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The manufacturing factory layout planning process is commonly supported by the use of digital tools, enabling creation and testing of potential layouts before being realised in the real world. The process relies on engineers’ experience and inputs from several cross-disciplinary functions, meaning that it is subjective, iterative and prone to errors and delays. To address this issue, new tools and methods are needed to make the planning process more objective, efficient and able to consider multiple objectives simultaneously. This work suggests and demonstrates a simulation-based multi-objective optimisation approach that assists the generation and assessment of factory layout proposals, where objectives and constraints related to safety regulations, workers’ well-being and walking distance are considered simultaneously. The paper illustrates how layout planning for a logistics area can become a cross-disciplinary and transparent activity, while being automated to a higher degree, providing objective results to facilitate informed decision-making., CC BY 4.0CONTACT Andreas Lind andreas.lind@his.se Global Industrial Development, Scania CV AB, Södertälje, SwedenThe authors appreciatively thank the support of Scania CV AB, the research school Smart Industry Sweden (20200044) and the research project Virtual Factories with Knowledge-Driven Optimisation (2018-0011) funded by the Knowledge Foundation via the University of Skövde. With this support the research was made possible.The work was supported by the Stiftelsen för Kunskaps- och Kompetensutveckling [20200044]; Stiftelsen för Kunskaps- och Kompetensutveckling [2018-0011].

Engineers use modelling and simulation techniques to efficiently create, evaluate, and optimize design solutions.In an industrial production context, engineers often need to consider requirements related to both productivityand worker well-being in order to find successful design solutions. However, simulations related to productivityand worker well-being respectively, are typically carried out by different engineering roles, using different digitaltools. This lack of integrated work procedure could lead to inefficient development processes and suboptimaldesign solutions. Additionally, since performing multi-objective optimizations is likely to be seen as a complicated task by engineers in areas such as design engineering, production engineering, and ergonomics, requiringspecific knowledge and skills, such tasks are typically performed by engineers specialized on optimization. Thispaper presents the development and usability evaluation of a digital tool that supports engineers not specializedin optimization to define and perform simulation-based multi-objective optimizations of requirements related toboth productivity and worker well-being in an automated and simultaneous manner. The digital tool is the resultof research carried out over a period of four years, following an iterative development and assessment process bythe means of use cases, done in close collaboration with potential users of the digital tool, i.e. engineers at severalcompanies. The usability evaluation of the digital tool shows that potential users in the industry view the tool asa promising support for performing their engineering tasks in a more efficient and integrated manner., CC BY 4.0Corresponding author: Aitor Iriondo PascualUniversity of Skövde, School of Engineering Science, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden.E-mail address: aitor.iriondo.pascual@his.se

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS In the context of Industry 5.0, our study advances manufacturing factory layout planning by integrating multi-objective optimization with nature-inspired algorithms and a digital human modeling tool. This approach aims to overcome the limitations of traditional planning methods, which often rely on engineers’ expertise and inputs from various functions in a company, leading to slow processes and risk of human errors. By focusing the multi-objective optimization on three primary targets, our methodology promotes objective and efficient layout planning, simultaneously considering worker well-being and system performance efficiency. Illustrated through a pedal car assembly station layout case, we demonstrate how layout planning can transition into a transparent, cross-disciplinary, and automated activity. This methodology provides multi-objective decision support, showcasing a significant step forward in manufacturing factory layout design practices. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Rationale: Integrating multi-objective optimization in manufacturing layout planning addresses simultaneous considerations of productivity, worker well-being, and space efficiency, moving beyond traditional, expert-reliant methods that often overlook critical design aspects. Leveraging nature-inspired algorithms and a digital human modeling tool, this study advances a holistic, automated design process in line with Industry 5.0. Purpose: This research demonstrates an innovative approach to manufacturing layout optimization that simultaneously considers worker well-being and system performance. Utilizing the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) alongside a Digital Human Modeling (DHM) tool, the study proposes layouts that equally prioritize ergonomic factors, productivity, and area utilization. Methods: Through a pedal car assembly station case, the study illustrates the transition of layout planning into a transparent, cross, CC BY 4.0Taylor & Francis Group an informa businessCONTACT Andreas Lind andreas.lind@scania.com, alt. andreas.lind@his.se Scania CV AB, Södertälje, SwedenThe authors appreciatively thank the support of Scania CV AB, the research school Smart Industry Sweden (20200044) and the research project Virtual Factories with Knowledge-Driven Optimization (2018-0011) funded by the Knowledge Foundation via the University of Skövde. With this support the research was made possible.

