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The application of hollow fiber membranes is one of the excellent processes to treat oily wastewater and wetland water. Treating oily wastewater and wetland water is a significant challenge and reported expensive. These wastes generally come from due the expansion of massive industries and human activities these days. This review discusses the critical ways of membrane hollow fiber application in treating oily wastewater as well as wetland water. It is also reported in literature that there is mostly organic contaminant accommodated in oily wastewater and wetland water. Due to that, the application of hollow fiber is the best way as a removal organic contaminant in oily wastewater as well as wetland water. Apart from that, the conventional and advanced methods are also well explained within this review followed by detail treatments, application, and performance of this hollow fiber membrane application. To achieve the best completed outcome of pollutants removal, several applications relate to other processes before contacting to hollow fiber membranes. The integration between conventional and advanced membrane technology in oily wastewater and wetland treatment is also well explained. The important factors in the fabrication and application of hollow fiber membrane depend on membrane materials and filtration processes. It means that the selection between membrane materials and final processes to choose are depending on the urgency, source of pollutants, and intended use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the critical principles of green chemistry and environmental sustainability is to avoid using harmful solvents in chemical processes. In this study, a novel solvent‐free method was employed to prepare poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) hollow fiber composite membranes with stable crystalline and porous structures. Utilizing the cold‐hot stretching method, the crystalline structure and orientation of PVDF were effectively redesigned, resulting in improved mechanical and penetration properties of the membrane. Additionally, an investigation into the internal crystalline structure of the PVDF hollow fiber membrane was conducted, focusing on crystalline changes induced by ion‐dipole interactions. Results indicated that the addition of neutral ion‐dipole functional particles (N‐P) promoted the conversion of α crystalline to β crystalline, leading to stable β crystalline and controllable pore sizes in the prepared PVDF hollow fiber membrane. Furthermore, the internal crystalline structure significantly contributed to enhancing the membrane's mechanical properties and penetration performance. Notably, a PVDF hollow fiber with high β crystalline content was achieved through 150% cold‐hot stretching and the addition of 20. wt% N‐P further enhanced the β‐crystalline content in the membrane. This study presents a promising approach for reducing solvent consumption and minimizing environmental impact in the field of environment‐friendly membrane fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the macroscopic behavior of cellulose acetate (CA) in three different solvents, namely Dimethyl Formamide (DMF), N-methyl 2-Pyrrolidinone (NMP), and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO). The combination of experimental studies with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations provides a comprehensive understanding of the intricate molecular interactions and conformational changes governing CA-solvent systems. Practical dimensions are added through investigations into pore formation mechanisms, thermodynamics of phase diagrams, and the synthesis of hollow fiber membranes. The observed de-mixing phenomena varies across solvent systems, with CA-DMSO system undergoing the quickest de-mixing, while CA-NMP demonstrates the slowest. This discrepancy suggests different levels of miscibility and phase separation in distinct solvent environments. Shifts in phase diagrams, along with surface morphology and porosity of synthesized membranes, offer valuable insights into the macroscopic properties of these polymer–solvent systems. MD simulations reveal detailed molecular interactions between CA and each solvent. Structural evolutions, including distortions in bond angles and lengths, showcase unique solvent-specific behaviors. Notably, DMSO induces the highest distortions, while NMP exhibits the least. Studies on radius of gyrations further support these observations, indicating significant structural shrinkage in NMP, sudden shrinkage in DMF, and structural instability with immiscibility in DMSO. These molecular-level findings serve as a bridge to interpret macroscopic properties observed experimentally. The integration of experimental and computational approaches in this study provides a holistic understanding of CA-solvent systems. These insights hold implications for designing and optimizing polymer–solvent systems, particularly in the field of membrane science and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the effect of operational flux on the performance of hollow fiber anaerobic membrane bioreactors (HF-sAnMBR) during treatment of synthetic wastewater containing diazo dye. Two extreme operational flux value, which were 56.92 LMH and 3.21 LMH in reactor 1 (R-1) and reactor 2 (R-2), respectively, were chosen and the systems were operated at an extended time of 128 days. Under high initial flux, total chemical oxygen demand (t-COD) and soluble chemical oxygen demand (s-COD) removal in HF-sAnMBR reached an average of 76.27 ± 3.26 % and 77.20 ± 2.97 %, respectively. In contrast, the AnMBR operated at a lower flux exhibited 62.91 ± 3.10 % t-COD and 65.56 ± 1.74 % s-COD removal. The mean decolorization was 82.88 ± 7.20 % and 76.18 ± 13.96 % in R-1 and R-2, respectively. While R-1 showed excellent performance from the first day of operation, R-2 required 60 days to achieve comparable performance. However, biofouling was aggravated in R-1, which led to frequent membrane cleaning. Despite the operational hurdles, the fast deposition of biofoulants on R-1 might be responsible for its high COD and color removal, as the microorganisms on the membrane surface actively degraded organics and dyes. UV–visible spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses demonstrated the breakdown of azo bonds and further confirmed the presence of benzene-based aromatic intermediates and several mineralized byproducts. Microbial analysis revealed a shift at the community level, as the inoculum was abundant in the phylum Chloroflexi (48 %), which shifted to Firmicutes (R1:49 %; R2:46 %), with Clostridium as the major genus, which is attributed to azo dye-degrading bacteria. Anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria may contribute significantly to aromatic hydrocarbon degradation and further dye mineralization.

