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Il volume affronta una figura chiave dell’immaginario penalistico di Antico regime, ovvero il giudice che amministra la giustizia nella stagione d’oro della criminalistica, quella, per intenderci, interpretata da un giurista del calibro, e della reputazione, di Prospero Farinacci. L’analisi si concentra, infatti, sul personale giusdicente che ha operato nei tribunali dello Stato della Chiesa nella prima metà del Seicento, tra i pontificati di Clemente VIII e Alessandro VII, in modo particolare sui giudici attivi presso le magistrature romane. L’indagine assume i tratti della ricerca prosopografica, attraverso lo spoglio di una documentazione d’archivio diffusa in diversi fondi dell’amministrazione pubblica papale e italiana, e la incrocia in modo qualitativo con le carte conservate in alcuni archivi privati di famiglie che hanno espresso diverse generazioni di ufficiali. La ricerca dunque si pone in ideale prosecuzione con gli studi che dagli anni Novanta hanno costruito progressivamente un’immagine articolata e coerente, ancorché sfaccettata, dello Stato della Chiesa e della Curia romana, con i suoi apparati, i diversi gruppi di prelati e laici che operano entro la struttura delle cariche e degli uffici, i linguaggi e i cerimoniali specifici alla realtà politica governata dal sovrano-pontefice, ma condivisa pure con le forme della politica barocca riscontrabili nei diversi stati italiani ed europei. Nell’ambito di questo importante filone di ricerche, manca l’acquisizione di un tassello strategico per comprendere pienamente il funzionamento della giustizia e la natura delle sue istituzioni, cioè proprio coloro che sono chiamati a istruire le indagini, condurre il processo, emettere la sentenza, in relazione stretta con i superiori. La messa a fuoco degli uomini che, nella prima metà del Seicento, svolsero questa funzione a Roma ed entro un circuito prestigioso di magistrature nei domini papali avviene nel volume ricostruendo l’origine, gli studi, l’avvio della carriera, le traiettorie del cursus honorum, le strategie clientelari messe in atto per incentivare la protezione dei superiori, le risorse familiari e materiali impiegate a servizio della carriera. Alcuni casi di studio permettono di esemplificare i diversi aspetti con uno sguardo dall’interno. Una parte della ricerca si concentra poi sul patrimonio librario posseduto dai giusdicenti entro il tema più generale delle biblioteche private professionali.

El interior mediterráneo de las Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata en la transición del siglo XVIII al XIX, contemplado a partir de la óptica de uno de sus actores: los obispos de Córdoba del Tucumán y su gobierno sobre las jurisdicciones de Córdoba y La Rioja. Es a través de dicha opción temática que Laura Mazzoni avanza sobre un período definido, entre otros procesos, por: los proyectos reformistas de la Corona y los levantamientos que ellos generaron; el quiebre del vínculo económico co...

This article aims to analyze the moral Theology present in the memoirs of Friar Juan Silva, written between 1613 and 1621, and sent to King Philip III and to the Royal Council of the Indies. Considering that Friar Silva's denunciations and proposals on peaceful preaching and repartimientos in the viceroyalty of New Spain were based on Christian morality, we sought to understand how this moral Theology dialogues with the period, together with the question of probabilism in jurists and theologians of the Iberian World. In summary, Fray Juan Silva shows us the medieval aspects that during the Modern era came to the defense of Native Americans, against injustice and abuse, being a continuator of the theological-juridical tradition of the Golden Age. Este artigo objetiva analisar a Teologia moral presente nas memórias do Frei Juan Silva, escritas entre 1613 e 1621, e encaminhadas ao Rei Felipe III e ao Real Conselho das Índias. Considerando que as denúncias e as propostas do Frei Silva sobre a pregação pacífica e os repartimientos no vice-reino da Nova Espanha pautaram-se na moralidade cristã, buscamos compreender como essa Teologia moral dialoga com o período, conjuntamente com a questão do probabilismo nos juristas e teólogos do Mundo Ibérico. Em síntese, Frei Juan Silva nos demonstra os aspectos medievais que durante a Modernidade confluíram na defesa pelos indígenas americanos, contra a injustiça e abuso, sendo ele um continuador da tradição teológico-jurídica do Século de Ouro.

