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Examensarbete utfört på LTH i samarbete med Trafikverket, Fallviktsmätning på cykelvägar kompletering till pågående examensarbetet

Denna rapport utgör en masteruppsats vid Lunds Universitet. Målet med studien är att undersöka kraven i det svenska referensverket AMA Anläggning. Kraven säger att den organiska halten i undergrunden inte får överstiga 2 vikt% i fyllnadsmaterialet. Både vad gäller cykelvägar och vanliga vägar. I denna studie utreddes detta krav utifrån flera infallsvinklar. Aspekter så som cykelkomfort, bärighet, produktion och ekonomi undersöktes. Aspekterna utreddes med flera mätmetoder, däribland en egen kvalitetsundersökning, en lasermätning, en lätt- och en tung fallviktsmätning, flertalet intervjuer och en egen dimensionering. Med aspekterna beskrivna ovan har fem cykelvägar utretts i södra Sverige. Två av dessa är anlagda på jord med en högre organisk halt än 2 vikt% och tre var anlagda strikt enligt AMA. Alla cykelvägarna har blivit byggda de senaste åren, vilket självklart har en påverkan på nedbrytningen. Enligt mätningarna, med avseende på cykelkomforten och en högre halt av organiskt innehåll, hittades inget samband. Resultatet av den lätta fallvikten indikerar att vatteninnehållet är av stor vikt, också att packningen har en stor inverkan. Resultatet av den tunga fallvikten utreddes på flera sätt. Resultatet visar på att det är en liten skillnad mellan de två konstruktionsalternativen, med avseende på ytmodulen, undergrundsmodul, lastkapacitetsklassning, och maximal tillåten last. Men viktigast, alla cykelvägar klarar en last på mer än 8 ton. Den ekonomiska beräkningen visar att cykelvägar som överstiger kravet i AMA kan byggas och blir mycket billigare än cykelvägar byggda enligt AMAs krav. Intervjuerna pekar på att det inte bör skapa problem att kringgå kraven utifrån en produktionsmässig synvinkel., This report constitutes a master thesis at Lund University. The aim of the study is to investigate a requirement in the Swedish reference book AMA Anläggning. The requirement says that the organic content in the earth foundation cannot exceed the level of 2 weight% of filling material. Both for bike paths as well as regular roads. In this thesis, this requirement is investigated by several entry angels. Aspects as cycling comfort, bearing capacity, production management and economy were evaluated. The aspects were investigated on the basis of several methods of measuring, amongst an own quality assessment, a laser evenness measurement, a light- and heavy drop weight measurement, several interviews and an established design. With the aspects described above, five bike paths were investigated around south Sweden. Two of the bike paths were constructed with a higher level of organic content than 2 weight% and three were constructed strictly according to AMA. All of the evaluated bike paths has been constructed in recent years, which also had an impact on their degradation level. According to the measurements, with respect to the comfort quality and a higher level of organic content, no relation could be found. The results of the light drop weight measurement indicated that the water content in the soil is of considerable importance, also that the packing of the soil is crucial. The results of the heavy drop weight measurement were evaluated in several ways. The result demonstrates that there is a slight difference between the two construction methods according to surface module, earth foundation module, load capacity classification and maximum permissible load. But most important, all of the bike paths can carry a load of at least 8 tons. The financial calculation displayed that a bike paths that exceeds the requirement in AMA can be constructed and will be a lot cheaper than a bike path that follows AMA’s requirement. The interviews point out that there should not be

För att alltid kunna erbjuda sina tjänster som ett finansiellt institut så är det viktigt att alltid vara informerad och uppdaterad när nya regelverk träder i kraft. Idag bidrar det till höga kostnader då det till stor del sker med humanitär kraft. För att se i vilken mån det går att effektivisera med hjälp av artificiell intelligens eller maskininlärning gjordes en litteraturstudie för att detta. Undersökningen visade att maskininlärning var den bäst lämpade metoden för denna problemställning. Arbetet hade inte de mest optimala förutsättningar för att få så säkert resultat som möjligt, trots detta visade resultatet på god förmåga att kunna klassificera produkter mot regelverk. Möjligheten till att applicera maskininlärning eller artificiell intelligens är god men det är viktigt med extremt stora mängder tränings- och testdata för att kunna effektivisera finansbranschen., To always be able to offer their services as a financial institution, it’s important for them to always stay informed and updated when new regulations come into force. Today it contributes to high costs, largely due to humanitarian power. A literature study was performed to see as to what extent artificial intelligence or machine learning could be used to reduce the problem. The result of the study showed that machine learning was the best suited method for this problem. There were not the most optimal conditions to achieve the best possible result, despite that, the result gave promising ability to classify products to regulations. The possibility of applying machine learning and artificial intelligence is good but it is important to have extremely large amounts of training and test data in order to make the financial industry more effective.