Polymers stand out as promising materials extensively employed in biomedicine and biotechnology. Their versatile applications owe much to the field of tissue engineering, which seamlessly integrates materials engineering with medical science. In medicine, biomaterials serve as prototypes for organ development and as implants or scaffolds to facilitate body regeneration. With the growing demand for innovative solutions, synthetic and hybrid polymer materials, such as polyethersulfone, are gaining traction. This article offers a concise characterization of polyethersulfone followed by an exploration of its diverse applications in medical and biotechnological realms. It concludes by summarizing the significant roles of polyethersulfone in advancing both medicine and biotechnology, as outlined in the accompanying table. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high‐temperature industrial waste oil treatment has put forward new requirements for membrane materials. Poly (tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) is regarded as the excellent membrane material for membrane process, due to its excellent properties. Herein, the reinforced PTFE hollow fiber membrane (PTFE‐HFM) was prepared by the combination of wrapping and heat setting technology. The objection of this study was focusing on the outstanding chemical and thermal resistance of PTEF‐HFM for overcoming harsh waste oil treatment. PTFE‐HFM exhibited better chemical resistance in the experiment of acid and alkali compared to PVDF‐HFM, which the surface of PVDF‐HFM corroded obviously and none of PTFE‐HFM. The pore size and porosity were precisely adjusted by heat setting technology. Firstly, the morphologies of PTFE‐HFM was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, which exhibited favorable interfacial bonding state between PTFE separation layer and supporting layer. Subsequently, the prepared membranes exhibited high‐temperature waste oil permeability of 195 L m−2 h−1 bar−1with only 3% attenuation in long‐term operation. Besides, the rejection of lubricants contained activated carbon also reached to 99%. Overall, the facile preparation and excellent performance of robust reinforced PTFE‐HFM highlights its great potential in treating high‐temperature waste oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 electroreduction (CO2RR) to high‐value chemicals by renewable energy is a promising route for achieving carbon cycling. Traditional two‐dimensional planar electrodes applied in CO2RR are faced with problems of high mass transfer resistance, carbonate precipitation, flooding, and complicated structures, seriously limiting their CO2RR efficiency and application. Three‐dimensional hollow fiber gas diffusion electrodes (HFGDEs) are promising candidates due to their rich specific surface area, low mass transfer resistance, simplified component, and no flooding trouble, which are beneficial for achieving high current density as well as high CO2RR efficiency. In this review, we provide inspirations and positive paradigms for the rational design of HFGDE toward CO2RR by following part: 1. The mechanism of CO2RR. 2. The classification of the typical metal‐based CO2RR catalysts. 3. The preparation process of HFGDEs. 4. Recent advanced HFGDE studies for CO2RR. 5. Challenges at this stage and future development of HFGDEs towards accelerating application of industrial CO2 reduction electrolyzers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined essential factors in the use of hollow fiber membranes that affect CO2 removal efficiency. In the simulation, a finite element model for a membrane with ten fibers was used. Each fiber is 175 mm long with inner radius of 0.75 mm and outer radius of 1.5 mm. Liquid and gas flow rates were set at 100–800 mL min−1, and adsorbent concentration was adjusted in the range of 200–1500 mol m−3 for monoethanolamine, piperazine (PZ), and ethylenediamine absorbents. Increasing the liquid flow rate, gas flow rate, and absorbent concentration leads to an increase, decrease, and increase in efficiency, respectively. Thus, using PZ as absorbent with a concentration of 1080 mol m−3 liquid and gas flow rates of 400 and 180 mL min−1, respectively, showed a CO2 removal efficiency of > 95 % for a membrane effective length of 0.3 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical loads on the polymeric fibers of oxygenating bundles are commonly present due to bundle press-fitting during device assembly and blood pressure load. However, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for fiber bundle optimization neglect possible changes in microstructure due to such deformations. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of fiber deformability on bundle microstructure and fluid dynamics mainly in terms of permeability. Fibers from commercial mats typically used for blood oxygenators were mechanically tested and based on these experimental data, a material model was developed to simulate the structural deformations the fibers undergo under press-fitting and blood pressure loads. Then, CFD simulations were performed on deformed bundle repetitive units to investigate permeability under varying loading conditions. The effects of different bundle geometric parameters on the variation of bundle permeability due to press-fitting were evaluated. Bundle press-fitting results in significant changes in microstructure that are reflected in a bundle permeability more than halved for a 15% press-fitting. This impact on permeability is present in all the simulated fiber bundles and becomes more pronounced as the pitch between fibers and thus bundle porosity decreases. Instead, the analyses on pressurized bundle show only small deformations caused by pressure load, with permeability changes below 1%. While blood pressure effects could be neglected, bundle press-fitting turns out to have a significant impact on bundle microstructure and permeability. Neglecting such microstructure variations during CFD simulations could also lead to incorrect assessment of the local fluid dynamics within the bundle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hollow fiber membrane is incorporated into an extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO), and the function of the membrane determines the ECMO's functions, such as gas transfer rate, biocompatibility, and durability. In Japan, the membrane oxygenator to assist circulation and ventilation is approved for ECMO support. However, in all cases, the maximum use period has been only 6 h, and so-called 'off-label use' is common for ECMO support of severely ill COVID-19 patients. Under these circumstances, the HLS SET Advanced (Getinge Group Japan K.K.) was approved in 2020 for the first time in Japan as a membrane oxygenator with a two-week period of use. Following this membrane oxygenator, it is necessary to establish a domestic ECMO system that is approved for long-term use and suitable for supporting patients. Looking back on the evolution of ECMO so far, Japanese researchers and manufacturers have also contributed to the developments of ECMO globally. Currently, excellent membrane oxygenators and systems have been marketed by Japanese manufacturers and some of them are globally acclaimed, but in fact, most of the ECMO membranes are not made in Japan. Fortunately, Japan has led the world in the fields of membrane separation technology and hollow fiber membrane production. In the wake of this pandemic, from the perspective of medical and economic security, the practical use of purely domestic hollow fiber membranes and membrane oxygenators for long-term ECMO is imperative in anticipation of the next pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the aim was to purify CH4, an efficient and renewable clean energy source, which often contains CO2 that needs to be removed to improve its combustion efficiency. To achieve this, hybrid hollow fiber membranes were developed using BTDA‐TDI/MDI (P84) and polyethersulfone (PES) through a dry jet‐wet spinning process. The effects of different parameters, including core liquid composition, solidification bath composition and temperature, spinneret temperature, and air gap distance, were studied to optimize membrane structure, morphology, and CO2/CH4 