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Abstract: Two studies were carried out to examine the relationship between epistemic beliefs and critical thinking. In the first study, 138 Chinese undergraduates completed the adapted Epistemic Beliefs Inventory (EBI) and the Halpern Critical Thinking Assessment Using Everyday Situations. Their cognitive ability and thinking dispositions were also measured. Results showed that other than cognitive ability, the belief that knowledge is certain was most related to thinking performance. In the second study, 111 undergraduates read a passage on a controversial issue and were asked to indicate their position, explain the reasoning behind, and rate their confidence in judgment. They were then presented relevant counterarguments and asked to respond to them. Participants were also administered the adapted EBI. There was clear evidence that those believing knowledge to be certain exhibited poorer two-sided thinking and a stronger tendency to devaluate or ignore counterarguments. Implications for the enhancement of critical thinking are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Dispositional factors have been suggested to affect individuals’ critical thinking performance. The relative and combined effects of thinking dispositions and cognitive ability on the critical thinking performance of a group of 137 Chinese undergraduates were examined. Participants were administered the Need for Cognition Scale, Openness to Experience and Conscientiousness Subscales of the NEO Five Factor Inventory as well as the Concern for Truth Scale. Cognitive ability and critical thinking performance were respectively estimated with the WAIS-III Verbal Comprehension Index and the Halpern Critical Thinking Assessment Using Everyday Situations. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that only the disposition of concern for truth accounted for unique additional variance in critical thinking beyond that explained by cognitive ability. The findings are discussed in the light of cultural factors affecting critical thinking in the Chinese context. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The author presents his view on the research on Asian students' achievement motivation. He states that the study of achievement motivation in different cultural groups has been of great interest to researchers. He points out that the importance of such research is that discoveries of similarities and differences in the application of existing theories in different cultures provide the chance to revise, accommodate and expand those theories so that they could become better and more comprehensive.

Previous studies have suggested that Western constructs of academic motivation may operate in different ways in Asian contexts due to differences in the cultural environment. In the present study, the integrative effects of achievement goals, strategy orientations, and effort expenditure on achievement outcomes were examined among 1950 seventh-grade Chinese students in Hong Kong. Participants completed separate questionnaires for mathematics and English. Results for the two subjects were largely similar. There were significant positive relationships between mastery and performance goals, between cooperative and competitive orientations, as well as between understanding and memorizing strategies. Regression analyses further revealed that goals and strategies were highly predictive of effort expenditure, but only goals and effort significantly predicted achievement outcome, with strategies being barely significant. The need to further investigate how Chinese students reconcile the apparently antithetical orientations in learning as well as the effective strategies contributing to their learning is indicated. Les etudes anterieures ont suggere que les construits occidentaux de la motivation academique peuvent fonctionner de differentes facons dans les contextes asiatiques a cause de differences dans l'environnement culturel. Dans la presente etude, les effets integratifs des buts d'accomplissement, des orientations strategiques et de l'effort fourni sur les resultats d'accomplissement ont ete examines chez 1950 etudiants chinois de niveau 7 a Hong Kong. Les participants ont complete des questionnaires separes pour les mathematiques et l'anglais. Les resultats pour ces deux matieres etaient largement similaires. Il y avait des relations positives significatives entre les buts de maitrise et de performance, entre les orientations de cooperation et de competition, tout comme entre les strategies de comprehension et de memorisation. De plus, des analyses de regression ont revele que les buts et les strategies etaient fortement predictifs de l'effort fourni, mais seulement les buts et l'effort predisait significativement le resultat d'accomplissement, avec les strategies etant tout juste significatives. Le besoin d'etudier davantage la facon dont les etudiants chinois concilient les orientations apparemment antithetiques dans l'apprentissage tout comme les strategies efficaces contribuant a leur apprentissage est souligne. Estudios previos han sugerido que los constructos occidentales respecto de la motivacion academica pueden operar de modo distinto en contextos asiaticos debido a las diferencias en el contexto cultural. En el presente estudio se examinaron en 1950 escolares chinos del 7 Grado en Hong Kong los efectos integradores de las metas de logro, las estrategias de orientacion y el esfuerzo invertido en relacion al resultado final. Los participantes completaron de manera separada cuestionarios de matematica y de ingles. Los resultados de estas dos pruebas fueron muy parecidos. Se observo una relacion positiva y significativa entre dominio y rendimiento; entre orientaciones cooperativas y competitivas, asi como entre estrategias de comprension y de memorizacion. Analisis de regresion revelaron adicionalmente que las metas y las estrategias fueron altamente predictivas del esfuerzo invertido, pero solamente las metas y el esfuerzo predijeron de manera significativa las respuestas de logro, mientras que las estrategias eran apenas significativas. En este estudio se enfatiza la necesidad de investigaciones adicionales respecto del modo como estudiantes chinos reconcilian orientaciones aparentemente contrarias en el aprendizaje, asi como de las estrategias efectivas que contribuyen a su aprendizaje. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study compared Australian and Chinese teachers' causal attributions for student behavior. A total of 204 Australian teachers and 269 Chinese teachers rated the importance of four causes (ability, effort, family, teacher) of six student problem behaviors. Results showed that both groups of teachers attributed misbehaviors most to student effort and least to teacher factors. Chinese teachers emphasized family factors more while Australian teachers placed greater importance on ability. There was significant variation in attribution patterns for different types of problems, with effort attribution being equally and strongly emphasized across cultural contexts and behavior types. The results are interpreted in the light of how individualistic and collectivistic values influence teacher thinking, and implications for school-based interventions for behavior problems are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research examined and compared Australian and Chinese teachers’ personal efficacy in instruction, discipline, guidance and beliefs about external influences. Two staged studies were conducted with the participation of 316 Australian teachers (108, 208 in first and second stages, respectively) and 411 Hong Kong Chinese teachers (138, 273, respectively). Results of multiple-group confirmatory factor analyses indicated highly comparable factorial structures of teacher efficacy for the two groups, although personal guidance efficacy was more differentiated from personal instruction and discipline efficacy among Australian teachers. Evidence is provided for the need to incorporate cultural factors into future teacher efficacy research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In “Unforgiving Confucian culture: A breeding ground for high academic achievement, test anxiety and self-doubt?” Stankov (in press) provides three reasons for caution against over-glorifying the academic excellence of Confucian Asian learners, namely that it may lead to a reluctance to change their rote learning approach which is not conducive to the development of 21st Century skills, that it is achieved at the cost of students'' psychological well-being, and that such achievements and the associated poor psychological well-being are spurred by an unforgiving mindset. The present commentary addresses these concerns, highlighting the need to be cautious about comparing and interpreting findings from cross-cultural studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The internal/external frame of reference (I/E) model (Marsh, 1986) posits that the effects of contrasting math and verbal domains of achievement are positive for matching academic self-concepts (ASCs) but negative for nonmatching ASCs (i.e., math achievement on verbal ASC; verbal achievement on math ASC). We extend the classic I/E model by contrasting the math domain with 2 verbal domains (Chinese, native language; English, foreign language) in combination with language of instruction (English or Chinese) for a sample of 1,950 Hong Kong Year 7 students. Consistent with predictions based on the Marsh and Shavelson (1985) ASC model and our extension of the I/E model, we found that native and foreign languages were not contrasted with each other in the formation of ASCs. However, achievement in both verbal domains negatively predicted math ASC, while math achievement was also negatively predicted by ASCs in both verbal domains. Support for the predictions was similar for students taught in English and Chinese languages of instruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]