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Electronic structure methods built around double-electron excitations have a rich history in quantum chemistry. However, it seems to be the case that such methods are only suitable in particular situations and are not naturally equipped to simultaneously handle the variety of electron correlations that might be present in chemical systems. To this end, the current work seeks a computationally efficient, low-rank, "ultimate" coupled cluster method based exclusively on T2 and its products that can effectively emulate more "complete" methods that explicitly consider higher-rank, T2m, operators. We introduce a hierarchy of methods designed to systematically account for higher, even order cluster operators, such as T4, T6, ..., T2m, by invoking tenets of the factorization theorem of many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) and expectation-value coupled cluster theory. It is shown that each member within this methodological hierarchy is defined such that both the wavefunction and energy are correct through some order in MBPT and can be extended up to arbitrarily high orders in T2. The efficacy of such approximations are determined by studying the potential energy surface of several closed and open-shell molecules. We find that the proposed hierarchy of augmented T2 methods essentially reduces to standard CCD for problems where dynamic electron correlations dominate but offer improvements in situations where non-dynamic and static correlations become relevant. A notable highlight of this work is that the cheapest methods in this hierarchy—which are correct through fifth-order in MBPT—consistently emulate the behavior of the O ( N 10 ) CCDQ method, yet only require a O ( N 6 ) algorithm by virtue of factorized intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic structure methods built around double-electron excitations have a rich history in quantum chemistry. However, it seems to be the case that such methods are only suitable in particular situations and are not naturally equipped to simultaneously handle the variety of electron correlations that might be present in chemical systems. To this end, the current work seeks a computationally efficient, low-rank, "ultimate" coupled cluster method based exclusively on T2 and its products that can effectively emulate more "complete" methods that explicitly consider higher-rank, T2m, operators. We introduce a hierarchy of methods designed to systematically account for higher, even order cluster operators, such as T4, T6, ..., T2m, by invoking tenets of the factorization theorem of many-body perturbation theory (MBPT) and expectation-value coupled cluster theory. It is shown that each member within this methodological hierarchy is defined such that both the wavefunction and energy are correct through some order in MBPT and can be extended up to arbitrarily high orders in T2. The efficacy of such approximations are determined by studying the potential energy surface of several closed and open-shell molecules. We find that the proposed hierarchy of augmented T2 methods essentially reduces to standard CCD for problems where dynamic electron correlations dominate but offer improvements in situations where non-dynamic and static correlations become relevant. A notable highlight of this work is that the cheapest methods in this hierarchy—which are correct through fifth-order in MBPT—consistently emulate the behavior of the O ( N 10 ) CCDQ method, yet only require a O ( N 6 ) algorithm by virtue of factorized intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron pairs have an illustrious history in chemistry, from powerful concepts to understanding structural stability and reactive changes to the promise of serving as building blocks of quantitative descriptions of the electronic structure of complex molecules and materials. However, traditionally, two-electron wavefunctions (geminals) have not enjoyed the popularity and widespread use of the more standard single-particle methods. This has changed recently, with a renewed interest in the development of geminal wavefunctions as an alternative to describing strongly correlated phenomena. Hence, there is a need to find geminal methods that are accurate, computationally tractable, and do not demand significant input from the user (particularly via cumbersome and often ill-behaved orbital optimization steps). Here, we propose new families of geminal wavefunctions inspired by the pair coupled cluster doubles ansatz. We present a new hierarchy of two-electron wavefunctions that extends the one-reference orbital idea to other geminals. Moreover, we show how to incorporate single-like excitations in this framework without leaving the quasiparticle picture. We explore the role of imposing seniority restrictions on these wavefunctions and benchmark these new methods on model strongly correlated systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karl Ziegler is considered one of the most outstanding chemists of the 20th century. In particular, his work on organometallic mixed catalysts, which allows the polymerization of ethylene at normal pressure, led to a revolution in plastics production and changed the everyday life of all mankind. In 1963, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work, together with Giulio Natta. This article focuses on Ziegler's early career, which has received little attention to date. It describes his youth and study years in Marburg, which partly coincide with the First World War. Subsequently, his postdoctoral period is examined, which led him via Marburg and Frankfurt to his first associate professorship in Heidelberg. Special attention is paid to his relationship to National Socialism, which he opposed. As a result, Ziegler experienced professional difficulties in the 1930s, such as repeated rejection when filling various professorships. His appointment as a full professor in Halle and his subsequent directorship at the Max‐Planck‐Institut für Kohlenforschung (Coal Research), where he finally achieved his greatest research achievement, are described in the following. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few authors have investigated the origins of green chemistry (GC). Most literature relies on a narrative of its birth at the US Environmental Protection Agency in the 1990s through the original work by Paul Anastas and John Warner and the successful networking and institutionalizing activities that followed. However, this perspective has two drawbacks: it fails to consider the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) political background (without which individual action would not have been possible), and it highlights a contradiction between the revolutionary theoretical message of the founders of GC and their strategy of promotion, which is uncritical of "brown" chemistry and excludes participation by civil society and the public. I argue that GC is not only the success of enthusiastic individuals who took advantage of existing political resources to promote a new vision of greening research and innovation but is also an expression of major political changes and a tool for managing chemical risks at the EPA in the 1990s. Using the concept of "design," I argue that GC is a tool illustrating the EPA's comanagement approach with the regulated industry. The paper sheds light on how authorities react to the difficulties of regulating chemical risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Valence has a rich history in chemistry, as a bonding concept, in terms of quantitative context, and as a true quantity. In the latter, a survey preceding this project revealed differing perceptions of valence values and helped formulate candidate definitions. This IUPAC task group evaluated nine quantities behind eight alternative definitions on 39 chemical entities of 48 bonding formulas, each giving a set of meaningful values with mutual relationships. Given the reflection principle of IUPAC normative work, 15 comparative examples with high variation of these alternative valences for an element were selected, and chemistry articles in English searched for valence-termed quantities of the compared compounds to imply the definition behind the stated valence value, the frequency of such use, and the chemistry field. Summarized preferences for the alternative definitions show two main areas of use. Organic and physical chemists count valence as a number of two-electron bonds at the atom. Inorganic chemists working with semi-metallic and metallic elements use n-valent as an adjective for oxidation state. The diverse yet infrequent use cannot be covered by a single definition of the valence quantity. Clarity in articles that use valence as a quantity is essential and achievable by stating the intended context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of defect-free flint glass for use in telescopes and navigational instruments was a key technological challenge facing European chemists, natural philosophers, and artisans that emerged in the 1750s. In 1805, Pierre-Louis Guinand, a Swiss artisan, invented a fireclay stirrer used to stir molten flint glass to create a homogenous mixture relatively free of defects. In this paper, I show it was not Guinand, but French chemist Antoine Baumé, who first came up with the idea of using a fireclay stirrer. More important, both Guinand and another early optical glass researcher, Josiah Wedgwood, knew of and were influenced by Baumé's work. Baumé's optical glass contributions have been forgotten over the years for several reasons. First, he never promoted his idea of a fireclay stirrer due to the limited support and likelihood of failure for such an artisanal-focused project within the Académie, which stressed theory over practice with regards to glassmaking. Second, glassmakers were hesitant to reveal their trade secrets and sources. And third, until fairly recently, Baumé's unrelenting support of the phlogiston theory led to his relegation as a minor figure in the history of chemistry, and his optical glass ideas fell off the radar of subsequent historians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arabinofuranosyl nucleotide analogue (arabinoside) and the derived compounds, a family of nucleoside analogues, exhibit diverse, typically biological activities and are widely used as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor drugs in both clinical and preclinical trials. Despite their long and rich history in medicinal chemistry, the biosynthesis of arabinoside has only been sporadically designed and studied and has remained a challenging task. In this study, an in vitro synthetic enzymatic biosystem was designed and constructed for the production of arabinoside from low-cost nucleoside, based on a phosphorolysis -isomerization-dephosphorylation enzymatic cascade conversion routes. The enzymatic system achieves the biosynthesis of arabinoside by isomerizing the ribose part of nucleoside to arabinose. The reaction conditions affecting the yield of arabinoside were investigated and optimized, including meticulous enzyme selection, key enzyme dosage, the concentration of orthophosphate, and reaction time. Under the optimized conditions, we achieved the production of 0.12 mM of arabinofuranosylguanine from 0.5 mM of guanosine, representing 24% of the theoretical yield. Furthermore, this biosystem also demonstrated the capability to produce other arabinosides, such as vidarabine, spongouridine, and hypoxanthine arabinofuranoside from corresponding nucleosides. Overall, our biosynthesis approach provides a pathway for the biosynthesis of arabinoside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The teaching content of Carbon Group Elements has been reconstructed based on the principles of integrating ‘structure-property-application-preparation’ and the organic integration of ‘professionalism-competencequality'. This has been achieved by perfecting the teaching content, incorporating the frontiers of the discipline, restoring the history of chemistry, integrating ideological and political elements into the curriculum, setting open-ended reflection questions, and introducing online teaching. The reconstructed course embodies “high level, innovation and challenge”, realizing the comprehensive educative function of the Inorganic Chemistry course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of the 150 year history of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Guelph is presented. The