separation performance. The P84/PES hollow fiber membrane obtained through this process demonstrated good CO2/CH4 separation performance, with CO2 permeation of 2.12 GPU and a selectivity of 51.23. To further improve the membrane's performance, a coating of poly(ether block‐amide) (PEBA) was applied to the P84/PES hollow fiber membrane. This modification resulted in a P84/PES‐PEBA hollow fiber membrane with increased CO2 affinity due to the polar poly(ethylene oxide) groups of PEBA. The P84/PES‐PEBA hollow fiber membrane exhibited high selectivity of 56.5 and CO2 permeance of 1.42 GPU at 25°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uncertainty analysis of moisture measurements in the hollow fiber membrane was conducted in this study to ensure the reliability of a design for membrane humidifiers. As moisture is pivotal for proton exchange membrane fuel cell durability and performance, it is necessary to humidify the reactant gases. In vehicular fuel cells, membrane humidifiers have been implemented to regulate the water content levels of cathode air, thereby avoiding fuel cell operation limitations, particularly in high-temperature environments. Minimized error in measurements of water exchange is required to improve the effectiveness of shelltube membrane humidifier design. The uncertainty analysis was conducted through parametric experiments under isothermal conditions with varying conditional parameters, including temperature, pressure, and inlet relative humidity. The transport metric is represented by the vapor transfer rate from wet to dry air through the membrane, which is affected by the sensitivity of the corresponding operating parameters and sensor reliability. Therefore, the error of each conditional (input) parameter and the overall error of the measured result (water transfer rate) were determined to evaluate the quality of measurements. From the analysis, the most sensitive factor was discovered to be the inlet relative humidity, with error increasing as temperature increased. The uncertainty of water transport measurements was highest at 90℃, amounting to 3.97%. Consequently, it can be concluded that the measurement of water transport in the membrane humidifier meets good reliability for further design and investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vast rural drinking water sources along the Yellow River basin in Henan Province mainly come from the local high-salinity groundwater, which cannot be directly drunk. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-71/polyvinylidene fluoride hollow fiber composite membrane was applied to treat rural groundwater through membrane distillation technology. The variations of water quality parameters from 12 different rural regions after membrane distillation treatment were well analyzed and compared. Membrane separation performance for water samples from different regions during the membrane distillation process was investigated, including water flux and salt rejection. During a continuous 24-h membrane distillation process for the treatment of these water samples, hollow fiber membrane exhibits high solute retention rates (>99%) for salt ions, suspended solids and total dissolved solids, which are within the limits of national standards (GB 5749-2006), meanwhile membrane permeation water flux can remain stable. After the acid-cleaning for 180 min, all hollow fiber membranes can recover water flux well with a flux recovery rate above 98%. Even if the concentration ratio continued to increase, the water production rate of membrane distillation was basically maintained between 50% and 60%, which was obviously higher than the 30% of the reverse osmosis process. The economic analysis confirmed that the water production cost varied between US$0.45 and US$0.29/m3. With the extension of membrane service life, the specific membrane cost decreased rapidly in the first 6 years and then leveled off. The proposed vacuum membrane distillation process proved to be a promising water purification method for treating rural high-salinity groundwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractA novel and effective adsorbent based on magnetic polymeric ionic liquid nanocomposite-coated hollow fiber membrane (MPILNC-HFM) was developed and applied for magnetic solid phase extraction of Pb (II) and Cu (II) from environmental water and fruit juice samples with microinjection sampling-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (MIS-FAAS). During extraction process, the adsorbent coated on the surface of the hollow fiber can be removed from the solution using tweezers without using a magnet. Additionally, the need to use a centrifuge during adsorption and desorption steps is also eliminated, thereby increasing the speed, simplicity, and efficiency of the extraction process. The nanocomposite characterized through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) analyses to ensure its applicability. The experimental parameters were optimized by applying one-variable-at the-time (OVAT) approach. Under optimal conditions, limits of detection were achieved 16.5 µg L−1 for Pb (II) and 20.4 µg L−1 for Cu (II), respectively, with relative standard deviations up to 7.9% and relative recoveries in the range of 91.8%–02.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose acetate (CA) membrane is usually utilized in wastewater treatment and biomedical process due to its good biocompatibility and easy processing but low flux and poor anti-fouling. The hydrophilicity and anti-fouling property of membrane could be improved through the doping of functional nanoparticles. Herein, the robust homogeneous braid reinforced (HBR) CA hollow fiber membranes with GO-doping were fabricated by the continuous skin–core spinning method. The content of GO exhibited noticeable effects on the structure and property of HBR CA hollow fiber membranes. On the one hand, the neatly arranged finger-like pore structure and good permeability could be designed. On the other hand, the high protein rejection and anti-fouling property were obtained. For example, the pure water flux and BSA rejection were improved from 115.7 L m−2 h−1 to 201.4 L m−2 h−1, 97.2% to 99.5% respectively. The optimal GO content was 0.1 wt% according to the assessment of flux decline coefficient, flux recovery rate and BSA rejection. Moreover, the HBR structure provided favorable interface bonding strength and excellent mechanical strength, which was suitable for the high pressure backwash and aeration process in filtration system. In a word, the HBR CA hollow fiber membrane with good hydrophilicity and anti-fouling property showed potential applications for wastewater treatment and biomedical process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the modification of polyethersulfone (PES), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) hollow fiber membranes using a chitosan solution as the proton exchange membrane for microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Firstly, the performance of the modified PES membrane using 1, 2, and 3% of chitosan in 0.1 M acetic acid coating were inspected. Chitosan coating decreased the internal resistance and enhanced the electricity generation of the MFCs. The maximum power and current densities of 755.202 mW/m2, and 5525.42 mA/m2 were achieved for 3% chitosan-coated PES (PES-3%chi) compared to 629.533 mW/m2 and 3237.79 mA/m2 for pristine PES membrane. Thereafter, application of a 3% chitosan coating over the PAN and PVDF membranes exhibited excessive improvement in the bioelectricity generation and wastewater treatment efficiency of the MFCs. The PAN-3%chi achieved the uppermost power and current densities of 765.147 mW/m2 and 8297.46 mA/m2, which were 1.7 and 2.6 higher than the PAN membrane (450.675 mW/m2 and 3216.56 mA/m2). The electricity generation of the PVDF membrane was enhanced by 5.3 times (337.134 mW/m2 and 2720.16 mA/m2) after the addition of 3% chitosan, likely due to the improvement in hydrophilicity and proton conductivity. The COD removal efficiencies of 42.41, 40.55, and 36.11% were obtained by PAN-3%chi, PES-3%chi, and PVDF-3%chi membranes, respectively, which were 3.53, 4.01, and 5.53 times higher than the values obtained by their pristine unmodified samples.

