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Background: The purpose of the study was to identify whether the presence of a pre-injury psychiatric history, subacute post-concussive symptoms (PCS) and personality traits were predictive of less favorable social reintegration for 3 months following a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Method: A total of 76 patients with mTBI were included, and the presence of a pre-injury psychiatric history was identified from the medical chart. One-month post-accident, these patients completed the Millon Multiaxial Clinical Inventory, 3rd Edition assessing personality traits and the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire to measure subacute PCS. Social reintegration was measured using the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory, 4th Edition at 3-month post-accident. Results: The presence of pre-injury psychiatric history, high levels of subacute PCS and Cluster B personality traits such as histrionic and borderline features were significant predictors of social reintegration quality at 3-month post injury. Conclusion: This study provides new insights on cluster B personality traits and its influence on recovery and social reintegration at 3-month post mTBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histrionic personality disorder is among the most common forms of personality pathology, and recent research has focused on its associations with trauma. This research has focused primarily on the types of traumatic experiences people endure, highlighting the role of sexual trauma in particular. However, recent research on the association between traumatic events and histrionic personality characteristics has not taken into account the role of traumatic experiences characterized by interpersonal betrayal, which research suggests is associated with personality pathology in general. In this study, we examine this, evaluating the association between traumatic experiences with varying degrees of betrayal and histrionic personality characteristics in a sample of men and women recruited online (N = 364). The results suggested that interpersonal trauma without a high degree of betrayal as well as non-interpersonal trauma had positive associations with histrionic personality characteristics, but interpersonal trauma with a high degree of betrayal did not. Further analysis indicated that sexual trauma, both with and without a component of betrayal, was associated with histrionic personality characteristics for women but not men. Study findings add to the research on the potential traumatogenic origins of histrionic personality characteristics and provide numerous directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diagnosis of hysteria, despite being fundamental in the birth of psychiatry, has currently been removed from nosography. This choice speaks of the renunciation by contemporary nosography of understanding psychopathological conditions as structural entities, with internal coherence and meaningfulness – which on the contrary should be reconsidered. Hysteria represents a mirror of social and cultural changes. The metamorphoses throughout history of hysterical symptoms reflect the changing interests of medicine (the greater legitimation of somatic symptoms over psychic ones) and, in general, mirror the increasing importance of images in the contemporary world. Despite its nosographical fragmentation, hysteria continues to be talked about. Phenomenologically, hysteria is described not as a diagnosis but as an existential position, freeing it from gender prejudices. Hysterical persons suffer from a hypo-sufficiency of the self, from a difficulty in feeling from within, which ends up hypertrophying the identity definitions coming from without: the gaze of others, socio-cultural stereotypes, gender models. Visibility therefore takes on a central role, and images become a vehicle to represent oneself – capable of attracting the attention of others and enchanting them. Different powers have been attributed to images throughout the history of thought: that of paralyzing, that of moving to action, that of underlining the contingency of experience. Hysterical persons embody images, generating with their symptoms a world of representations. However, what characterizes hysteria is not the symptom, but the use made of that symptom: it becomes a catalyst for the gaze of others, which allows one to assume an otherwise lacking identity-consistency. For this reason, hysterical persons are not only passively subject to their symptoms, but actively make use of them in interpersonal relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Cluster B personality disorders (PDs) are considered some of the most severe mental health conditions. Scarce evidence exists about the realworld utilization of psychotropics for cluster B PD individuals. Objective: We aimed to uncover trends and patterns of psychotropic medication use among individuals diagnosed with cluster B PD in the year before and after their diagnosis and to identify factors associated with medication use in a large cohort of individuals newly diagnosed with cluster B PDs. Methods: We conducted a population-based observational study using Quebec's health services register. We identified Quebec residents aged =14 years and insured with the provincial drug plan with a first diagnosis of cluster B PD recorded between April 1, 2002, and March 31, 2019. Cluster B PD was defined with ICD-9/10 diagnostic codes. We retrieved all claims for the main psychotropic medication classes: antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications. We calculated the proportion of individuals exposed to these medication classes and analyzed trends over the years using robust Poisson regression models, adjusting for potential confounders. We used robust Poisson regression to identify factors associated with medication class use. Results: We identified 87,778 new cases of cluster B PD, with a mean age of 44.5 years; 57.5% were women. Most frequent psychiatric comorbidities in the five years before cluster B PD diagnosis were depression (50.9%), anxiety (49.7%), and psychotic disorders (37.5%). Most individuals (71.0%) received at least one psychotropic during the year before cluster B PD diagnosis, and 78.5% received at least one of these medications in the subsequent year. The proportion of users increased after the diagnosis for antidepressants (51.6-54.7%), antipsychotics (35.9-45.2%), mood stabilizers (14.8-17.0%), and ADHD medications (5.1-5.9%), and remained relatively stable for anxiolytics (41.4-41.7%). Trends over time showed statistically significant increased use of antipsychotics and ADHD medications, decreased use of anxiolytics and mood stabilizers, and a stable use of antidepressants. Conclusion: Psychotropic medication use is highly prevalent among cluster B PD individuals. We observed an increase in medication use in the months following the diagnosis, particularly for antipsychotics, antidepressants, and mood stabilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent diagnostic developments suggest that paranoia is a transdiagnostic characteristic common to several personality disorders rather than a personality disorder per se. Nonetheless, empirical literature fails to provide comprehensive and univocal findings on whether and how paranoid presentations relate to different personality disorders. In the present scoping review, we map the empirical literature on paranoid presentations in personality disorders, considering the entire spectrum of paranoid