department was formed at the creation of the Ontario School of Agriculture in 1874. It was a central figure in the growth of the school into the Ontario Agricultural College. With the creation of the University of Guelph in 1964, the department developed into a modern research chemistry department, tasked with the instruction of chemistry for science students at the university. It continues to this day to be a key source of chemical research and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfonamides have been played a critical role in the history of medicinal chemistry development for decades. In particular, sulfonamides display a broad spectrum in pharmaceutical drugs synthesis. This review presents a short discussion of the microwave‐assisted synthetic approaches, enhancement of sulfonamides moieties and their pharmacological applications are being discussed. During the past few decades, microwave‐assisted technology in organic synthesis has been highlighted to introducing ‐SO2NH functional group in the multi synthetic routes for the development of bioactive molecule and also assisted in the estimation of their credible mechanistic routes for the reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemistry History and Methodology, as an elective course within the chemistry major, carries significant educational responsibilities. To explore the synergistic educational function of Chemistry History and Methodology in the context of the new era, this paper delves into the ideological and political elements inherent in the course. Building upon the foundational significance and integration of Chemistry History and Methodology into ideological and political education, the paper focuses on the case study of "China's Chemical Industry Pioneers" within the specialized topic of Chemistry History and Methodology at Anhui Normal University. This case study, rooted in the spirit of scientists, serves as a basis for the development and practical implementation of ideological and political teaching within the course. Both questionnaire surveys and interviews indicate that this approach has yielded favorable teaching outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biorefineries are often lauded as revolutionary sustainable new sources of power. This article critically examines biorefineries from historical and environmentalist perspectives highlighting flaws such narratives. It proposes an alternative to the biorefinery paradigm that draws on critical environmentalist scholarship French political ecology and the German tradition of sanfte Chemie (soft chemistry). History the article argues is crucial for identifying technological dead ends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) involves first- and second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as imatinib, nilotinib, bosutinib, and dasatinib. However, these medications are ineffective against mutations in the kinase domain of the ABL1 protein, particularly in the protein with the T315I mutation. To address this, ponatinib (PNT), a third-generation inhibitor, was developed. Despite its efficacy in treating the BCR-ABL1T315I mutation, the use of PNT was briefly suspended in 2013 due to serious adverse effects but was subsequently reintroduced to the market. During the drug discovery and development process, it is rare to consolidate all information into a single article, as is the case with ponatinib. This review aims to compile and chronologically organize the research on the discovery of ponatinib using medicinal chemistry tools and computational methods. It includes in silico calculations, such as the octanol/water partition coefficient (cLogP) via SwissAdme, and 2D maps of intermolecular interactions through molecular docking. This approach enhances understanding for both specialists and those interested in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology, while also contextualizing future directions for further optimizations of ponatinib, facilitating the development of new analogs of this crucial inhibitor for the treatment of CML and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The periodic table organizes chemical elements into families based on their similarity, now understood through Quantum Mechanics. However, these families were inferred from limited compounds in the nineteenth century. Since then, the number of compounds has exponentially grown, leading to the discovery of new types unknown to pioneers. This situation prompts the question of whether these families can still be discerned from the amassed data, or if their recognition is confined to specific thermochemical domains. To address this inquiry, we conducted a comprehensive exploration by comparing formulae (1771–2015) as a proxy for chemical similarity. Our findings reveal that stoichiometry not only captures a significant portion of the trends observed within families but also unveils other intriguing features of the formal structure of chemical similarity. These patterns approach equivalence classes independent of thermochemical context and demonstrate high resilience. Temporal analysis demonstrates that, since approximately 1980, similarity is diminishing due to an increasing production of unique formulae for nearly all elements. Nevertheless, chemical families endure over time and they stand out as the most robust similarity patterns. Our analysis offers compelling evidence that any study will reach the same conclusions, provided there is a sufficient diversity in input compound data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the use of natural resources in analytical chemistry throughout history. Plant extracts were employed as indicators in chemistry for identifying the acidity or alkalinity of liquids as early as the 1650s. Later, as the industrial revolution altered people's lives, synthetic chemicals were used instead. Modern techniques of analysis have replaced conventional ones as a result of advancements in physics and technology. The industrial revolution was an era of excitement until the toxic pollutants released from industries severely damaged people and the environment. The concepts of green chemistry and green analytical chemistry were proposed as potential solutions to the problems. The use