Experiments of bubbly flows in a column with submerged hollow fiber membranes are carried out to discuss the relation between bubbly flow characteristics and fouling control. Two kinds of liquids, water and xanthan gum-water solution (XG-W), are used as the liquid phases. The relaxation rates of membranes are set at 0.0 or 0.5%. The number of small bubbles with ellipsoidal shapes in water are larger than that in XG-W, while large bubbles with spherical cap shapes are remarkably observed in XG-W in spite of the presence of membranes. The rate of large bubbles is enhanced in XG-W due to bubble coalescence. The gas holdup in water is higher than that in XG-W. The gas holdup becomes higher due to the presence of membranes and membrane relaxation in both water and XG-W. For discussion on fouling control due to bubbly flows, experiments are carried out to remove pseudo sludge attached to hollow fiber membranes. The relaxation of membranes enhances the removal rate of pseudo sludge. The mean removal rate, which is the mean value of the removal rate of each membrane, increases with increasing the gas holdup. This relation is well expressed by a linear regression in the present experimental range regardless of the liquid property and membrane relaxation, that is, the gas holdup has a prospect of an indicator for estimating fouling probability. • Bubbly flows in a column with submerged hollow fiber membranes are dealt with. • The viscous property of liquids and membrane relaxation affect bubbly flows. • The removal rates of pseudo sludge on membranes relate to the flow characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) model designed to simulate the microfiltration of 2D materials using hollow fiber membranes from their dispersion. Microfiltration has recently been proposed as a cost-effective strategy for 2D material production, involving a dispersion containing a permeating solute (graphene), a fouling material (non-exfoliated graphite), and the solvent. The objective of the model is to investigate the effects of fouling of flat layered structure material (graphite) on the transmembrane pressure (TMP) of the system and the filtration of the permeating solute. COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to numerically solve the coupled Navier–Stokes and mass conservation equations to simulate the flow and mass transfer in the two-dimensional domain. For the TMP calculations, we used the resistance-in-series approach to link the fouling of the foulants to the TMP behavior. The foulant particles were assumed to form a polarization layer and cake on the membrane surface, leading to the increment of the TMP of the system. We also assumed the wettability of the polymeric membrane's inner wall increases upon fouling due to the flat layered structure of the foulant, which results in the reduction in the TMP. This approach accurately reproduced the experimental TMP behavior with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.007 psi. Furthermore, the permeation of the permeating solute was computed by incorporating a fouling-dependent membrane partition coefficient for these particles. The effects of the concentration polarization and cake formation fouling stages on the membrane partition coefficient were encapsulated into our defined model parameters, denoted as α and β , respectively. This formulation of the partition coefficient yielded permeate concentration profiles, which are in excellent agreement with the experiments. For three feed concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.3 g/L, our model reproduced the experimental permeate concentration profiles with MAEs of 0.0002, 0.0003, and 0.0022 g/L, respectively. The flexibility of this model enables the users to utilize the size and concentration-dependent α and β parameters and optimize their experimental microfiltration setups effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wetland water is opted as the source of domestic water supply when the availability of clean fresh water is scarce. Wetland water requires proper treatment due to the high concentration of organic matter and high salinity, particularly in the dry season. This research aims to synthesize, characterize, and investigate the performance of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-TiO2 hollow fiber membrane for wetland saline water desalination via pervaporation. The PVDF-TiO2 hollow fiber membranes were fabricated through the dry wet spinning method under various air gaps (10, 15, and 20 cm). Then, the resulting membranes were tested in a pervaporation process at temperatures of 25, 40, and 60°C. Results show that the incorporation of TiO2 into the PVDF matrix imparted hydrophilicity properties into the resultant membranes. The presence of TiO2 was confirmed by the TiO2 stretching vibration at 1640 cm-1 (FTIR) and the TiO2 phase at diffraction peaks at 25.5 and 37°. The membranes exhibited the highest water flux (7.48 kg/m2.h) and salt rejection (> 99.5%) at 40°C. Overall, the developed PVDF-TiO2 hollow fiber membranes showed encouraging results and demonstrated their effectiveness for the desalination of wetland saline water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the modification of polyethersulfone (PES), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) hollow fiber membranes using a chitosan solution as the proton exchange membrane for microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Firstly, the performance of the modified PES membrane using 1, 2, and 3% of chitosan in 0.1 M acetic acid coating was inspected. Chitosan coating decreased the internal resistance and enhanced the electricity generation of the MFCs. The maximum power and current densities of 755.202 mW/m2, and 5525.42 mA/m2 were achieved for 3% chitosan-coated PES (PES-3%chi) compared to 629.533 mW/m2 and 3237.79 mA/m2 for pristine PES membrane. Thereafter, application of a 3% chitosan coating over the PAN and PVDF membranes exhibited excessive improvement in the bioelectricity generation and wastewater treatment efficiency of the MFCs. The PAN-3%chi achieved the uppermost power and current densities of 765.147 mW/m2 and 8297.46 mA/m2, which were 1.7 and 2.6 higher than the PAN membrane (450.675 mW/m2 and 3216.56 mA/m2). The electricity generation of the PVDF membrane was enhanced by 5.3 times (337.134 mW/m2 and 2720.16 mA/m2) after the addition of 3% chitosan, likely due to the improvement in hydrophilicity and proton conductivity. The COD removal efficiencies of 42.41, 40.55, and 36.11% were obtained by PAN-3%chi, PES-3%chi, and PVDF-3%chi membranes, respectively, which were 3.53, 4.01, and 5.53 times higher than the values obtained by their pristine unmodified samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane contactors using microporous membranes for acid gas removal have been extensively reviewed and discussed. The microporous membrane acts as a fixed interface between the gas and the liquid phase without dispersing one phase into another that offers a flexible modular and