Factory layouts are frequently planned and designed in virtual environments, based on the experience of the layout planner. This planning and design process depends on information from several cross-disciplinary activities performed by several functions and experts, e.g., product development, manufacturing process planning, resource descriptions, ergonomics, and safety. Additionally, the layout planner also needs to consider applicable rules and regulations. This experience-based and manual approach to plan and design factory layouts, considering a multitude of inputs and parameters, is a cumbersome iterative process with a high risk of human error and faulty inputs and updates. The general trend in industry is to automate and assist users with their tasks and activities, deriving from concepts such as Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0. This paper presents and demonstrates how digital support for rules and regulations can assist layout planners in factory layout work. The objective is to support the layout planner in accounting for area/volume reservations required to comply with rules and regulations for workers and equipment in the factory layout. This is a step in a wider initiative to provide enhanced digital support to layout planners, making the layout planning and design process more objective and efficient, and bridge gaps between cross-disciplinary planning and design activities., CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEEDCorresponding author: E-mail address: andreas.lind@scania.comThe authors appreciatively thank the support from Scania CV AB, the research school Smart Industry Sweden, and the VF-KDO (Virtual Factories with Knowledge-Driven Optimization) project funded by the Knowledge Foundation in Sweden; this support made the research possible.

The planning and design process of manufacturing factory layouts is commonly performed using digital tools, enabling engineers to define and test proposals in virtual environments before implementing them physically. However, this approach often relies on the experience of the engineers involved and input from various cross-disciplinary functions, leading to a time-consuming and subjective process with a high risk of human error. To address these challenges, new tools and methods are needed. The Industry 5.0 initiative aims to further automate and assist human tasks, reinforcing the human-centric perspective when making decisions that influence production environments and working conditions. This includes improving the layout planning process by making it more objective, efficient, and capable of considering multiple objectives simultaneously. This research presents a demonstrator solution for layout planning using digital support, incorporating a virtual multi-objective optimization approach to consider safety regulations, area boundaries, workers’ well-being, and walking distance. The demonstrator provides a cross-disciplinary and transparent approach to layout planning for an assembly station in the context of battery production. The demonstrator solution illustrates how layout planning can become a cross-disciplinary and transparent activity while being automated to a higher degree, providing results that support decision-making and balance cross-disciplinary requirements., CC BY 4.0Correspondence: andreas.lind@scania.comThis research was funded by Scania CB AB and the Knowledge Foundation via the University of Skövde, the research project Virtual Factories with Knowledge-Driven Optimization (2018-0011), and the industrial graduate school Smart Industry Sweden (20200044).

The factory layout is frequently planned in virtual environments, based on the experience of software tool users. This planning process is cumbersome and iterative to collect the necessary information, with a high risk of faulty inputs and updates. The digital twin concept has been introduced in order to speed up information sharing within a company; it relies on connectivity. However, the concept is often misunderstood as just a 3D model of a virtual object, not including connectivity. The aim of this paper is to present an extended virtual and physical engineering communication framework including four concepts: digital model, digital pre-runner, digital shadow, and digital twin. The four concepts are demonstrated and described in order to facilitate understanding how data exchange between virtual and physical objects can work in the future and having up-to date virtual environments enables simulating, analysing, and improving on more realistic and accurate datasets., CC BY 4.0This paper is a revised and expanded version of a paper entitled ‘Evaluating a digital twin concept for an automatic up-to-date factory layout setup’ presented at 10th Swedish Production Symposium (SPS2022), Skövde, Sweden, 26–29 April, 2022.The authors gratefully thank the support of Scania CV AB, the Research School Smart Industry Sweden, and the VF-KDO Project (Virtual Factories with Knowledge-Driven Optimization) funded by the Knowledge Foundation in Sweden; this support made the research possible.