manifestations (i.e., the paranoia hierarchy). In selecting original quantitative studies on paranoid presentations in personality‐disordered patients, we screened 4,433 records in PsycArticles, PsycInfo and PUBMED. We eventually included 47 eligible studies in the review. Our synthesis indicates consistent empirical evidence of a wide range of paranoid presentations in Paranoid, Schizotypal and Borderline personality disorders. Conversely, little empirical literature exists on paranoid presentations in other personality disorders. Preliminary findings suggest broad‐severity paranoid presentations, ranging from milder to severe forms, in Paranoid, Schizotypal and Borderline personality disorders. There is also some evidence of milder forms of paranoia in Avoidant, Antisocial and Narcissistic personality disorders. Conversely, there is poor evidence of paranoid presentations in Schizoid, Histrionic, Dependent or Obsessive‐compulsive personality disorders. Research gaps and recommendations for improving empirical research on paranoid presentations in personality disorders are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) have been hypothesized to have schizoid, narcissistic, and obsessional identity characteristics and to be touchy, independent, perfectionistic, and unreliable. Thus, the present study compared BDD in students with narcissistic, histrionic, and normal personality patterns. Methods: The research method was causal-comparative and cross-sectional. The statistical population of the study included all the students of Ardabil Azad University in the second semester of the 2014-2015 academic year. Using the random cluster method, 600 students were selected and completed the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-34; Cooper et al., 1987), and the narcissistic and histrionic subscales of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). The collected data were analyzed using univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SPSS software. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in BDD score between students with narcissistic, histrionic, and normal personality patterns, and the mean BDD scores in the two groups of students with narcissistic and histrionic personality patterns were higher than that in those with normal personality patterns (P < 0.001). Conclusion: It can be stated that these components are among the important influencing variables in personality patterns, so it is necessary to pay attention to these components in the prevention and successful treatment of the affected people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundCluster B personality disorders (PDs) are considered some of the most severe mental health conditions. Scarce evidence exists about the real-world utilization of psychotropics for cluster B PD individuals.ObjectiveWe aimed to uncover trends and patterns of psychotropic medication use among individuals diagnosed with cluster B PD in the year before and after their diagnosis and to identify factors associated with medication use in a large cohort of individuals newly diagnosed with cluster B PDs.MethodsWe conducted a population-based observational study using Quebec’s health services register. We identified Quebec residents aged ≥14 years and insured with the provincial drug plan with a first diagnosis of cluster B PD recorded between April 1, 2002, and March 31, 2019. Cluster B PD was defined with ICD-9/10 diagnostic codes. We retrieved all claims for the main psychotropic medication classes: antipsychotics, antidepressants, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications. We calculated the proportion of individuals exposed to these medication classes and analyzed trends over the years using robust Poisson regression models, adjusting for potential confounders. We used robust Poisson regression to identify factors associated with medication class use.ResultsWe identified 87,778 new cases of cluster B PD, with a mean age of 44.5 years; 57.5% were women. Most frequent psychiatric comorbidities in the five years before cluster B PD diagnosis were depression (50.9%), anxiety (49.7%), and psychotic disorders (37.5%). Most individuals (71.0%) received at least one psychotropic during the year before cluster B PD diagnosis, and 78.5% received at least one of these medications in the subsequent year. The proportion of users increased after the diagnosis for antidepressants (51.6–54.7%), antipsychotics (35.9–45.2%), mood stabilizers (14.8–17.0%), and ADHD medications (5.1–5.9%), and remained relatively stable for anxiolytics (41.4–41.7%). Trends over time showed statistically significant increased use of antipsychotics and ADHD medications, decreased use of anxiolytics and mood stabilizers, and a stable use of antidepressants.ConclusionPsychotropic medication use is highly prevalent among cluster B PD individuals. We observed an increase in medication use in the months following the diagnosis, particularly for antipsychotics, antidepressants, and mood stabilizers.

Introduction: Personality disorders have a wide impact on people's personal and social life. Aim: The present study aimed to determine the degree of differentiation of cluster B personality disorders based on interpersonal problems. Method: The design of the current research was descriptive and of a comparative causal type. The statistical population included all people with cluster B personality disorder in the 5 districts of Arak city in 2022. Based on the number of research groups and variables, 120 people were selected from among those who referred to the psychology and addiction treatment centers of Arak city using the available method and responded to the Clinical Multiaxial Scales of Milon version 4 (2015) and Interpersonal Problems (1996), people were also evaluated by Structured Clinical Interview for Personality Disorders (2016). To analyze the data, the discriminant analysis method was used in SPSS software version 26. Results: The results indicate a significant difference between the components of sociable (P=0.001), assertive (P=0.001), aggressive (P=0.001), caring (P=0.001), dependent (P=0.008), supportive (P=0.001), and involved (P=0.001) in the studied groups, but did not show a significant difference between the studied groups (P=0.14). In total, based on the evaluated components, 68.3% of the participants were correctly placed in their groups. Conclusion: Considering that in the present study, most of the dimensions of interpersonal problems were significant in people with cluster B personality disorders, as a result, this variable can be used to differentiate the personality disorders of this cluster and also the intervention plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the cannon of Shakespeare's criticism, Othello's Desdemona is often depicted as an icon of modesty, wifeliness, and Christian virtue; however, many psychoanalytic critics tout a more venal and meretricious interpretation of her character. The subtle process of gradually goading teen Desdemona into the trap of a prostituted, soft-porn practitioner by the male agency is orchestrated through extolling her to an exquisitely beautiful, feminine icon while dropping seemingly innocuous innuendoes of the need to offer such beauty and charm, whether platonically or carnally, to men. Her culpable passivity and disinclination to unequivocally reject attempts to prostitute her render her in collusion to her moral descent. Taking her amorous history, erotic propensity, and resolute decision-making, Desdemona strikes us as a sexual experimenter who marries Othello