During the 19th and 20th centuries, the practice of binding books with human skin widespreaded. Although anthropodermic bibliopegy has often been mentioned, no comprehensive overview has previously been undertaken. This study provides the most extensive survey of books bound in human skin conducted to date. Curation and study of human remains is a major concern for museums. In the search of the most appropriate physicochemical identification method to carry for the authentification of the leather, I discusse the advantages and disadvantages of each archaeometric test. Protein signature, immunochemistry and DNA tests were assessed. In order to highlight the importance of a reflexion around the exhibition of these artefacts, sociological processes involved in their making and selling were discussed. Human bindings were associated with the judiciary system in Great Britain, France and U.S.A. as material witnesses to justice in action and part of post-mortem rites performed around criminal bodies. The skin were often retrieved from the bodies of the poor. A sociological overview of the phenomenon is here proposed.; Le monde académique jeta ponctuellement un oeil curieux sur la pratique de la bibliopégie anthropodermique. Cependant, aucune synthèse sur ce sujet n'a été entreprise. Les publications récentes se concentrent sur des cas particuliers (Harrisson 2017) ou bien se contentent de relayer les mêmes informations depuis les références anciennes les plus prolixes (Blumenthal [1955] (1969), Thompson 1946, 1969). Cette frilosité des chercheurs est évidemment induite par le caractère sensible de ces objets patrimoniaux qui suscitent des débats éthiques. Cependant, des obstacles méthodologiques sont également en cause dans la sous-exploitation de ces objets dans la recherche en archéologie historique. Dans cet article, nous proposerons une évaluation des méthodes physico-chimiques permettant leur analyse dans le but d'établir un protocole adapté.Nous avons également entrepris de mener à bien un catalogage exhaustif des livres en peau humaine connus à travers une revue de la littérature et une consultation des sources archivistiques des grands hôtels de ventes aux enchères français, britanniques et américains. Après avoir compilé les données en un catalogue extensif, nous avons vérifié l'existence de chaque ouvrage auprès de l'institution supposée le conserver, puis rassemblé des données inédites sur les artefacts en question grâce à un dialogue avec les conservateurs et les libraires. Nous présenterons ici une synthèse de ce catalogue qui constitue le tout premier inventaire raisonné autour du phénomène de bibliopégie anthropodermique. Enfin, l'analyse de notre corpus nous mènera à des réflexions sur les fonctions sociales que ces livres spéciaux ont pu revêtir.

This paper provides an in depth study of the development of the People’s Jury pertaining to ordinary criminal justice in Colombia, taking the Medellin circuit court (1821-18886) as a case study. Its main objective, based on a study focused on citizen participation trends and the procedural safeguards generated by the institution in the courts, is to explain how this court influenced social democratization and the transformation of criminal justice. The work is based on a variety of documentary sources, mainly criminal trials, and critical historiographic theorizations concerning citizens, law and justice within a Latin-American context.Este artículo profundiza en la comprensión de la trayectoria seguida por el Jurado popular en materia de justicia criminal ordinaria en Colombia, tomando como estudio de caso el circuito judicial de Medellín (1821-1886). Su objetivo principal es explicar a partir de un estudio centrado en las tendencias de participación ciudadana y de las garantías procesales generadas por la institución en los juzgados, la manera como ésta incidió en el proceso de democratización de la sociedad y en la transformación de la justicia penal. Esta labor se sustenta en un conjunto variado de fuentes documentales, principalmente procesos penales, y en teorizaciones historiográficas críticas sobre la ciudadanía, el derecho y la justicia en el marco Latinoamericano.