of natural extracts as chemical analysis reagents has been reconsidered recently as a sustainable alternative. While new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) will influence future trends in analytical chemistry development, the primary goal is to move toward sustainable analytical chemistry, which includes using natural reagents and reducing the amount of chemicals consumed and waste produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maverick American chemist Russell Earl Marker (1902–1995) is known for his studies on the fragmentation of organic mercury compounds, establishing the concept of the octane number, investigating the rearrangements of hydrocarbons and exploring the relationship between optical rotation and the configuration of organic compounds. His greatest achievement, however, is the elaboration of seminal isolation and synthetic methods of an important class of natural products that helped found a new industry, based on the pharmaceutical chemistry of steroids. The nomadic life of this extraordinary man demonstrates that the enormous obstacles thwarting the progress of science and technology can be surmounted by serendipity, acumen and devotion. However, his premature retirement from chemistry is a warning sign that every scientist is vulnerable and even the toughest man's perseverance can fade if the conditions worsen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graph theory has a long history in chemistry. Yet as the breadth and variety of chemical data is rapidly changing, so too do graph encoding methods and analyses that yield qualitative and quantitative insights. Using illustrative cases within a basic mathematical framework, we showcase modern chemical graph theory's utility in Chemists' analysis and model development toolkit. The encoding of both experimental and simulation data is discussed at various levels of granularity of information. This is followed by a discussion of the two major classes of graph theoretical analyses: identifying connectivity patterns and partitioning methods. Measures, metrics, descriptors, and topological indices are then introduced with an emphasis upon enhancing interpretability and incorporation into physical models. Challenging data cases are described that include strategies for studying time dependence. Throughout, we incorporate recent advancements in computer science and applied mathematics that are propelling chemical graph theory into new domains of chemical study. This article is categorized under:Molecular and Statistical Mechanics > Molecular Dynamics and Monte‐Carlo MethodsStructure and Mechanism > Computational Materials ScienceStructure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the Nobel Prizes in Chemistry related to computational chemistry. It explores the history and development of the field, highlighting the contributions of notable scientists and their groundbreaking work in areas such as chemical dynamics, molecular structure, and electronic structure calculations. The article also discusses the Nobel Prizes awarded in specific years, recognizing the achievements of laureates and their significant research contributions. It acknowledges the underrepresentation of women in Nobel Prizes and reflects on the author's personal experiences and hopes for the future of computational chemistry. [Extracted from the article]

This Ambix special issue explores premodern alchemical ideas and practices in their entanglements with medicine. It employs diverse methods, from traditional close reading to the new distant-reading framework of computational humanities, to investigate alchemical thought over a timespan of several centuries. In medieval times, everyday practices could offer heuristic models of material transformation – such as the fermentation of bread as a model for metallic transmutation (Schmechel). Paracelsus relied on "fire" to link his natural philosophy with his medical alchemy; new computational methods show how his ideas evolved over time (Hedesan). Early modern medical pluralism favoured the thriving of chemical medicine in Italy; diplomatic efforts introduced chemical remedies into acknowledged pharmacopoeias (Clericuzio). An English physician offers William Cavendish both practical distillation recipes and the hope of learning more about the principles of chemistry (Begley). In eighteenth-century France, Diderot draws on chemical ideas to blur the conceptual boundary between living and non-living matter (Wolfe). The papers largely adhere to integrated history and philosophy of science (iHPS) and to a pragmatist "operational ideal of knowledge" (Chang). They showcase the interdisciplinarity of premodern scientific thought and examine how medicine and alchemy, but also theory and (everyday) practice informed each other fruitfully across the ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document titled "Centenary Workshop on the Bifurcation of Acidity - Protonism vs. Electronism" discusses a workshop that took place in Coburg, Germany, organized by Klaus Ruthenberg. The workshop focused on the history and philosophy of chemistry, specifically the debate between the protonist and electronist positions regarding acidity. The workshop featured contributions from various scholars, including Hasok Chang and Eric Scerri, who supported the electronistic position. Other topics discussed included the sensory background of the notion of acid, the nature of acids as natural kinds, and the development of acid-base concepts and redox chemistry. The workshop aimed to continue the research on acidity and foster collaboration among scholars in the field. [Extracted from the article]