for her own gratification, having turned away many European princes. Shakespeare projects an image of her as an exquisitely beautiful celebrity who takes pride in flaunting her charms, seducing men, and leaving a trail of broken hearts. In the psychologically intense slap scene, without verbally agreeing to the behests of her spouse-turned-pimp, she nonetheless undertakes his every utterable and non-utterable whim. Desdemona's sudden, inexplicable reticence to spurn Othello's prompting in this scene while surrounded by her Venetian compatriots who are oxymoronically transformed to function as depraved, ferocious voyeurs reinforce her image as purposely feeble and unerringly eroticized, rendering her a complicit performer rather than a helpless victim. Whether willing or compelled, Desdemona's conflicting, character-trope served Shakespeare's performative histrionics, business acumen, and rendered Othello a popular, considerably successful classic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research focusing on the role of adverse childhood experience (ACE) of individuals involved in sexual homicide (SH) is scarce. Theoretical models of SH have postulated a connection between these adverse experiences and the development of internal risk factors. However, such assumptions have never been empirically tested. Therefore, the current research aims to identify how ACEs affect the development of personality disorders and problematic behaviors during adolescence, which constitute internal risk factors for the commission of SH. The sample comes from a database including 613 individuals involved in sexual crimes in Canada among which 60 committed a SH. Bivariate and multiple regression analyses were conducted to identify personality disorders and problematic behaviors during adolescence associated with the presence of ACEs. Next, path analysis was used to identify the direct and indirect relationships between ACEs, internal risk factors, and the commission of SH. Results showed that individuals who experienced ACEs were more likely to develop internal risk factors involved in the commission of SH. Moreover, findings suggest that the impact of these adverse experiences will differ, depending on whether the child has been victim of violence or if he/she has witnessed it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) is a common and problematic form of personality pathology involving excessive attention-seeking, often through overly sexualized means. Much of the research on HPD has involved the association between HPD characteristics and basic temperament traits. Given the sometimes hypersexualized presentation of HPD, another potential influence on HPD characteristics may be exposure to sexual assault. However, there is little research on the association between sexual assault and HPD in general or with respect to temperament traits in particular. In this study, we examine the relative associations of sexual assault and temperament traits with the cognitive characteristics of HPD in a large sample of college students (N = 965) using a Bayesian approach to the analysis of covariance. Results suggest that sexual assault is associated with HPD cognitive characteristics over and above the robust influence of temperament traits. The study findings have implications for future research on and clinical intervention with people with HPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a combination of Schema Therapy and ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy) in reducing overcompensation coping strategies associated with early maladaptive schemas in patients diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder (HPD). Methods: A randomized quasi-experimental design with a comparison group was used, involving pre-test, post-test, and a two-month follow-up assessment. Participants were 30 HPD patients selected from three psychology centers in 2021–2022 in Tehran who met the inclusion criteria for HPD diagnosis based on clinical interviews and Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). Patients were randomly assigned to either the intervention or waitlist group. The intervention group received ten 90-minute sessions of combined therapy. MCMI-III and the Young Compensation Inventory (YCI) were used as research instruments. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to control for pre-treatment differences between the intervention and waitlist groups and to assess the effect of the intervention on the outcome measures. Results: The intervention group had significantly lower MCMI-III Disclosure scores and lower YCI levels immediately post-treatment and at the two-month follow-up assessment compared to the waitlist control group. The effect sizes for these comparisons were large to very large, indicating a significant and clinically meaningful improvement in the intervention group. Conclusions: The findings suggest that combined Schema Therapy and ACT may be effective in reducing overcompensation coping strategies in HPD patients. The study's limitations included the absence of random sampling in the first stage of screening. Future research should aim to replicate these findings with larger samples and diverse populations.

Personality disorders are scarcely attended to in real clinical practice, despite that their prevalence is high and they cause high interference and emotional distress in those who suffer from them. The objective of this study is to carry out a systematic review on borderline personality disorder (BPD) and histrionic personality disorder (HPD) from the dimensional models, as well as the emotional regulation strategies used by people who suffer from these disorders. The review has been carried out in compliance with the PRISMA guidelines, selecting a total of fourteen articles published between 2012 and 2022. The clear trend shown in the results is that people who suffer from BPD display the greatest severity, use more maladaptive emotional regulation strategies and have a series of pathological traits in common with HPD, whereas people with HPD show less severity. Future lines of research should focus on expanding studies on dimensional models and how they can be an alternative to traditional categorical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) with a lifetime prevalence rate of 1.8% is an under‐researched psychiatric diagnosis. The present study therefore aimed to investigate both the processes and outcomes of psychotherapy for HPD in a non‐controlled study. Methods: A total of 159 patients diagnosed with HPD were recruited and received clarification‐oriented psychotherapy. Sessions 15, 20, and 25 were video‐recorded and analysed using the Process‐Content‐Relationship Scale. Therapy outcome was assessed with symptom measures at intake and discharge. Hierarchical linear modelling was applied to estimate the changes in the psychotherapeutic outcome and associations with patient and therapist process developments. Results: Improvements in relationship processes of patients and therapists were systematically related to outcome while only partial relationships were found on the levels of process and content. Conclusion: The present study represents the first systematic insight into core changes in patients with HPD undergoing psychotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histrionic personality pathology is among the most common forms of personality pathology, although little is known about its potential risk factors. One possible factor that may influence histrionic personality pathology is childhood trauma, most notably