In the aftermath of the Hundred Years’ War, the King of France, winner by arms in 1453, displays a policy, a speech, a legislative activity, in order to perpetuate peace. Much attention is paid to the restoration of judicial institutions, which contribute to the redefinition of the jurisdictional geography of a kingdom divided for many years. In this context appears a forgotten institution, which had not been mobilized for nearly half a century: the grands jours, consisting in sending for a few weeks of a group of councilors of the Parliament of Paris in a city chosen by the King, to judge on the spot rather than in Paris the appeals for a determined area. Between 1454 and 1459, seven sessions are held in Poitiers, Thouars, Montferrand and Bordeaux, then disappear again from the institutional landscape for more than twenty years. The grands jours appear in this mid-fifteenth century as a political instrument in formation, in a moment of change in both the history of the kingdom of France and in the history of the institution. This instrument allows an intensification of the judicial policy of royalty and the resumption of a judicial relationship between the king, his representatives and his subjects., Au lendemain de la guerre de Cent ans, on observe le roi de France, vainqueur par les armes en 1453, déployer une politique, un discours, une activité législative destinés à pérenniser la paix. Une grande attention est alors prêtée à la restauration des institutions judiciaires, lesquelles participent de la redéfinition de la géographie juridictionnelle d’un royaume longtemps divisé. C’est dans ce contexte qu’est mobilisée une institution oubliée de la royauté depuis près d’un demi-siècle : les grands jours, qui consistent en l’envoi pour quelques semaines d’un groupe de conseillers du parlement de Paris dans une ville choisie par le roi, pour y juger sur place plutôt qu’à Paris les appels pour un ressort déterminé. Entre 1454 et 1459, sept sessions sont tenues à Poitiers, Thouars, Montferrand et Bordeaux, puis disparaissent à nouveau du paysage institutionnel pour plus de vingt ans. Les grands jours apparaissent en ce milieu du XVe siècle comme un instrument politique en formation, dans un moment de basculement à la fois dans l’histoire du royaume de France et dans l’histoire de l’institution. Cet instrument permet une intensification de la politique judiciaire de la royauté et la reprise d’une relation judiciaire entre le roi, ses représentants et ses sujets.

Throughout the pages of Fractional Freedoms: Slavery, Intimacy and Legal Mobilization in Colonial Lima 1600-1700, Michelle McKinley masterfully unfolds a dense archive material as a result of an extensive and committed research process which makes the reader see, as the author points out, ‘the law in action’ as well as the action of enslaved litigants over the law and the administration of justice, especially the ecclesiastical one. The author analyses from a micro historic viewpoint the ‘exp...

La investigación sobre la participación de las mujeres en los foros y tribunales de Antiguo Régimen europeos está siendo abordada con decisión por historiadores e historiadoras de distintas latitudes. El equipo constituido por Margarita Torremocha lleva un tiempo explorando, con ese propósito, diversos registros que permitan identificar la presencia femenina en esos quehaceres, y comprender sus roles allí, sus eventuales influencias, y los posibles efectos en ellas de esas instancias, como sú...

The main objective of this work is to analyze and to show some singular and peculiar characteristics in the ways of administering justice in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in the late eighteenth century. I present here three domestic violence processes that have two specific characteristics: extreme celerity in their processing and the exercise of judges' discretion not only in the course of procedural steps, but also in the sentences. These procedures were based on a way of understanding the juridical world, typical of the Modern Age and that went far beyond the simple application of the law, having as decisive elements for the own administration of justice the equity, the mercy and the right, the latter being understood, in fact, as fair or adequate by the judges. A finalidade deste artigo é a de fazer ouvir as vozes das mulheres que, no Vice-reinado do Prata, no final do século XVIII, reclamaram por justiça perante os juízes ordinários, exigindo um tratamento digno e uma sentença justa, e conseguiram ganhar as suas causas. Para este trabalho foram consultados um total de cem processos criminais manuscritos, dos quais mais de cinquenta envolviam crimes como maus tratos, rapto, incesto, amancebamento ou concubinato, estupros e lesões corporais ou injúrias. A partir dos autos dos processos procurarei mostrar como essas mulheres explicavam, na justiça, as violências e as injustiças a que se viam submetidas na sua vida doméstica, como se viam e se entendiam a si mesmas e aos seus maridos, companheiros e familiares e os fundamentos em que os juízes se basearam para prolatarem as suas sentenças. A finalidade deste artigo é a de fazer ouvir as vozes das mulheres que, no Vice-reinado do Prata, no final do século XVIII, reclamaram por justiça perante os juízes ordinários, exigindo um tratamento digno e uma sentença justa, e conseguiram ganhar as suas causas. Para este trabalho foram consultados um total de cem processos criminais manuscritos, dos quais mais de cinquenta envolviam crimes como maus tratos, rapto, incesto, amancebamento ou concubinato, estupros e lesões corporais ou injúrias. A partir dos autos dos processos procurarei mostrar como essas mulheres explicavam, na justiça, as violências e as injustiças a que se viam submetidas na sua vida doméstica, como se viam e se entendiam a si mesmas e aos seus maridos, companheiros e familiares e os fundamentos em que os juízes se basearam para prolatarem as suas sentenças.