energy-efficient device. The gas absorption process can offer a high selectivity and a high driving force for transport even at low concentrations. Using hollow fiber, gas–liquid membrane contactors are a promising alternative to conventional gas absorption systems for acid gas capture from gas streams. Important aspects of membrane contactor as an efficient energy device for acid gas removal including liquid absorbents, membrane characteristics, combination of membrane and absorbent, mass transfer, membrane modules, model development, advantages and disadvantages were critically discussed. In addition, current status and future potential in research and development of gas–liquid membrane contactors for acid gas removal were also briefly discussed. The most essential factors of membrane contactors for CO2 absorption/stripping are also discussed, including the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the absorption materials in the membranes, as well as other models published in the literature. The benefits and drawbacks of gas–liquid contactor membranes in CO2 absorption/stripping are also investigated, and the technique is compared to existing separation methods. The technology's present condition and potential directions are explored, as well as some recommendations for further study in order to commercialize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyether sulfone hollow fiber membrane was prepared via nonsolvent‐induced phase separation process using dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as a solvent, Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP‐K30) and water as additives. The mechanism of air gap environment in the membrane structure formation was studied. The scanning electron microscope microstructure morphology revealed that the air gap environment induced the microstructure formation of membranes. The low humidity air gap environment was not conducive to the surface pore formation and hard to obtain surface pores until lowering the dope solution temperature. The high humidity can easily induce the formation of large out surface pore structure along with the decreases of the surface pore uniformity. As air gap humidity and distance increased, the membrane cross section structure near the outer surface tends to be looser and that near the inner surface became denser, while the proportion of finger‐like pores in the cross section initially increased and stabilized. At 100 RH, the average outer surface pore size increased from 0.192 μm at an air gap distance of 20 cm to 0.351 μm at 50 cm, the corresponding pore density decreased from 2.66 to 1.13 pores/μm2, and the percentage of the inner skin layer thickness increased from 3.26% to 7.69%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work elaborates studies on samarium (Sm) extraction and transport behavior from aqueous stream by employing hollow fiber membrane. Percentage extraction and percentage transport of Sm(III) have been investigated under wide range of experimental parameters such as type of organic extractant, concentration of organic extractant, aqueous phase acidity, flow rate in the module, strip phase acidity and metal ion concentration. Taguchi method utilizing L-18 orthogonal array has been adopted to identify the most influential process parameters responsible for higher degree of extraction and transport of Sm(III) from nitric acid feed medium. A total of 18 experimental runs (each repeated thrice) were carried out under the combination derived from Taguchi array. In Taguchi analysis, the extraction of Sm(III) ions was directed into a precise signal-to-noise ratio for a "high is better" response. Analysis of variance indicated that the selection of organic extractant is the most influential factor controlling extraction and transport, followed by aqueous phase acidity. The experiment performed under the optimum conditions as predicted by Taguchi method resulted in 99.9% extraction of Sm(III) from the feed solution and 98.8% transport of Sm(III) across the membrane with minimum standard deviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La 0.6 Ca 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3-δ (LCCF) ceramic powder prepared by sol-gel method was used to fabricate LCCF hollow fiber (HF) membranes via a combined phase inversion-sintering technique. Three types of LCCF HF membranes were developed by changing the composition of the internal coagulation bath containing H 2 O, EtOH or the mixture of NMP + EtOH. The best one was achieved via the mixture (0.7NMP + 0.3EtOH by weight). At 1000 °C, the oxygen flux reached 6.16 mL min−1 cm−2 under inert sweep gas; however, it reached 8.83 mL min−1 cm−2 when reactive CH 4 was used as the sweep gas, mirroring the high capability of oxygen transport through the membrane. The good stability of the developed LCCF membrane was confirmed by a series of long-term operation tests up to 300 h with sweep gas containing CO 2. The findings of this work can advance the applications of LCCF membranes to reactors where CO 2 atmosphere cannot be avoided. • LCCF oxygen permeable hollow fiber membranes were developed via a phase-inversion and sintering technology. • O 2 flux of LCCF-0.7NMP membrane was significantly improved compared to that of the LCCF-EtOH or LCCF-H 2 O membrane. • LCCF membrane exhibited excellent and stable O 2 permeation performance in CO 2 atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The hollow fiber composite (HFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membrane with a special self-supporting structure has attracted a great deal of attention in the fields of separation and purification. However, low permeability is an urgent problem restricting its wide application. A porous polysulfone (PSF) hollow fiber support membrane was fabricated through the dry–wet spinning technique and hydrophilic α -cellulose © powder was incorporated in the PSF membrane matrix to improve the membrane's water permeability. The HFC RO membrane was prepared via the interfacial polymerization process on the inner surface of the C/PSF support membrane. The membrane morphology and surface hydrophilicity were evaluated through scanning electron microscopy observation and dynamic water contact angle (WCA) measurement. The effects of α -cellulose incorporation on the separation performance of PSF hollow fiber membranes and HFC RO membranes were investigated. The results showed that the surface hydrophilicity and water permeability of the PSF membrane were significantly improved after the introduction of α -cellulose. The WCA of the modified PSF support membrane decreased from 84.6° for the neat PSF membrane to 70.25°, and the pure water flux can reach a maximum value of 102.1 L/(m2 · h) (0.1 Mpa), which was 1.3 times that of the pristine membrane. The HFC RO membrane using the hydrophilic modified PSF membrane as the substrate exhibited an enhanced water flux of 15.6 L/(m2 · h) and, meanwhile, the membrane salt rejection remained above 97.6% (1.0 wt% NaCl aqueous solution, 0.7 Mpa). The HFC