sexual abuse and physical/emotional neglect. However, there is little research on how these and other forms of childhood trauma may influence histrionic personality pathology relative to each other. To address this, in this study we examined the relative effects of different forms of child abuse and neglect on histrionic personality pathology in a sample of women and men from Amazon's Mechanical Turk (N = 399) using a Bayesian approach to structural equation modeling. Results suggest that child sexual abuse is the strongest predictor of histrionic personality pathology in adulthood. However, this differs between women and men such that physical neglect also predicts histrionic personality pathology for women, whereas physical and emotional abuse as well as emotional neglect predict histrionic personality pathology for men. These findings provide insight into the developmental precursors to histrionic personality pathology and have implications for research on and clinical intervention with people exhibiting histrionic personality pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fundamental question in psychotherapy is whether interventions should target client problems (i.e., problem‐focused approaches) or client strengths (i.e., strength‐focused approaches). In this study, we first propose to address this question from a network perspective on schema modes (i.e., healthy or dysfunctional patterns of co‐occurring emotions, cognitions, and behaviours). From this perspective, schema modes mutually influence each other (e.g., healthy modes reduce dysfunctional modes). Recent evidence suggests that changes in modes that are strongly associated to other modes (i.e., central modes) could be associated with greater treatment effects. We therefore suggest research should investigate the relative centrality of healthy and dysfunctional modes. To make an exploratory start, we investigated the cross‐sectional network structure of schema modes in a clinical (comprising individuals diagnosed with paranoid, narcissistic, histrionic, and Cluster C personality disorders) and non‐clinical sample. Results showed that, in both samples, the Healthy Adult was significantly less central than several dysfunctional modes (e.g., Undisciplined Child and Abandoned and Abused Child). Although our study cannot draw causal conclusions, this finding could suggest that weakening dysfunctional modes (compared to strengthening the Healthy Adult) might be more effective in decreasing other dysfunctional modes. Our study further indicates that several schema modes are negatively associated, which could suggest that decreasing one might increase another. Finally, the Healthy Adult was among the modes that most strongly discriminated between clinical and non‐clinical individuals. Longitudinal and experimental research into the network structure of schema modes is required to further clarify the relative influence of schema modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developmental patterns of personality pathology traits are not well delineated from childhood through late adolescence. In the present study, participants (N = 675, 56% female) were recruited to create three cohorts of third (n = 205), sixth (n = 248), and ninth (n = 222) graders to form an accelerated longitudinal cohort design. We assessed six PD (avoidant, dependent, histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, schizotypal) traits based on DSM-IV trait diagnostic conceptualizations via parent report at baseline, 18 months, and 36 months. According to parent report, mean levels of avoidant, dependent, histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, and schizotypal traits all declined for both boys and girls. The changes in dependent and histrionic traits were of medium effect size, and the changes in avoidant, narcissistic, borderline, and schizotypal traits were of small effect size. Over the 3 years of the study, the traits of each PD also demonstrated moderate to high rank-order stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It may be that individuals who are interested in hypnosis will volunteer for hypnosis experiments or practice hypnosis. Do these "hypnosis-prone" individuals differ from hypno-neutral, nonhypnosis-prone individuals? If so, could one speak of a personality type, the homo hypnoticus? This study reports on 3 samples of individuals where there was no indication of hypnosis or no interest in hypnosis (NONHYP: N = 1426) and 4 samples of individuals who were interested in hypnosis (HYP: N = 1048). Using the Personality Styles and Disorders Inventory, we calculated contrast analyses for the contextual effect of HYP vs. NONHYP and gender effects. Results suggested there may be a homo hypnoticus personality style with the characteristics of intuitive-schizotypal, rhapsodic-optimistic, and charming-histrionic. These distinctions appear mostly in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increased violent events happen in the general hospitals in China and yet non-psychiatric departments do not have tools for violence-tendency screening.Methods: The current study developed and evaluated two Inpatient Psychological Experience Questionnaires (IPEQs) for the screening of violence-related six mental health disorders: (Inpatient Psychological Experience Questionnaire-1 (IPEQ-1): anxiety, depression and suicidality; Inpatient Psychological Experience Questionnaire-2 (IPEQ-2): paranoid personality disorder, emotionally unstable personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder). Two initial IPEQs (IPEQ-1: 37 items and IPEQ-2: 30 items) were developed and assessed by domain experts. Then 1210 inpatients were recruited and divided into three groups (160, 450 and 600 samples, respectively) for IPEQs item selection and evaluation. During the two-stage item selection, three statistical methods including Pearson's correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis and item response theory were applied. For the item evaluation, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, test-retest reliability, criterion-related validity and construct validity of the final questionnaires were measured.Results: Twelve items were selected for each IPEQs. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.91 and 0.78 for IPEQ-1 and IPEQ-2, respectively. Test-retest replication ratios were 0.95 and 0.87 for IPEQ-1 and IPEQ-2, respectively. Correlation coefficients between different disorders and their related-tools scores were [0.51, 0.44] and [0.40, 0.44] for IPEQ-1 and IPEQ-2, respectively and were significant (P < 0.01). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the validity of the final IPEQs (P < 0.05), and the model fit index met the criterion generally.Conclusion: The IPEQs developed in this study could be effective and easy-to-use tools for screening inpatients with violence-intendancy in non-psychosomatic departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Largely overlooked in the literature, this study investigated factors influencing women's use of sexual coercion. Specifically, pornography use and personality disorder traits linked with poor impulse control, emotional regulation, and superior sense of sexual desirability were considered. Women (N = 142) aged 16-53 years (M = 24.23, SD = 7.06) were recruited from community and student populations. Participants completed the Narcissistic and Histrionic subscales of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4, in addition to the Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory to explore the influence of their pornography use (interest, efforts to engage with pornography, and compulsivity) on their use of sexual coercion. This was measured using four subscales of the Postrefusal Sexual Persistence Scale: nonverbal sexual arousal, emotional manipulation and deception, exploitation of the intoxicated, and use of physical force or threats. Multiple regression analyses revealed that pornography use, narcissistic traits, and histrionic traits significantly predicted the use of nonverbal sexual arousal, emotional manipulation and deception, and exploitation of the intoxicated. Effort to engage with pornography was a significant individual predictor of nonverbal sexual arousal and emotional manipulation and deception, while histrionic traits were a significant individual predictor of exploitation of the intoxicated. Findings were discussed in relation to existing sexual coercion literature and potential future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses 7 comorbid personality types and their varied reactions to medical illnesses. Topics covered include the dependent, obsessional, histrionic, masochistic, paranoid, narcissistic, and schizoid personality types, and their respective characteristics. Also noted is the provision of appropriate care for each type to reduce patient and hospital staff stress.

Quality of life is a concept that aims to note the well-being of an individual or a population, even if we are talking about both positive and negative aspects of life at a given moment. People feel fulfilled in relation to themselves only when they become aware of the satisfactions that arise from involvement in life roles and valuable interpersonal relationships. The state of subjective well-being is an essential attribute of the psyche and individual personality, which underlies self-fulfillment and combines the feeling of personal identity with that of belonging to the world around. Personality disorders are dysfunctions of how the individual lives and thinks about himself, about others, or about the world, manifesting as non-adaptive patterns of cognition, emotion or behavior. A histrionic personality disorder is characterized by a behavioral pattern of continuous attention-seeking and intense emotionality. A dependent personality disorder is characterized by a person's exaggerated need for someone else to take care of them, which leads to submissive behavior, dependence, and fear of separation from the person they depend on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypnotherapy is a form of therapy that uses hypnosis to induce a state of deep relaxation and increased suggestibility in a patient. Through hypnosis, the doctor can access the subconscious mind of the patient, where the patient can explore past experiences and beliefs, and suggest positive changes to aid in healing and growth. Histrionic personality disorder (HPD) and dependent personality disorder (DPD) are two conditions that can improve with hypnotherapy. Both HPD and DPD are characterized by a pattern of behavior that involves emotional instability, heightened reactivity, and a need for validation and support. Suggestion Therapy is a method of hypnotherapy that uses positive suggestions to influence the patient's subconscious mind. During hypnotherapy sessions, the patient receives positive suggestions such as "I am a confident and independent individual" or "I am worthy of love and respect." These positive messages can help to reprogram the patient's subconscious beliefs and encourage more positive behaviors. Regression Therapy, on the other hand, is a form of hypnotherapy that involves exploring past experiences and memories that may be impacting the patient's current behaviors and beliefs. Through regression therapy, the patient can be helped to access forgotten or repressed memories and work through unresolved issues that may be contributing to their HPD or DPD. Overall, hypnotherapy can be an effective tool in the treatment of HPD and DPD. By accessing the subconscious mind and suggesting positive changes, or exploring past experiences to gain insight, patients can gain a deeper understanding of themselves and their behaviors, and make positive changes to improve their well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicidal behavior has a complex determinism, which exceeds the framework of psychiatric pathology, through the combination of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors. The most important model in relation to the factors involved in suicides is the individual personality, whose structure can condition the suicidal phenomenon in a complex way. In the case of pathological personalities, the structure of the ego and the particularities of self-esteem favors an egocentric behavior. The impulsive and self-aggressive potential is mainly associated with cluster B personality disorders, but under certain conditions also with anxious structures. The particularities of interpersonal relationships in histrionic personality disorder are the expression of fragile and inauthentic sociophilia corresponding to low self-esteem and the compensatory need for valorization by challenging the entourage. The superficiality of histrionic style can be found in suicide attempts, predominantly demonstrative. In the case of dependent personality disorder, we specifically have a sociophilia corresponding to an intense need for attachment. At dependent people, the suicidal process and the type of suicide vary depending on the quality and duration of the attachment relationship. When these don't correspond to the needs and expectations of dependent subjects, suicide attempts with low life risk may appear, having as a goal to impress the dominant person, but also attempts with increased life risk in case of breaking up. The attitude and relations with others in the case of both personality types, is also reflected in the attitude towards themselves, and this also corresponds to the suicidal phenomenon. Thus, the evaluation of suicidal risk in personality disorders can bring safety measures for the patient, together with the improvement of therapeutic strategies which will lead to increasing functional capacity and the relational skills of the person in the roles of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histrionic personality disorder is characterized by a strong desire to be the center of attention and discomfort when not in that position. Individuals with this disorder believe they are entitled to attention and feel unappreciated when they are not the focus. They exhibit attention-seeking behaviors such as approaching others to inquire why they haven't greeted them or interrupting conversations to redirect attention to themselves. They also engage in sexually seductive or provocative behavior to draw attention, often flirting openly with others or engaging in intimate displays in social or work settings. This behavior can lead to conflicts and confrontations, especially when involving love interests or the spouses of others. People with histrionic personality disorder display rapidly shifting and shallow expressions of emotions. They lack depth and authenticity in their emotions, often faking sympathy or congratulations to maintain attention. They also consistently use their physical appearance to draw attention, dressing seductively and enhancing their features to attract others. Their speech style is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail, focusing more on tone and delivery than substance. They exhibit self-dramatization, theatricality, and exaggerated expressions of emotion