Aguilera, Erik Alm, Brett N. Archer, Homa Attar Cohen, Amal Barakat, Wendy S. Barclay, Jinal N. Bhiman, Leon Caly, Meera Chand, Mark Chen, Ann Cullinane, Tulio de Oliveira, Christian Drosten, Julian Druce, Paul Effler, Ihab El Masry, Adama Faye, Simani Gaseitsiwe, Elodie Ghedin, Rebecca Grant, Bart L. Haagmans, Belinda L. Herring, Shilpa S. Iyer, Zyleen Kassamali, Manish Kakkar, Rebecca J. Kondor, Juliana A. Leite, Yee-Sin Leo, Gabriel M. Leung, Marco Marklewitz, Sikhulile Moyo, Jairo Mendez-Rico, Nada M. Melhem, Vincent Munster, Karen Nahapetyan, Djin-Ye Oh, Boris I. Pavlin, Thomas P. Peacock, Malik Peiris, Zhibin Peng, Leo L. M. Poon, Andrew Rambaut, Jilian Sacks, Yinzhong Shen, Marilda M. Siqueira, Sofonias K. Tessema, Erik M. Volz, Volker Thiel, Sylvie van der Werf, Sylvie Briand, Mark D. Perkins, Maria D. Van Kerkhove, Marion P. G. Koopmans, Anurag Agrawal, World Health Organisation (WHO), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), National Institute for Communicable Diseases [Johannesburg] (NICD), University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR), Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Weill Cornell Medicine [Qatar], Universidad del Desarollo [Santiago, Chile] (UDD), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control [Stockholm, Sweden] (ECDC), WHO - Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean [Cairo, Egypt] (EMRO), Imperial College London, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory [Melbourne, Australia] (VIDRL), UK Health Security Agency [London] (UKHSA), World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), Stellenbosch University, Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Charité - University Hospital [Berlin], German Center for Infection Research, Partnersite Munich (DZIF), The University of Western Australia (UWA), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD), Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), World Health Organization [Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo] (WHO-DRC), United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), American University of Beirut [Beyrouth] (AUB), Robert Koch Institute [Berlin] (RKI), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Fudan University [Shanghai], Instituto Oswaldo Cruz / Oswaldo Cruz Institute [Rio de Janeiro] (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz / Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Pretoria, South Africa] (CDC-South Africa), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), University of Bern, Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN - Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses (GMV-ARN (UMR_3569 / U-Pasteur_2)), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre National de Référence des virus des infections respiratoires (dont la grippe) - National Reference Center Virus Influenzae [Paris] (CNR - laboratoire coordonnateur), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Ashoka University, We acknowledge scientists, public health professionals and Ministries of Health across the world for early generation and sharing of data on SARS-CoV-2 variants., and Virology

Subjects
630 Agriculture, SARS-CoV-2, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], COVID-19, Humans, General Medicine, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Abstract

International audience

Published
2022
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6. Common regulatory variation impacts gene expression in a cell type dependent manner

Author

Antigone S. Dimas, Homa Attar-Cohen, Emmanouil T. Dermitzakis, Stylianos E. Antonarakis, Barbara E. Stranger, Panos Deloukas, Catherine E. Ingle, Stephen B. Montgomery, Maria Gutierrez Arcelus, Samuel Deutsch, Magdalena Sekowska, Marilyne Gagnebin, Christelle Borel, James Nisbett, and Claude Beazley

Subjects
Genotype, RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism, T-Lymphocytes, Quantitative Trait Loci, Quantitative trait locus, Biology, Allelic Imbalance, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Article, Statistics, Nonparametric, Cell Line, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Gene Frequency, Gene expression, Genetic variation, Humans, ddc:576.5, Genetic variability, RNA, Messenger, Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional, Gene, 030304 developmental biology, Regulation of gene expression, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, B-Lymphocytes, Multidisciplinary, Gene Expression Profiling, Fibroblasts, Gene expression profiling, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Gene Expression Regulation, Expression quantitative trait loci, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Tissue-Specific Control The effect of genetic variation on gene expression and phenotype among individuals is largely unknown. Dimas et al. (p. 1246 , published online 30 July 2009) show that in humans there are several genes whose allelic expression varies in a tissue-specific manner and are apparently controlled by cis elements. Up to 80% of variants seem to have tissue-specific functions when compared in fibroblasts, as well as B cells and T cells. This variation among regulatory variants correlated with transcript complexity, which suggests that some of the observed regulatory variation is due to genotype-specific use of transcripts and transcription start sites.

Published
2009

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