RO membrane showed extremely high rejection rates (99%) for different dyes (congo red and methylene blue). No obvious performance deterioration was observed for the HFC RO membrane during continuous vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) experiments for 60 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water contamination is a major problem nowadays which can not only be solved through technological innovations but also requires educational innovation. The contamination of water is caused by discharging harmful pollutants into the water. These harmful contaminants cause different diseases. The significance of water filtration has grown in recent years. The quality of water is affected majorly by residual waste, bacteria, and so on. Based upon these issues, the Six Sigma methodology is used in this research for the design of a portable filtration system. This methodology is based on five steps that align with the computational competencies involving abstraction, decomposition of problem, and algorithmic thinking. Initially, a questionnaire approach is used to identify the need for a portable water filter for potential users. The Quality Function Development (QFD) matrix is used to measure the user’s needs. Based on the user’s information, a decision matrix tool is being used in the Analyze stage. After this theoretical concept is generated, and selection is made among various options. The complete drawing was made in the design stage after several stages of concept generation and selection. Then a prototype is developed to conduct proof of concept testing. The hollow fiber membrane (HFM) that is being used is manufactured usually by melt spinning, dry spinning, and wet spinning. But usually, a wet spinning method is predominantly used for manufacturing hollow fiber membranes. Polymer liquid like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is used for the manufacturing of membranes with other liquids in different ratios. The size of pores varies from 0.01 to 0.1 microns. The flux rate usually depends upon the volume, length, and size of the cartridge. Backwashing at regular intervals is done for the presentation of fooling due to the accumulation of solutes. This filtration system is also proficient in rejecting bacteria that are being found in water and soil. This is done by a coliform test that is being performed for bacteria. The porosity of the membrane is also affected by the concertation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as the concentration of polyethylene glycol increases the porosity of the membrane decreases. A Chemical Oxygen Demand test is also performed to check the presence of organic matter in water. After filtration, no organic matter was manifested in the water. Design for Six Sigma in a portable filtration system that uses membrane for filtration is a good start in looking for a new alternative concept. The implication of this research presents a multifaceted solution to water contamination issues, offering educational outreach programs, STEM education integration, community engagement, and innovative competitions as integral components for fostering awareness, sustainable practices, and creative solutions in the pursuit of clean water.

The membrane gas separation process has gained significant attention using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique. This study considered the CFD method to find gas concentration profiles in a hollow fiber membrane (HFM) module to separate the binary gas mixture. The membrane was considered with a fiber thickness where each component’s mass fluxes could be obtained based on the local partial pressures, solubility, diffusion, and the membrane’s selectivity. COMSOL Multiphysics was used to solve the numerical solution at corresponding operating conditions and results were compared to experimental data. The two different mixtures, CO2/CH4 and N2/O2, were investigated to obtain concentration gradient and mass flux profiles of CO2 and O2 species in an axial direction. This study allows assessing the feed pressure’s impact on the HFM system’s overall performance. These results demonstrate that the increment in feed pressures decreased the membrane system’s separation performance. The impact of hollow fiber length indicates that increasing the active fiber length has a higher effective mass transfer region but dilutes the permeate-side purities of O2 (46% to 28%) and CO2 (93% to 73%). The results show that increasing inlet pressure and a higher concentration gradient resulted in higher flux through the membrane.

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) deteriorates due to fouling on the membrane pores, which can reduce the membrane performance. To reduce membrane fouling, the addition of inorganic filler can enhance the antifouling properties. This study investigates two different membrane preparation by thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) and dip coating methods to modify hollow fiber membrane with Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)-Zeolites used in MBR for industrial wastewater treatment. Performance was evaluated by analyzing the flux of water and wastewater, rejection, water content, and antifouling properties. Characterization result represented the synthesized silver nanoparticles had similar diffraction peak with commercial AgNPs, then the micrograph of AgNPs and zeolites addition membrane showed that the inorganic material had an octahedral shape representing zeolite crystal and irregular shape representing AgNPs. The addition of zeolites and AgNPs resulted in satisfying performance, increased flux, rejection, and antifouling properties.

It is a vital technical challenge to extract lithium from salt-lake brine which has very high Mg2+ / Li+ mass ratio via green and low-cost methods, as these two cations have quite similar ionic hydration radius. Positively charged nanofiltration membranes can separate Li+ and Mg2+ through Donnan exclusion. In this work, a kind of hollow fiber nanofiltration membrane with positively charged skin layer was successfully fabricated via interfacial polymerization followed by a surface modification with branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI). The resultant membrane has a large number of amine groups, and thus shows positively charged surface with high rejection for divalent cation ions via Donnan exclusion. This gives it very high selectivity for the separation of Li+ ions from salt-lake brine. Under optimized conditions, it achieves a water permeance of up to 126.2 L m-2 h-1 MPa−1 at a transmembrane pressure difference of 4 bar, and a MgCl2 rejection of 94.6% with 2000 mg L-1 aqueous MgCl2 solution as feed. Meanwhile, it achieves a Mg2+ / Li+ selectivity of nearly 24 for MgCl2 and LiCl salt mixture solution with an overall concentration of 2000 mg L-1 and a Mg2+ / Li+ mass ratio of 150 : 1 as feed, which is high as compared with most of the literature, demonstrating its potential in the practical application of Mg2+ and Li+ separation.