För att alltid kunna erbjuda sina tjänster som ett finansiellt institut så är det viktigt att alltid vara informerad och uppdaterad när nya regelverk träder i kraft. Idag bidrar det till höga kostnader då det till stor del sker med humanitär kraft. För att se i vilken mån det går att effektivisera med hjälp av artificiell intelligens eller maskininlärning gjordes en litteraturstudie för att detta. Undersökningen visade att maskininlärning var den bäst lämpade metoden för denna problemställning. Arbetet hade inte de mest optimala förutsättningar för att få så säkert resultat som möjligt, trots detta visade resultatet på god förmåga att kunna klassificera produkter mot regelverk. Möjligheten till att applicera maskininlärning eller artificiell intelligens är god men det är viktigt med extremt stora mängder tränings- och testdata för att kunna effektivisera finansbranschen., To always be able to offer their services as a financial institution, it’s important for them to always stay informed and updated when new regulations come into force. Today it contributes to high costs, largely due to humanitarian power. A literature study was performed to see as to what extent artificial intelligence or machine learning could be used to reduce the problem. The result of the study showed that machine learning was the best suited method for this problem. There were not the most optimal conditions to achieve the best possible result, despite that, the result gave promising ability to classify products to regulations. The possibility of applying machine learning and artificial intelligence is good but it is important to have extremely large amounts of training and test data in order to make the financial industry more effective.

The aim of this bachelor thesis is to produce a new recycling area for asphalt granulate, more precisely, to reuse it in concrete. Asphalt granulate consists of waste asphalt that have been crushed to a specific fraction. This material will be reused in concrete by replacing certain parts of the conventional aggregate. The aggregate that is used today mainly consists of ungraded crushed rock. Asphalt granulate is very similar conventional aggregate with the difference that it is covered with the binder bitumen. Thus, this thesis will examine how the asphalt granulate and the binder bitumen will affect the concrete characteristics. In simplified terms concrete consists of water, cement and a composition of crushed rocks in different fractions (aggregate). In this thesis, the aggregate is replaced with asphalt granulate quantity of 25, 45, 77 and 93 percent. These four different concrete mixtures will then be tested according to set European standards, both in fresh- and hard tempered conditions. The characteristics that will be tested in hardened state is frost resistance, compression- and splitting strength, compression strength at a temperature of 60 degrees. In the fresh state, the following has been measured: slump test, expansion and air content. The slump test and expansion measurement do not give an impression about the concretes properties in a hardened condition, it shows how workable the concrete is in a fresh state. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that a higher amount of asphalt granulates in the concrete affect the compression- and splitting strength adversely. The compression strength also gets lower when the concrete is heated to 60 degrees. This indicates that it’s the binder bitumen on the asphalt granulates which affect the concretes properties. When the concrete reach its ultimate limit state, the various mixtures behave differently. Mixture 1 crack suddenly without any premonition, mixture 2-4 on the other hand fracture slowe

The aim of this bachelor thesis is to produce a new recycling area for asphalt granulate, more precisely, to reuse it in concrete. Asphalt granulate consists of waste asphalt that have been crushed to a specific fraction. This material will be reused in concrete by replacing certain parts of the conventional aggregate. The aggregate that is used today mainly consists of ungraded crushed rock. Asphalt granulate is very similar conventional aggregate with the difference that it is covered with the binder bitumen. Thus, this thesis will examine how the asphalt granulate and the binder bitumen will affect the concrete characteristics. In simplified terms concrete consists of water, cement and a composition of crushed rocks in different fractions (aggregate). In this thesis, the aggregate is replaced with asphalt granulate quantity of 25, 45, 77 and 93 percent. These four different concrete mixtures will then be tested according to set European standards, both in fresh- and hard tempered conditions. The characteristics that will be tested in hardened state is frost resistance, compression- and splitting strength, compression strength at a temperature of 60 degrees. In the fresh state, the following has been measured: slump test, expansion and air content. The slump test and expansion measurement do not give an impression about the concretes properties in a hardened condition, it shows how workable the concrete is in a fresh state. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that a higher amount of asphalt granulates in the concrete affect the compression- and splitting strength adversely. The compression strength also gets lower when the concrete is heated to 60 degrees. This indicates that it’s the binder bitumen on the asphalt granulates which affect the concretes properties. When the concrete reach its ultimate limit state, the various mixtures behave differently. Mixture 1 crack suddenly without any premonition, mixture 2-4 on the other hand fracture slowe