There are many approaches on how to make digital manikins replicate how real humans perform tasks. The manikin motions can, for instance, be computed by algorithms based on task instructions from the DHM tool user. In this study, we investigate possibilities for improving the task instruction language used in the DHM software tools. The study focuses on identifying opportunities and challenges for how the task instruction language can be improved, and the goal of the study is to establish research questions and to create a research roadmap. The aims of the research questions and associated research and development are: (i) to make it easier to give task instructions; (ii) to reduce the variance in simulations results between different DHM tool users; and (iii) to improve the trustworthiness of the simulation results, related to issues such as manikin behavior and estimated motion times. The potential approaches that have been identified, and will be elaborated and discussed in this paper, with the DHM software tool IPS IMMA as base, are: (i) to enable the DHM tool user to give task instructions on a higher abstraction level than today; (ii) to incorporate functionality to automatically represent likely human behavior; and (iii) to improve the accuracy of time estimation of task performance., © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Correspondence Address: P. Mårdberg; Geometry and Motion Planning Group, Fraunhofer-Chalmers Research Centre for Industrial Mathematics, Göteborg, 41288, Sweden; email: peter.mardberg@fcc.chalmers.seThis work was carried out within the VINNOVA-funded projects PLENUM and TIMEBLY. It is also part of the Sustainable Production Initiative and the Production Area of Advance at Chalmers University of Technology.

The realisation of a successful product requires collaboration between developers andproducers, taking account of stakeholder value, reinforcing the contribution of industry tosociety and enhancing the wellbeing of workers while respecting planetary boundaries.Founded in 2006, the Swedish Production Academy (SPA) aims to drive and developproduction research and education and to increase cooperation within the production area.SPA initiated and hosts the conference Swedish Production Symposium. This specialissue is based on invited papers from the 10th Swedish Production Symposium(SPS2022), held in Skövde, Sweden, from 26–29 April 2022. The overall theme forSPS2022 was ‘Industry 5.0 transformation – towards a sustainable, human-centric, andresilient production’.As stated by the European Commission the vision of Industry 5.0 recognises societalgoals. It goes beyond a techno-economic vision, industrial value chains and growthaiming for the industry to become a resilient provider of prosperity, respecting ourplanets boundaries, and placing the industrial worker, her well-being, at the centre of theproduction process.In this special issue, we set out to explore the transition to a resilient, sustainable andhuman centric industry. The first paper explores the need for a joint strategical vision thatinclude technology (selection, development, and implementation), organisation(structure, agility, management, stakeholder collaborations, work environment) andpeople (skills and competences, participation, innovation and creative collaborativeculture, and change readiness), to achieve a resilient and sustainable production systemeffectively and efficiently. The second paper discusses how reconfigurable manufacturingsystems can enable sustainable manufacturing and circularity, achieving highresponsiveness and cost efficiency. The third paper, a synthesis of universal workplacedesign in assembly, explores how human assembly workplaces can be designed in abetter way in regard to in

Today, manufacturing factory layout setups are most often manually designed and kept up-to-date during their lifecycle with computer-aided design software’s, so that analyses, verification simulations, and decisions can continuously be done. This manual approach is a cumbersome iterative process to collect the necessary information, with a high risk of faulty inputs and updates. Often the virtual descriptions do not match the physical version of the factory setup. This research presents a digital twin solution where physical equipment is connected to a virtual representation of the same equipment and automatically updates the virtual environment with the spatial position of the physical equipment and a proposed way to evaluate it. The physical equipment either has inbuilt sensors or has been equipped with external wireless sensors to track the spatial position. The metadata are distributed via Node-RED (a tool to visualize Internet of Things) to the simulation software Industrial Path Solutions, where the virtual equipment is repositioned based on data from the physical equipment. The result shows that it is possible to send spatial position information from a physical equipment and update the corresponding virtual description of the equipment in its virtual environment. The accuracy of the updates has been evaluated with manual measurements. Hence, the virtual environment of the factory setup, i.e., the digital twin, updates automatically based on the data sent by the physical equipment. With an up-to-date virtual environment, more accurate simulations and optimizations of the factory setup can be achieved. Examples of such possibilities are to evaluate ergonomic conditions or to optimize robot paths for robot cells in realistic and up-to-date virtual environments. Also, one could imagine making virtual reality visits to hazardous or sensitive factory environments in a safe way or studying things that otherwise would be hard or impossible in the real world., CC BY-NC 4.0Andreas Lind [andreas.lind@scania.com]This research was realized with the support of Scania CV AB’s Global Industrial Development and the VF-KDO profile (Virtual Factories with Knowledge-Driven Optimization) at the University of Skövde, funded by the Knowledge Foundation.