The construction of high‐performance MOF‐based hollow fiber composite membrane (HFCM) modules is a significant, yet challenging task for the biofuel production industry. In this study, a novel approach was taken to fabricate PDMS@ZIF‐8/PVDF HFCMs in modules through a facile ZIF‐8 self‐crystallization synthesis followed by pressure‐assisted PDMS infusion for pervaporation ethanol‐water separation. The as‐prepared HFCMs exhibited an ultrathin separation layer (thickness, 370 ± 35 nm), which was achieved through precise regulation of the ZIF‐8 membrane and defect repair by PDMS infusion. Moreover, the strategy utilized in this study resolved the defect issues arising from MOF agglomeration in conventional composite membranes. Impressively, at the optimal packing density, the prepared membrane demonstrated a remarkable ethanol flux (1.11 kg m−2 h−1) with an PSI value (26.59 kg m−2 h−1) and showed promising long‐term stability for the pervaporation of 5 wt% ethanol aqueous solution at 40°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen has received widespread attention because as its diverse delivery methods and no GHG emissions. The use of membrane separation can effectively replace the costly low-temperature distillation and pressure swing adsorption technology to achieve the purpose of low-cost hydrogen enrichment. As a promising hydrogen separation material, perovskite-type proton conductor hydrogen permeable membrane has been practically applied in hydrogen separation and purification process. In this paper, the principle of hydrogen permeability of perovskite-type proton conductor hydrogen permeable membrane is expounded, and its preparation method and application are summarized, and the development trend of the material is discussed. [Display omitted] • Perovskite oxides are the prominent materials for hydrogen transport. • Hydrogen conduction mechanism of perovskite oxides was discussed. • Preparation methods of perovskite oxide permeable materials were summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a prominent groundwater pollutant due to its stability, widespread contamination, and negative health effects upon human exposure; thus, an immense need exists for enhanced environmental remediation techniques. Temperature-responsive domains and catalyst incorporation in membrane domains bring significant advantages for toxic organic decontamination. In this study, hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) were functionalized with stimuli-responsive poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAm), poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA), and catalytic zero-valent iron/palladium (Fe/Pd) for heightened reductive degradation of such pollutants, utilizing methyl orange (MO) as a model compound. By utilizing PNIPAm's transition from hydrophilic to hydrophobic expression above the LCST of 32 °C, increased pollutant diffusion and adsorption to the catalyst active sites were achieved. PNIPAm-PMMA hydrogels exhibited 11.5× and 10.8× higher equilibrium adsorption values for MO and TCE, respectively, when transitioning from 23 °C to 40 °C. With dip-coated PNIPAm-PMMA-functionalized HFMs (weight gain: ~15%) containing Fe/Pd nanoparticles (dp~34.8 nm), surface area-normalized rate constants for batch degradation were determined, resulting in a 30% and 420% increase in degradation efficiency above 32 °C for MO and TCE, respectively, due to enhanced sorption on the hydrophobic PNIPAm domain. Overall, with functionalized membranes containing superior surface area-to-volume ratios and enhanced sorption sites, efficient treatment of high-volume contaminated water can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phosphorylcholine polymer (poly(MPC–co–BMA–co–TSMA), PMBT) was prepared by free radical polymerization and coated on the surface of the polymethylpentene hollow fiber membrane (PMP–HFM). ATR–FTIR and SEM analyses showed that the PMBT polymer containing phosphorylcholine groups was uniformly coated on the surface of the PMP–HFM. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the PMBT had the best stability when the molar percentage of MPC monomer in the polymer was 35%. The swelling test and static contact angle test indicated that the coating had excellent hydrophilic properties. The fluorescence test results showed that the coating could resist dissolution with 90% (v/v%) ethanol solution and 1% (w/v%) SDS solution. The PMBT coating was shown to be able to decrease platelet adherence to the surface of the hollow fiber membrane, and lower the risk of blood clotting; it had good blood compatibility in tests of whole blood contact and platelet adhesion. These results show that the PMBT polymer may be coated on the surface of the PMP–HFM, and is helpful for improving the blood compatibility of membrane oxygenation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to further improvement of LSCF hollow fiber membrane properties in oxygen purification applications, this work studied the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with a different molecular weights of 2000, 3400 and 6000 Da as a pore former. A well-prepared hollow fiber membrane was successfully fabricated via extrusion followed by a sintering method. The results showed that the addition of PEG increased the viscosity of the dope suspension and formed a constant asymmetric pore configuration of the membrane after sintering at 1250 °C. The increasing molecular weight of PEG also leads to a decrease in the mechanical strength of the membranes, indicating that finger-like pores were sacrificed by forming irregular pores. The gas tightness was also examined under room temperature which showed that membrane with PEG 3400 achieved the best tightness with the nitrogen permeability of 3.55 × 10−5 mol·m−2·s−1·Pa−1. The oxygen permeation of the membranes was also influenced by the addition of PEG, where the highest oxygen permeation flux of 6.07 × 10−8 mol·cm−2·s−1 was obtained using a hollow fiber membrane with PEG 3400 due to the existence of the lowest dense layer thickness.