International audience; The CNRS and the Minister of Justice have engaged in a partnership to create the first center of digital humanities in France dedicated to the history of justice.The CLAMOR. Center for Digital Humanities and History of Justice is in charge of the Criminocorpus platform which offers a coherent ensemble of resources and services : it organizes a virtual museum of the history of justice that offers exhibits, collections of documents, and virtual tours of important sites in the history of justice. The CLAMOR also publishes the online journal Criminocorpus and a blog.; Présentation du CLAMOR dans le cadre de l'atelier dédié aux réseaux et laboratoires de recherche. Ouvert en 2015, le CLAMOR est une unité mixte de service créée par le CNRS et le ministère de la Justice en partenariat avec les Archives nationales de France. Premier centre d’humanités numériques dédié à l’histoire de la justice, le CLAMOR rassemble des spécialistes de l’histoire de la justice et de l’édition numérique et développe une politique de services numériques innovants visant à faciliter et à promouvoir l’histoire de la justice dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire. Le CLAMOR édite et développe la plateforme Criminocorpus et met à disposition du public un ensemble cohérent de ressources et de services. La plateforme est composée de trois sites : un Musée d’histoire de la justice entièrement numérique qui propose des ressources pour explorer la justice et son histoire : des expositions, des visites, des collections, mais aussi des repères et des outils pour faciliter les études et les recherches, une revue scientifique et un blog d’actualités.Les deux projets prioritaires du CLAMOR en 2017 sont la réalisation du nouvel outil de recherche HUGO. Patrimoine des lieux de justice et le développement avec Sciences Po du module d’innovation pédagogique « Au Tribunal » au sein du site musée Criminocorpus.

The present essay brings new light on the education and the early career years of one of the most important 19th-century jurists. Pellegrino Rossi was graduated in law at the University of Bologna and his Master as well as promoter of degree was Giuseppe Gambari. The latter was formerly Attorney at the Court of Appeal and a professor of criminal and procedure law at the same university in Bologna and directly influenced the introduction of Rossi in his forensic and academic career, as many documents found during the investigation prove, revealing however unexpected details. About the well known jurist from Carrara much has been written by legal historiography, but it is true that his legal formation and the influence of the "bolognese school" - to which Rossi himself recognized his cultural debt – had remained so far nebulous

El libro analiza la organización, el funcionamiento y la razón de ser de los foros eclesiásticos de justicia novohispanos. El trabajo va más allá del simple estudio institucional, ya que Jorge Traslosheros se adentra, gracias al uso de un sustancioso aparato crítico, en la historia misma del concepto de justicia. En efecto, identifica tanto los vínculos que unieron la Teología moral, el Derecho canónico y los foros eclesiásticos de justicia, como la naturaleza de las relaciones que existieron...

International audience; The Zoummeroff Collection, accessible on Crimincorpus at collectionzoummeroff.org, contains over 6,000 images including archival records, rare prints, engravings, unpublished manuscripts, letters, posters, laments, and photographs. These documents date from the 16th to the 20th century and are supplemented by one hundred video interviews relating to the history of criminal justice1.The Zoummeroff Collection is the most important publically-accessible French private collection relating to the history of criminal justice. In 2014, Philippe Zoummeroff gave Criminocorpus the responsibility for its distribution, valorization, interoperability and long-term conservation.Here, we would like to describe the origins of this recently-digitized collection. By explaining the choices that defined its creation, we can better grasps its wealth, its limits, and several of its possible uses.

