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Background: Inflammatory bowel disease requires long-term treatment; therefore, understanding patient preferences is important in aiding informed treatment decision making. This study explored patients' preferences for treatment attributes of available inflammatory bowel disease therapies., Methods: Adult patients from 7 European countries who self-reported previous/current treatment for Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) participated in an online survey via the Carenity platform. In a discrete choice experiment, the relative importance of treatment attributes for CD and UC was estimated using conditional logit models. Latent class analysis was conducted to estimate heterogeneous treatment preferences based on patient profiles. Patients' perspectives and preferences regarding their quality of life were assessed., Results: Across 686 completed survey responses (CD, n = 360; UC, n = 326), the mean patient age was 48 and 50 years, respectively. Patients with CD ranked route of administration as the most important attribute (attribute importance: 32%), preferring subcutaneous over intravenous treatment (P < .001). Patients with UC ranked route of administration and frequency of serious adverse events as the most important attributes (attribute importance: 31% and 23%, respectively), preferring oral (P < .001) and subcutaneous (P < .001) over intravenous treatment and treatment that minimized the risk of serious adverse events (P < .001) or mild adverse events (P < .01). Latent class analyses confirmed the impact of patients' sociodemographic profile on their preferences. All patients prioritized general well-being, energy level, and daily activities as the most important aspects for improvement through treatment., Conclusions: Patient preferences for treatment attributes varied among patients with CD or UC, highlighting the importance of personalized care and shared decision making to maximize treatment benefits., (© 2024 Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation.)

Background and Aims: Treating beyond endoscopic remission, aiming for histological remission, is an emerging target in ulcerative colitis [UC]. Patient-reported outcome measurements [PROMs] become increasingly important, but their association with histology is unclear., Methods: Multiple PROMs were prospectively collected in UC patients undergoing colonoscopy. Mayo endoscopic sub-score [MES] and ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity [UCEIS] were determined, as well as the Nancy histological index [NHI] of the most affected area. Endoscopic remission was defined as MES and UCEIS 0, histological remission as NHI 0, and histo-endoscopic mucosal remission [HEMR] as a combination of both., Results: A total of 109 assessments were collected in 80 patients with endoscopic and HEMR remission rates of 24.8% and 16.5%, respectively. Patients with HEMR had a significantly lower overall inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] disability [p <0.001] and disease activity score [p <0.001] as compared with patients without. In line, NHI correlated with the overall IBD-disk [r = 0.36, p <0.001] and simple clinical colitis activity index [SCCAI] score [r = 0.44, p <0.001]. Many individual components of both differed significantly between patients with and without HEMR. Although the overall accuracy of the IBD-disk [0.78] or SCCAI score [0.83] for HEMR is lower [p <0.005] than the MES or UCEIS [0.95], a cumulative IBD-disk score >35.5 and an SSCAI score >3.5 have a high negative predictive value [98.6% and 100.0%, respectively] to exclude HEMR., Conclusion: Histo-endoscopic inactive disease is associated with reduced IBD disability, but not with complete absence thereof. PROMs for disability and clinical disease activity cannot fully replace histo-endoscopic findings, and should be considered complementary in patient-centred endpoint discussions. Nevertheless, PROMs have a high negative predictive value to rule out HEMR., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background and Aims: Although subcutaneous formulations of infliximab CT-P13 and vedolizumab are registered for treating moderate-to-severe inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], many questions on their use remain unanswered. We set up a multi-stakeholder initiative resulting in a position statement., Methods: Based on publicly available data, statements on subcutaneous infliximab and vedolizumab were developed and reviewed by 45 Belgian IBD physicians in a three-round modified Delphi process. During a consensus meeting, input from 16 IBD patients, nine IBD nurses and two clinical pharmacologists was provided and statements were further discussed, modified and scored. Statements achieving agreement by at least 70% of the IBD physicians were accepted., Results: The Delphi process resulted in 79 agreed statements. In patients initiating intravenous therapy, IBD physicians would only consider switching to subcutaneous formulations in patients achieving both clinical and biological response [for Crohn's disease] or both clinical and endoscopic response [for ulcerative colitis]. For patients under maintenance therapy, switching to subcutaneous formulations was only considered in those achieving both clinical and endoscopic response while receiving standard dosing of infliximab or vedolizumab. While awaiting more scientific data, IBD physicians should consider weekly subcutaneous injections or switching back to an intravenous formulation in case of loss of response. Finally, switching to a subcutaneous formulation should always be a shared decision., Conclusions: All stakeholders welcomed subcutaneous infliximab and vedolizumab. However, more scientific data are needed to select the right patients and timing for switching to these newer formulations, and to explore the optimal strategy in case of loss of response., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: With point of care testing [POCT] for infliximab [IFX], ultraproactive therapeutic drug monitoring [TDM] with ad-hoc dose optimisation is possible in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]., Aim: To compare the clinical outcomes of an ultraproactive TDM algorithm of IFX based on POCT with reactive TDM in patients with IBD, in a pragmatic clinical trial., Methods: All patients with IBD and maintenance IFX treatment were included between June and August 2018 in two centres. Centre A applied an ultra-proactive TDM algorithm incorporating POCT, and centre B applied reactive TDM. Primary endpoint was failure of IFX therapy after 1 year. Secondary endpoints included sustained clinical remission and mucosal remission., Results: In total 187 patients [n = 115/72 cohort A/B] were included. Cohort A had more trough level [TL] measurements compared with cohort B [8.8 vs 1/patient/year; p <0.0001], leading to a significant higher number of dose optimisations. POCT testing was required in 27% after the first round of ultra-proactive TDM and in a mean of 6.3% (standard deviation [SD] 1.9) in the subsequent rounds. Ad-hoc extra dosing was needed in 13% of the POCT. After 1 year, no difference was seen between cohort A and cohort B in IFX failure [19% vs 10%; p = 0.08], nor in sustained clinical remission [75% vs 83%; p = 0.17]. Mucosal remission was evaluated in 71 patients [38%], and was more frequent in the reactive TDM cohort [p = 0.02]., Conclusions: Ultra-proactive TDM in patients with IBD and maintenance IFX treatment leads to equal clinical outcomes as reactive TDM after 1 year of follow-up., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Genome-wide association studies have identified several genes implicated in autophagy (ATG16L1, IRGM, ULK1, LRRK2, and MTMR3), intracellular bacterial sensing (NOD2), and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (XBP1 and ORMDL3) to be associated with Crohn disease (CD). We studied the known CD-associated variants in these genes in a large cohort of 3451 individuals (1744 CD patients, 793 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and 914 healthy controls). We also investigated the functional phenotype linked to these genetic variants. Association with CD was confirmed for NOD2, ATG16L1, IRGM, MTMR3, and ORMDL3. The risk for developing CD increased with an increasing number of risk alleles for these genes (P<0.001, OR 1.26 [1.20 to 1.32]). Three times as many (34.8%) CD patients carried a risk allele in all three pathways, in contrast to 13.3% of the controls (P<0.0001, OR = 3.46 [2.77 to 4.32]). For UC, no significant association for one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was found, but the risk for development of UC increased with an increasing total number of risk alleles (P = 0.001, OR = 1.10 [1.04 to 1.17]). We found a genetic interaction between reference SNP (rs)2241880 (ATG16L1) and rs10065172 (IRGM) in CD. Functional experiments hinted toward an association between an increased genetic risk and an augmented inflammatory status, highlighting the relevance of the genetic findings.