Using reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) as cofactor, CO 2 can be reduced into methanol catalyzed by formate dehydrogenase (FDH), formaldehyde dehydrogenase (F ald DH) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). However, poor stability of soluble enzymes and the stoichiometric consumption of NADH are major restrictions. Herein, the three enzymes were co-immobilized on a hollow fiber membrane (HFM) module, which was then integrated with a photocatalytic NADH regeneration system to constitute a photo−enzyme coupled system (PECS) for the synthesis of methanol. First, the multi-enzyme immobilization process was optimized and the enzyme-bearing membrane was characterized. Then, the influencing factors of PECS were investigated. The results show that using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N -hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) as the activators, a total immobilization efficiency of 64.5% could be obtained, which was superior to sequential immobilization. Under the optimum immobilization conditions, the specific activity reached 0.397 mmol g−1 h−1. For the PECS, NADH concentration, pH value and manipulation parameters had great impacts on the synthesis of methanol. With 10 mmol L−1 NAD+ and H 2 O as electron donor, the methanol yield after 5 h could reach 38.6%, 3.81 times that of enzyme-catalyzed system, proving the PECS was feasible for a continuous synthesis of methanol. [Display omitted] • Three dehydrogenases were co-immobilized on hollow fiber membranes (HFMs). • CO 2 was converted to methanol by the photo-enzyme coupled system (PECS). • H 2 O was used as the electron donor that renders the process green and sustainable. • Methanol yield after 5 h reached 38.6% in PECS, 3.81 folds that of enzyme system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The membrane gas separation process has gained significant attention using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique. This study considered the CFD method to find gas concentration profiles in a hollow fiber membrane (HFM) module to separate the binary gas mixture. The membrane was considered with a fiber thickness where each component's mass fluxes could be obtained based on the local partial pressures, solubility, diffusion, and the membrane's selectivity. COMSOL Multiphysics was used to solve the numerical solution at corresponding operating conditions and results were compared to experimental data. The two different mixtures, CO2/CH4 and N2/O2, were investigated to obtain concentration gradient and mass flux profiles of CO2 and O2 species in an axial direction. This study allows assessing the feed pressure's impact on the HFM system's overall performance. These results demonstrate that the increment in feed pressures decreased the membrane system's separation performance. The impact of hollow fiber length indicates that increasing the active fiber length has a higher effective mass transfer region but dilutes the permeate-side purities of O2 (46% to 28%) and CO2 (93% to 73%). The results show that increasing inlet pressure and a higher concentration gradient resulted in higher flux through the membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy need is predicted to increase by 47% in the next 30 years. Global warming resulting from the continuously increasing atmospheric Carbon dioxide concentration is becoming a serious and pressing issue that needs to be controlled. Carbon dioxide capture and storage/use (CCS/CCU) provide a promising route to mitigate the environmental consequences of Carbon dioxide emission from fossil fuel combustion. In recent years, hollow fiber membrane contactors are regarded as an advanced technique with several competitive advantages over conventional technologies such as easy scale-up, independent control of flow rates, more operational flexibility, absence of flooding and foaming as well as high interfacial area per unit volume. However, many factors such as the membrane material selection, proper choice of solvent, and membrane module design are critical to success. In this regard, this paper aims at covering all areas related to hollow fiber membranes, including membrane material, membrane modification, membrane surface modification, shape, solvent characterization, operating parameters and costs, hybrid process, hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the absorption materials in the membranes, Advantages and Disadvantages of Membrane Contact Technology, membrane lifetime, and energy consumption as well as commercially available systems. Current progress, future potential, and development of pilot-scale applications and thermal fluid of this strategy are also assessed carefully. Furthermore, pore wetting as the main technical challenge in membrane contactor industrial implementation for post- and pre-combustion Carbon dioxide capture processes is investigated in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), one of the disinfection by‐products in water, has showed critical harm to human health since it can cause cancer, teratogen and mutagen. Herein, a quaternized hollow fiber membrane was fabricated by ring‐open reaction via a facile one‐step immersion method, which could fast adsorb DCAA by flow‐through adsorption. The obtained membrane with a sponge pore structure, which was quaternized at 60°C in an alkaline solution, exhibited excellent adsorption performance with removal percentage of 100%, life span up to 100 L and treating capacity of 24.8 mg m−2. Meanwhile, the optimal membrane exhibited the exceptional performance in a neutral test solution compared with acid or alkaline test solution. It was concluded that electrostatic attraction between positively charged quaternary ammonium groups and negatively charged DCAA was responsible for the adsorption mechanism. Additionally, fitting results indicated that the adsorption of DCAA onto the membrane was mainly dominated by homogeneous monolayer adsorption. This work developed a facile approach to prepare a novel quaternized membrane with outstanding adsorption performance, which demonstrated huge potentials in the molecular separation and water purification fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The use of PEG with different molecular weight as an additive to improve the LSCF membrane performance. • The addition of PEG at different molecular weight plays important role in tailoring the membrane pore structure. • PEG with molecular weight of 3400 give the best oxygen permeation in the LSCF membrane. In an effort to further improvement of LSCF hollow fiber membrane properties in oxygen purification applications, this work studied the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with a different molecular weights of 2000, 3400 and 6000 Da as a pore former. A well-prepared hollow fiber membrane was successfully fabricated via extrusion followed by a sintering method. The results showed that the addition of PEG increased the viscosity of the dope suspension and formed a constant asymmetric pore configuration of the membrane after sintering at 1250 °C. The increasing molecular weight of PEG also leads to a decrease in the mechanical strength of the membranes, indicating that finger-like pores were sacrificed by forming irregular pores. The gas tightness was also examined under room temperature which showed that membrane with PEG 3400 achieved the best tightness with the nitrogen permeability of 3.55 × 10−5 mol·m−2·s−1·Pa−1. The oxygen permeation of the membranes was also influenced by the addition of PEG, where the highest oxygen permeation flux of 6.07 × 10−8 mol·cm−2·s−1 was obtained using a hollow fiber membrane with PEG 3400 due to the existence of the lowest dense layer thickness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate polysulfone (PSF) mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) properties containing zirconium‐based and titanium‐based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). for hemodialysis application. The nanoparticles were synthesized, and the membranes were produced by the phase inversion method. Membrane characterization conducted by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), field emission Scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM), energy‐dispersive x‐ray analysis (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x‐ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed the presence of MOF nanoparticles. Also, the evaluation of the specific surface area of nanoparticles was done by BET. The water contact angle reduced from 64.4° to 51.2°, indicating the hydrophilicity improvement, enhancing the pure water flux from 46.8 L/m2h for the pristine membrane to 76.7 L/m2h for the pristine membrane M4. The total fouling resistance decreased from 30% to 21%, and the bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption of modified membranes was lower than that of the pristine membrane. Urea and creatinine were cleared significantly for modified ones, up to 82.6% and 72.1%, respectively, and all membranes showed BSA retention of more than 93%. A comparison between MMMs that contained UIO‐66‐NH2 and MIL‐125‐NH2 showed that the former had a better effect on the performance. M4 had better results, indicating high water flux, the lowest fouling resistance, high porosity, lower BSA adsorption, proper clearance for urea and creatinine, and 94.2% BSA retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]