International audience; Introduction par John Barzma et Jean-Pierre Castelain au livreJohn Barzman et Jean-Pierre Castelain (dir),Jules Durand : un crime social et judiciaire,avec des contributions de Jean-Pierre Castelain, Pascal Reghem, Jean-François Lhuissier, Edouard Philippe, Elisabeth Robert-Barzman, John Barzman, Johann Fortier, Florence Montel, Anne Steiner, Jacques Defortescu, Henri Leclerc, Gilles Manceron, Marc Hédrich, Sonia Anton, Philippe Huet, Yoland Simon, Annette Haudiquet, Alain Gouiffes, Christiane Delpech

will follow

Le modèle français de jugement des pairs, celui des tribunaux de commerce et conseils de prud'hommes, propose une alliance entre public et privé et entre accord et sentence. Cela repose sur des juges élus, qui ne sont pas des juristes mais des acteurs économiques (commerçants au sens large, patrons, ouvriers) et qui appliquent une procédure simplifiée, mais qui sont intégrés dans l'ordre juridique officiel (leurs jugements sont rendus au nom du souverain, exécutés par la force publique et susceptibles d'appel). Tout en se légitimant par trois qualités qui les situent plutôt du côté de l'accord – leur caractère conciliateur, expert et informel –, ces tribunaux rendent des milliers de sentences, à la suite de procédures très diverses.

International audience; Briefly reviewing the history of the French Judicial System from the mid-18th Century to present could involve many simplifications. The temptation is strong to emphasize one erosion, a softening of punishment, in a progress of civilization, along the gradual conquest of the monopoly of legitimate physical violence by the state. It could be easy to oppose the cruel tortures inflicted on the fourteenth-fifteenth century (cropping of ears of thieves, etc..) from the contemporary alternative sentence to prison. But reducing the severity of sentences, changing their purposes- from punishment of the amendment, are not linear process. It's always important to compare the theories and criminal law practice : On this plan the terms of the execution of sentences are especially important because they will escape largely to judge, especially when prison sentences becomes the rule after the Revolution. Moreover, the notion of severity, closely linked to changing sensibilities, seems irrelevant when it's applied on a too “long duration” (F. Braudel). It seems more interesting to focus primarily in the context of France, to outline the history of various penalties, application form that the judges (the choice of sentences), their performance also see how the functions displayed on the criminal prosecution are not always those that are asserted in the speech. Broadly speaking, we can consider that the late Middle Ages to that of the Ancien Regime dominates the time of torture, in order to punish the culprit (guilty and charged). After the reform of Revolution, the nineteenth century appears as the time of Prisons and the exclusion, even elimination : the preservation of social and political order and political outweighs the reformation of convicts. This reformation appears along the individualization of punishment which is its corollary, in the late nineteenth century, but is not really news, but it is resolved, when the prison is becoming called into question after the Second World War.

In the Sixteenth Century, the Parliament of Paris was considered as the main sovereign court of the realm and used to fulfill both a legislative and a judicial mission. It had to register royal edicts and could remonstrate against or amending royal legislation with which it disagreed. As a sovereign law court, it serves as a benchmark for the assessment of jurisprudence throughout the kingdom. Its independence and its efficiency drew admiration. However, from François Ier onwards, French kings had been trying to challenge its authority, while promoting other institutions. How did the lawyers manage to maintain, and even to strengthen, the Parliament legitimacy, while its state role was declining under the increasing domination of the royal administration? The sovereign court actually grounded its authority on the dialogue between the king, the magistrates and the attorneys. Hence the studying of their respective speeches in the Parliament is highly valuable. They displayed various sorts of political models : the Parliament was alternatively depicted as a theatre, a temple of justice or a forum. From these numerous representations, one could argue that the Parliament, whose main task was to maintain social harmony, had successfully arrogated for itself a real, share in the ritual staging of the Early Modern State.; Au XVIe siècle, le parlement de Paris, principale cour souveraine du royaume, a des attributions variées, à la fois législatives et judiciaires. Chargée d'enregistrer les édits royaux, elle peut présenter des remontrances au roi. En tant que tribunal de dernier ressort, elle est aussi un modèle de jurisprudence reconnu dans tout le royaume. Son indépendance et son efficacité suscitent l’admiration, mais, à partir de François Ier, les rois cherchent à limiter son autorité tout en développant d’autres institutions. Comment les gens de justice parviennent-ils à maintenir, voire à renforcer, la légitimité du parlement, alors même que son rôle dans l’État semble se réduire, à cause de l’essor de l’administration royale ? L’étude des différents types de discours prononcés au parlement par le roi, les magistrats ou les avocats révèle que l’autorité de la cour souveraine est construite par le dialogue entre ces différents acteurs. Ils mettent en œuvre des modèles politiques variés : le parlement est tour à tour considéré comme un sénat, comme un théâtre, comme un temple de justice ou encore comme un forum. À partir de ces multiples représentations, il apparaît que le parlement, dont l’activité vise au maintien de la concorde sociale, participe activement de la mise en scène rituelle de l’État moderne.