Recently, the concept of Industry 5.0 has been introduced to complement, among other things, Industry 4.0’s focus on efficiency and productivity with a focus on humans in digital design and production processes. The inclusion of human interaction with digital realities, extended reality (XR) technologies, such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), can play an essential role in Industry 5.0. While rapid advances in XR technologies are solidifying and finding their place in the product and production development process, terminology and classification scheme remain under-determined. As a result, there have been numerous classifications of XR technologies from different perspectives, but little widespread agreement. They have been classified by their level of immersion or how well they meet a specific purpose (such as training). In addition to that, the classifications are usually made for one particular field (e.g. marketing, healthcare, engineering, architecture, among others). Therefore, to set the basis for future research, it is essential to identify and outline the dimensions that intervene in product and production design in regards to XR facilitated collaboration. With the ideas proposed in this paper, we want to identify basic concepts that classify a collaborative XR system by analyzing how users interact with the environment and other users. Our motivation is that collaborative design involves not only the physical dimension but also a social dimension. Defining when an XR system contributes to increasing social and/or physical presence could clarify and simplify its categorization., CC BY-NC 4.0Francisco García Rivera [francisco.garcia.rivera@his.se]This work has been made possible with the support from the Knowledge Foundation supported research environment INFINIT at University of Skövde, in the project Synergy Virtual Ergonomics (SVE), and with support from VINNOVA in the project VIVA - the Virtual Vehicle Assembler, and by the participating organizations. This support is gratefully acknowledged.

The realization of a successful product requires collaboration between developers and producers, taking account of stakeholder value, reinforcing the contribution of industry to society and enhancing the wellbeing of workers while respecting planetary boundaries. Founded in 2006, the Swedish Production Academy (SPA) aims to drive and develop production research and education and to increase cooperation within the production area. This book presents the proceedings of the 10th Swedish Production Symposium (SPS2022), held in Skövde, Sweden, from 26-29 April 2022. The overall theme of the symposium was ‘Industry 5.0 Transformation – Towards a Sustainable, Human-Centric, and Resilient Production’. Since its inception in 2007, the purpose of SPS has been to facilitate an event at which members and interested participants from industry and academia can meet to exchange ideas. The 69 papers accepted for presentation here are grouped into ten sections: resource-efficient production; flexible production; humans in the production system; circular production systems and maintenance; integrated product and production development; industrial optimization and decision-making; cyber-physical production systems and digital twins; innovative production processes and additive manufacturing; smart and resilient supply chains; and linking research and education. Also included are three sections covering the Special Sessions at SPS2022: artificial intelligence and industrial analytics in industry 4.0; development of resilient and sustainable production systems; and boundary crossing and boundary objects in product and production development. The book will be of interest to all those involved in the development and production of future products., CC BY-NC 4.0This book is published online with Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0).

Usually, optimizing productivity and optimizing worker well-being are separate tasks performed by engineers with different roles and goals using different tools. This results in a silo effect which can lead to a slow development process and suboptimal solutions, with one of the objectives, either productivity or worker well-being, being given precedence. Moreover, studies often focus on finding the best solutions for a particular use case, and once solutions have been identified and one has been implemented, the engineers move on to analyzing the next use case. However, the knowledge obtained from previous use cases could be used to find rules of thumb for similar use cases without needing to perform new optimizations. In this study, we employed the use of data mining methods to obtain knowledge from a real-world optimization dataset of multi-objective optimizations of worker well-being and productivity with the aim to identify actionable insights for the current and future optimization cases. Using different analysis and data mining methods on the database revealed rules, as well as the relative importance of the design variables of a workstation. The generated rules have been used to identify measures to improve the welding gun workstation design., CC BY 4.0Correspondence: aitor.iriondo.pascual@his.seFunding: This work has received support from ITEA3/Vinnova in the project MOSIM (2018-02227), and from Stiftelsen för Kunskaps- och Kompetensutveckling within the Synergy Virtual Ergonomics (SVE) project (2018-0167) and the Virtual Factories–Knowledge-Driven Optimization (VF-KDO) research profile (2018-0011). This support is gratefully acknowledged.

This paper presents an interview study aiming to understand the state of the art of how ergonomics designers work in the vehicle development process within the Swedish automotive industry. Ten ergonomic designers from seven different companies participated in the interview study. Results report the ergonomics designers' objectives, workflow, tools, challenges, and ideal work performance tool. We identify four main gaps and research directions that can enhance the current challenges: human behavior predictions, simulation tool usability, ergonomics evaluations, and integration between systems., estela.perez.luque@his.seThis work has been made possible with the support from Knowledge Foundation in the project ADOPTIVE-Automated Design and Optimisation of Vehicle Ergonomics and participating organizations. This support is gratefully acknowledged.