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Since 2005, Spray underwater gliders have been used to sample sections across the southern California Current System (CCS). Properties measured are depth-averaged velocity and profiles of temperature, salinity, Acoustic Doppler Profiler shear, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and 750-kHz acoustic backscatter. Although slow and carrying a relatively small sensor suite, gliders observed multiple 350-700-km sections that reveal details of known elements of the CCS circulation like the California Current and Undercurrent as well as a previously undescribed undercurrent 100-200 km offshore. The long time series with high spatial resolution disclose the close link between fronts in physical and biological variables, both the main pycnocline front and secondary weaker but sharp fronts farther offshore. These fronts appear to organize chlorophyll and acoustic backscatter fields, particularly during spring. Much of the patchiness of chlorophyll is associated with vertical displacements of fields that are much smoother within potential density surfaces. The horizontal structure of both chlorophyll and spice (the dynamically passive variable formed from temperature and salinity) appear to be formed by mesoscale stirring. © 2008, by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.

The bylaws of the State Bar of Georgia specify the duties of the president. One of the responsibilities is to "deliver a report at the Annual Meeting of the members of the activities of the State Bar during his or her term of office and furnish a copy of the report to the Supreme Court of Georgia."Following is the report from 2018-19 President Kenneth B. Hodges III on his year, delivered June 7 at the State Bar's Annual Meeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major constraint for successful ultradwarf bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy] putting green establishment is a reduced-light environment (RLE) because of the overall poor shade tolerance of bermudagrass. Currently, no research studies have determined the light requirement for warm-season putting green cultivar establishment. Research was conducted to determine a daily light integral (DLI) requirement for successful bermudagrass and zoysiagrass [Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.] putting green establishment. This field trial was initiated in June 2013 and repeated in 2014 at the Foil Plant Science Research Center in Starkville, MS. Four bermudagrass cultivars (Champion, TifEagle, MiniVerde, and MSB-285) and one zoysiagrass cultivar (Diamond) were established under full sunlight (control) and under 30, 55, and 80% full-day shade (reduction of total light) using a neutral density, polyfiber black shade cloth. Daily light integrals averaged across both years resulted in a DLI of 42.26, 31.92, 22.04, and 13.48 mol m-2 d-1for full sunlight and 30, 55, and 80% shade treatments, respectively. Based on the dose-response curves, the DLI requirements to reach a mean predicted cover of 70% for Champion, Diamond, MiniVerde, MSB-285, and TifEagle were 27.1, 42.3, 28.1, 38.2, and 30.1 m-2 d-1, respectively. Although Diamond is a shade-tolerant cultivar, its high light requirement noted in this study likely is due to previously reported slow establishment rates. The predicted DLIs generated from this research can assist a golf course superintendent's decision-making regarding altering the light environment in locations where these putting green cultivars will be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]