In the Sixteenth Century, the Parliament of Paris was considered as the main sovereign court of the realm and used to fulfill both a legislative and a judicial mission. It had to register royal edicts and could remonstrate against or amending royal legislation with which it disagreed. As a sovereign law court, it serves as a benchmark for the assessment of jurisprudence throughout the kingdom. Its independence and its efficiency drew admiration. However, from François Ier onwards, French kings had been trying to challenge its authority, while promoting other institutions. How did the lawyers manage to maintain, and even to strengthen, the Parliament legitimacy, while its state role was declining under the increasing domination of the royal administration? The sovereign court actually grounded its authority on the dialogue between the king, the magistrates and the attorneys. Hence the studying of their respective speeches in the Parliament is highly valuable. They displayed various sorts of political models : the Parliament was alternatively depicted as a theatre, a temple of justice or a forum. From these numerous representations, one could argue that the Parliament, whose main task was to maintain social harmony, had successfully arrogated for itself a real, share in the ritual staging of the Early Modern State.; Au XVIe siècle, le parlement de Paris, principale cour souveraine du royaume, a des attributions variées, à la fois législatives et judiciaires. Chargée d'enregistrer les édits royaux, elle peut présenter des remontrances au roi. En tant que tribunal de dernier ressort, elle est aussi un modèle de jurisprudence reconnu dans tout le royaume. Son indépendance et son efficacité suscitent l’admiration, mais, à partir de François Ier, les rois cherchent à limiter son autorité tout en développant d’autres institutions. Comment les gens de justice parviennent-ils à maintenir, voire à renforcer, la légitimité du parlement, alors même que son rôle dans l’État semble se réduire, à cause de l’essor de l’administration royale ? L’étude des différents types de discours prononcés au parlement par le roi, les magistrats ou les avocats révèle que l’autorité de la cour souveraine est construite par le dialogue entre ces différents acteurs. Ils mettent en œuvre des modèles politiques variés : le parlement est tour à tour considéré comme un sénat, comme un théâtre, comme un temple de justice ou encore comme un forum. À partir de ces multiples représentations, il apparaît que le parlement, dont l’activité vise au maintien de la concorde sociale, participe activement de la mise en scène rituelle de l’État moderne.

International audience; El título de este artículo constituye sin duda una provocación. La misma está dirigida hacia la interpretación política de los acontecimientos que serán analizados, según la cual el «proceso del POUM», que fue en realidad el proceso de una parte de la dirección del POUM, fue un «proceso de Moscú en España»; para retomar las palabras de los mismos poumistas, se diría el proceso de la «represión» calificada de «estalinista» contra la «revolución española», símbolo de una política moscovita «res-ponsable de la derrota» ante las armas franquistas. Mi objetivo, con esta provocación, no es el de entablar una polémica con quienes sostienen una interpretación tal, sino de llamar la atención sobre la «represión» en cues-tión, fenómeno mucho más complejo de lo que se supone, que desborda muy ampliamente las desventuras del POUM. En realidad, se notará que este proceso no fue sino la «punta del iceberg» y que el trozo de hielo no tiene finalmente la forma esperada. En fin, más allá del romanticismo re-volucionario que hace del POUM la bella durmiente del bosque en un cuento político moralista, puede divisarse un tránsito general de la historia de la guerra civil española. Esta última ha sido frecuentemente un «género histórico» en el cual han primado la búsqueda de responsabilidades y la obtención de «lecciones» a partir de una lectura, de una «historia de nues-tros padres», que se aprende para servir al presente (la historia «magistra vitae») y no la de un pasado consumado al que habría que comprender. Curiosamente, el proceso en cuestión jamás ha dado lugar a la publica-ción del menor análisis histórico de las fuentes. Constituye un buen ejem-plo de la ilusión corriente a propósito de la guerra civil, que pretende que todo o lo esencial sobre el conflicto ya ha sido escrito. Esta afirmación puede sorprender, dado que existen libros sobre el tema. El primero, El proceso de Moscú en Barcelona, de Joaquín Gorkín, es en realidad un libro Historia Contemporánea 29, 2005, 839-869