to gain attention. However, these behaviors can strain relationships and lead to social isolation. Histrionic individuals are highly suggestible and easily influenced by others or circumstances, particularly those they perceive as important. They may fall victim to scams or manipulation. They also tend to consider relationships more intimate than they actually are, often believing acquaintances or famous individuals are their best friends. Overall, individuals with histrionic personality disorder struggle to maintain attention and can experience distress when unable to do so. Their attention-seeking behaviors, shallow emotions, and susceptibility to influence can impact their relationships and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study looked at lay theories of how people with sub-clinical personality disorders experience the world of work. Aims: The aim was to investigate the paradox that subclinical and clinical personality disorders are seen as beneficial for success, rather than a handicap in certain jobs. Methods: In all, 230 participants read 14 vignettes derived from Oldham and Morris's book describing DSMIII personality disorders for a popular audience. Participants were invited to suggest what type of work each disordered person may be successful at, as well as six ratings of their social adjustment. Results: There was a tendency for people to believe those with OCD to be suited to Accountancy, Narcissism and Paranoia to General Management, Histrionic PD to being an Actor and Schizotypal an Artist. Surprisingly Paranoid and Sadistic people were judged to be good managers and Histrionic, Passive Aggressive and Schizotypal the worst. People in Cluster C were judged as best managers, but those in Cluster B as better adjusted. Conclusions: Results show that lay people believe that certain "dark-side" traits associated with personality disorders, particularly dependency and OCD, are thought to be beneficial for success, rather than failure, in many jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Introduction: Dissociative psychotic disorder typically has a sudden onset against a backdrop of structural vulnerability. Often, the personality disorder involved in dissociative pathology is histrionic, characterized by features such as emotional immaturity, egocentrism, self-love, demonstrativeness, and hyperexpressiveness. Case Report: Case Report: A 56-year-old female patient with documented psychiatric history spanning approximately 6 years, non-compliance at treatment, and multiple psychiatric diagnoses over the years, was admitted in emergency due to a psychopathological presentation specific to the delusional-hallucinatory syndrome. Throughout the hospitalization, hallucinations, mystical delusional ideas, paranoid delusions of persecution and harm, disinhibited, bizarre, disorganized behavior were evident but rapidly responded to antipsychotic treatment. Additionally, there was an increased tendency towards simulation, a need for attention by alleging various somatic symptoms not confirmed by objective examination or paraclinical investigations. Low self-esteem, decreased empathy towards others, selfishness, and superficiality in relationships with other patients were also noted. Discussions : Discussions: It is noteworthy that the patient lacks a social support network, being divorced, with her children living abroad, relying on a granddaughter who cannot provide the necessary care. Without an adequate social support network, the patient feels abandoned, which may explain the psychotic decompensations she experiences as she tries to overcome obstacles in life, becoming a defense mechanism in this way. Conclusions: Conclusion: This case highlights the use of primitive defense mechanisms such as dissociation and somatization to cope with difficult situations, considering the patient's intellectual, educational level, and sociocultural context. It is also worth mentioning that the heterogeneous manifestations of histrionic personality disorder made the patient's diagnosis difficult to establish on a prolonged period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • This is the first community study of PD dimensions as predictors for MDD in adults. • Histrionic PD score was related to the occurrence of MDD in the follow-up period. • The occurrence of MDD was not related to other PD scores. Abstract Background Little is known about the long-term relationships between specific personality disorder dimensions and onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) in the community. Methods A stratified random sample of adult residents of eastern Baltimore was interviewed by psychiatrists in 1981 to assess DSM-III personality disorders. A total of 252 of these individuals were re-examined between 1994 and 1999 and were included in the present analysis. Relationships between scores on personality disorder scales and the onset of MDD in the 13–18 year follow-up period were evaluated using logistic regression models. Results Forty-nine individuals had an episode of major depression during the follow-up period; 34 of them had their first episode during this period. Only histrionic personality disorder score was significantly related to the occurrence of MDD in the follow-up period. No significant associations were found between first-incidence MDD and any of the personality disorder scores. Limitations The study was conducted prior to DSM-5 criteria. Conclusion The findings suggest that the risk of MDD in adults in the community increases with histrionic personality disorder score. Future prospective population-based studies with larger sample sizes are needed in order to verify the present finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Episodes of massive psychogenic disease have occurred in different social contexts, worldwide, throughout history. Every time health professionals participate more in their attention and solution. This work presents three "cases" classified as such, which the author had the opportunity to attend. There are, in this work comments, about each of them and concepts about this condition are updated; which is expressed by the most varied symptoms in a group of people facing intense stress due to supposed threatening even though there is no physical or environmental reason to get sick. It generates a marked tension in patients and doctors so as in the general public. Doctors and sanitary personnel should be prepared for its adequate diagnosis and conduct to follow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Body dysmorphic disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and histrionic personality disorders are the most frequent personality disorders in patients seeking cosmetic interventions. Botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA) injection for cosmetic purpose is the most popular among non-surgical cosmetic procedures and is also the second common aesthetic treatment in Iran. The current study aimed to assess personality disorders in people who were referred for BoNTA injection in Ardabil, Iran. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on personality disorders in applicants for cosmetic BoNTA injection in Iran. Materials and Methods: In a descriptive cross-sectional study, 200 eligible applicants for cosmetic BoNTA injection were selected by non-probability sampling. Firstly, the participants' demographic data were recorded in data gathering forms. Then their personality characteristics were evaluated via the Milton Clinical Multiaxial Inventory 3rd edition, which is a standardized self-report questionnaire for the assessment of personality disorders and clinical syndromes. Results: Narcissistic personality trait was the most common (34.5%) followed by histrionic personality trait (27%), and obsessive personality trait was the least common personality trait (4%) in patients seeking BoNTA injection. Anxiety disorder had the highest frequency of clinical syndromes (46%) among the participants in this study, somatization had 25.5%, and dysthymia had the lowest frequency (11%). Conclusion: The current study concluded that narcissistic and histrionic personality traits and anxiety and somatization symptoms are higher in applicants for cosmetic BoNTA injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines psychopathology and clinical characteristics of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and comorbid narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) from two international randomized controlled trials. From a combined sample of 188 patients with BPD, 25 also ful- filled criteria for a comorbid diagnosis of NPD according to DSM-IV. The BPD patients with comorbid NPD, compared to the BPD patients without comorbid NPD, showed significantly more BPD criteria (M = 7.44 vs. M = 6.55, p < .001), fulfilled more criteria of comorbid histrionic (M = 3.84 vs. M = 1.98, p < .001), paranoid (M = 3.12 vs. M = 2.27, p = .014), and schizotypal (M = 1.64 vs. M = 1.02, p = .018) personality disorders, and were more likely to meet criteria for full histrionic PD diagnosis (44.0% vs. 14.2%, p < .001). The BPD-NPD group also reported significantly fewer psychiatric hospitalizations in the previous year (M = 0.40 vs. M = 0.82, p = .019) and fewer axis I disorders (M = 2.68 vs. M = 3.75, p = .033). No differences could be found in general functioning, self-harming behavior, and suicide attempts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histrionic personality disorder affects 2-3% of the average population, the most affected being females. Patients with histrionic personality disorder are often characterized by selfishness, egophilia and are associated with low self-esteem, which facilitates a constant attempt to invoke attention, admiration, and support from others. Often their behavior is theatrical, manipulative, demonstrative, and hyper-expressive. Furthermore, their behavior and emotional life are characterized by immaturity, emotional lability, and superficial experiences without a deep emotional resonance. In interpersonal relationships, patients with a histrionic personality disorder may be characterized by exaggerated suggestibility, but at the same time, they may be domineering with an inauthentic, blackmail style. The most famous hysterical personality in literature and cinema is represented by Scarlet O'Hara, the protagonist of the masterpiece "Gone with the Wind" brought to the screen by the talented actress: Vivien Leigh. Scarlet, besides being a very beautiful and ambitious woman, can be characterized as a person who wants to be constantly in the center of attention, constantly needs the admiration of others, and has seductive behavior towards the opposite sex, yet is superficial and careless in her relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A good number of adults who have self-esteem problems or suffer from anxiety and depression were raised by histrionic mothers as children. Women with histrionic personality disorder have a low level of empathy. Not only that, but they tend to relate to their children as beings who must obey without question, "objects" to be decorated and displayed to the world. Mothers with histrionic personality disorder are impatient, critical, quick to anger, and tend to occupy all of their child's intimate space. Because they are extremely sensitive to criticism themselves, mothers with histrionic personality disorder cannot accept the idea that they could be wrong. Unable to accept that they are wrong, these mothers fail to develop intellectually and emotionally beyond a certain threshold. They establish absurd rules that their child must follow, a child who - later - will notice with amazement that his mother does not respect the rule. They will treat him with indifference and withdraw his affection as a method of punishing him, scold him often, and constantly check if he follows the rules they set. The criticism will come according to the emotional fluctuations of the mothers but will be motivated otherwise, usually through a much-inflated fault of the child. Adults who have such a childhood littered with drama and criticism from their mothers will have difficulty understanding what happened in the past and why they developed in a certain way. Almost without exception, like adults, they will have frequent anxiety and low self-esteem. Some develop performance anxiety, others obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. In the case of some, their self-esteem is so damaged that they experience episodes of anger. Equally common as a result of such a difficult childhood are borderline, dependent, and avoidant personality disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hysterical and dependent traits have always been part of the human personality structure. They are more or less conscious and periodically mark individual behavior. We meet them mainly in women, in which case they can be - just as obviously - adaptive or maladaptive. Psycho-behavioral manifestations corresponding to hysterical and dependent traits have marked cultural conditioning. Thus, in life roles and interpersonal relationships, hysterical traits are dominantly adaptive in contemporary postmodern society and maladaptive in traditional societies such as Asian ones. On the other hand, dependent traits prove to be mainly disadvantageous for the individual in Western society but favor performance in roles, interpersonal harmony, and quality of life in traditional societies. The recognition of hysterical and dependent structural dominants - which otherwise interfere with and condition each other - remains a desideratum for the structuring and manifestation variants of some first-rate adaptive mechanisms. And this, regardless of the particularities of the socio-cultural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apparently obsolete and carrying a rather historical than a clinical importance, mainly because it was split by modern literature between several diagnostical categories that make it less stigmatizing, but more difficult to understand in its inherent complexity, the concept of hysteria defines a sum of signs and symptoms, both mental and physical, closely related to the psychopathological manifestations and the behavioral echo of some specific disharmonious personality traits. The closest personality disorder to hysteria is the Hystrionic PD, but the overlap of the two entities is just a partial one and it cannot explain the hole hysterical phenomenology. The purpose of this article is to analyze the existent literature resources for a possible link between the dimensional features of hysterical personalities and religiosity, as well as the way in which the dynamics of spiritual life is impacted by the pathological personality traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When it comes to cluster B personality disorders, NPD, HPD AND BPD were, at all times, subjects of constant debate regarding their common or similar roots/causes, their common traits and also their frequent overlaps. The three PD are still very difficult to separate due to their similar coping styles, triggers, behaviours and also their shared frame of emotions which greatly influence their relationships and also their response to treatment, be it pharmacological - used for the frequent decompensations, or therapy. In our analysis we are trying to capture and emphasize their interferences regarding not only their traits and facets but also their innate preferences for coping with reality and their view of it, for emotions and feelings and also for relationships and behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The psychodynamic theory aims to elucidate human behavior by analyzing internal psychological processes and recurrent interpersonal patterns that are frequently beyond an individual's conscious awareness and are rooted in their childhood experiences. The psychodynamic theory proposes several theoretical perspectives that are relevant to understanding histrionic and dependent disorders, one of them is ego psychology theory in which dependent and histrionic personality disorders develop due to disruptions in the development of the ego, leading to difficulties with self-regulation, impulse control, and interpersonal relationships. In dependent personality disorder, the individual's ego may not have developed a strong sense of self and may rely excessively on others for validation and decision-making, while in histrionic personality disorder, the individual may have an overdeveloped ego that uses attention-seeking behaviors to cope with underlying feelings of inadequacy. In histrionic and dependent personality disorders, individuals may use adaptive and defense mechanisms as ways to cope with their underlying emotional and psychological distress, such as repression that involves keeping thoughts or feelings that are deemed unacceptable, threatening, or anxiety-provoking out of conscious awareness or compliance, which involves going along with the opinions and requests of others to avoid conflict and maintain social harmony. Overall, the psychodynamic theory suggests that early life experiences and unresolved that early life experiences and unresolved conflicts can play a significant role in the development of personality disorders. By exploring and resolving these conflicts in therapy, individuals may be able to gain a better understanding of their own behavior and develop more adaptive coping mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histrionic expressions can be found along the entire range of personality disorders, covering a diversity of symptoms and behaviors that potentially mimic/reproduce those of other psychiatric or somatic disorders. Thus, the diagnosis of HPD can represent a challenge to mental health professionals. Out of all PDs, HPD can be most frequently confused for NPD, BPD, or DPD. The present work aims to analyze the interferences of HPD and DPD, by initially setting the psychodynamic conceptualization of the self, followed by an inquiry into psychopathology. The phenomenological analytical framework follows similar and distinct cognitions underlining specific behaviors, affective responses, and particular interpersonal relationship patterns common to these PDs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main areas of interest at the end of the 19th century and the begining of the 20th century was an interesting disorder named hysteria. Today this diagnosis is not used anymore under this form by the scientific community as it was meanwhile deconstructed into more diagnoses. As for today, histrionic personality disorder seems to be the basis of this former diagnostic construct as the other component diagnoses (conversion disorder, somatic symptom disorder, and dissociative disorders) can represent decompensations or even manifestations (in milder forms) of the aforementioned personality disorder. While hysteria was so well acknowledged and studied before, histrionic personality disorder does not benefit of the same attention. Experts are even considering removing this diagnosis because of the overlap with other personality disorders. However, this propensity to mimic other personality disorders or even other diseases (by decompensation into the other aforementioned related diagnoses) makes this personality disorder important in the differential diagnosis of the other disorders as it has a better prognosis than most of the disorders it mimics. In conclusion, this paper provides a synthethisation of the differential diagnosis of the histrionic personality disorder and by extension also the differential diagnosis of the other disorders that it can decompensate into. In this way, it tries to emphasize the relevance of this disorder for the medical community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality is a deciding factor when we talk about the success or failure of trying to get a friendship. Often, a friendship is based on sharing the same values and creating a sense of belonging. In any type of relationship, there are also differences, but when this connection is made between two individuals with a normally structured personality, also the differences are integrated naturally and harmoniously. A friendship with a dependent or histrionic personality can be a challenge and emotionally draining, due to their characteristic features regarding the affective, cognitive, or behavioral components. Although these two types of disorders have many features in common, the differences between them, make the friendship between a histrionic and a dependent doomed to failure. Each type of personality disorder can have a friendship or romantic relationship with an individual with another type of personality disorder but they are often toxic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality disorders can build a whole world around a human being that they may see as quite impossible to adapt to. The specific features or symptoms of personality disorders can be significantly various but are all generally stable over time and inflexible. The relationship between personality traits and psychiatric disorders is complex and multifaceted. Recognizing the role that personality traits play in the development, course, and treatment outcomes of psychiatric disorders is essential for clinicians to provide the most effective and personalized care. Researchers have long recognized that dependent personality disorder (DPD) and histrionic personality disorder (HPD) share at least one important feature: heightened sensitivity to criticism, the need for safety and approval, and the need for confirmation. Unlike dependent personality disorder, which is characterized by its docile and self-effacing behavior, people with histrionic personality disorder have flamboyant behaviors and active but superficial demands for attention. Both DPD and HPD are associated with a variety of Axis I and Axis II disorders, and some of these relationships are more powerful than others. Because of their excessive need for comfort and wellness, people with histrionic or dependent personality disorder may be more addicted to drugs or alcohol. The abuse of prescription medications is also common among people with dependent and HY personality disorders. People with DPD are at risk for depression, anxiety disorders, and phobias. They are also at higher risk of being abused because of their vulnerability and willingness to do virtually anything to maintain unconditionally the relationship with a person of authority or dominant partner. People with HY are at risk for depressive disorder (MDD), somatic symptom disorder, conversion disorder, suicide, eating disorder, and sexual disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]