On May 1, 1965, Roald Hoffmann and R. B. Woodward published their second joint communication, Selection Rules for Concerted Cycloaddition Reactions, in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. Herein is presented a historical analysis of Woodward and Hoffmann's determination of the mechanism of cycloadditions. This analysis is based on thorough analyses with Roald Hoffmann of his 1964 and 1965 laboratory notebooks and his archived documents and on numerous in‐person, video, and email interviews. This historical research pinpoints several seminal moments in chemistry and in the professional career of Hoffmann. For example, now documented is the fact that Woodward and Hoffmann had no anticipation that their collaboration would continue after the publication of their first 1965 communication on electrocyclizations. Also pinpointed is the moment in Hoffmann's professional and intellectual trajectories that he became a full‐fledged, equal collaborator with Woodward and Hoffmann's transition from a "calculator" to an "explainer." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Transition metal‐catalyzed carbene transfer reactions have a century‐old history in organic chemistry and are a primary method for the synthesis of cyclopropanes. Much of the work in this field has focused on the use of diazo compounds and related precursors, which can transfer a carbene fragment to a catalyst with concomitant loss of a stable byproduct. Despite the utility of this approach, there are persistent limitations in the scope of viable carbenes, most notably those lacking stabilizing substituents. By coupling carbene transfer chemistry with two‐electron redox cycles, it is possible to expand the available starting materials that can be used as carbene precursors. In this Minireview, we discuss emerging catalytic reductive cyclopropanation reactions using either gem‐dihaloalkanes or carbonyl compounds. This strategy is inspired by classic stoichiometric transformations, such as the Simmons–Smith cyclopropanation and the Clemmensen reduction, but instead entails the formation of a catalytically generated transition metal carbene or carbenoid. We also present recent efforts to generate carbenes directly from methylene (CR2H2) groups via a formal 1,1‐dehydrogenation. These reactions are currently restricted to substrates containing electron‐withdrawing substituents, which serve to facilitate deprotonation and subsequent oxidation of the anion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research work of history of catalysis science can trace back to the beginning of Republic of China. The earlier work always affiliated to the history of chemistry, e.g. the chapter of catalysis in History of Chemistry. Thereafter, it can be gradually found in some monographs on catalysis, e.g. The Newest Chemical Engineering Series showing at the beginning of these books. After the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, the research work of catalysis starts to be independent, e.g. the pioneer work of Zhang Dayu, Guo Xiexian, etc. Besides, it also found in the books of chemical history, of catalysis science and of catalysis used as key technique. Recently, the monographs of history of catalysis science have been published, e.g. Documents of History of Catalysis (Cuihua Shiliao), Scientist of Catalysis in China., all edited by Xin Qin, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Musks, the foundation of many perfumes, as well as other ingredients of perfumes, were critical objects of study for establishing theoretical concepts about large ring chemical compounds and polymerization in the 1920s and 1930s. Because fragrance chemistry has been underdeveloped in the historiography, doubtless partly because it has become associated with the feminine, this has been ignored in the historiography. This essay highlights the strategic importance of perfume research, looking in particular at the work of Leopold Ružičkač, 1939 Nobel laureate in chemistry who had close ties to the fragrance industry, and Wallace Carothers at DuPont, whose well-known work on polymerization was intimately concerned with large ring compounds, including musk, and which indeed led to DuPont producing a synthetic musk in the 1930s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sanfte Chemie was a concept formulated in the 1980s in Germany by a group of environmentally conscious scholars. It emerged within a unique environment, marked by its radical critique of dominant forms of rationality, and against the rich background of German philosophical technocritical traditions. Its purpose was to profoundly reshape the practice of chemistry and the organization of the chemical industry along the lines of sustainability. In contrast to later concepts like green or sustainable chemistry, Sanfte Chemie went beyond setting new research directions; it critically reevaluated the entire epistemological foundation upon which the science of chemistry was built. Under the auspices of the German Green Party, the concept flourished in the 1980s before falling out of grace in the following decade. While largely deemed overly radical in its time and then subsequently forgotten, Sanfte Chemie not only anticipated some of the most promising trends in sustainability science today but also offered unique insights that may shed new light on the challenges of the ongoing environmental crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Molecular Science is the property of Journal of Molecular Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the eighteenth century, authors of chemical treatises and courses on chemistry often introduced their work with a chapter devoted to the history of chemistry. While there may have been different reasons for the use of history, its importance was never seriously questioned. However, when Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743–1794) took a professional interest in chemistry in the early 1770s, he progressively became uneasy with this literary tradition. In this essay, I intend to explore the ways in which Lavoisier looked at the history of chemistry and to show how, from the 1780s onwards, he began to adopt a hostile attitude towards historical erudition. This vision, which culminated in the publication of the Traité élémentaire de chimie (Paris, 1789), was not only the result of a stylistic preference but constituted a direct attack on a way of doing chemistry from which Lavoisier intended to distance himself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents life and work of Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, an unusual chemist, ignored for a long time. There are discussed his researches in natural products and coal tar, the discovery of caffeine and priority claims on the discovery of quinine. Important industrial activities at the Oranienburg factory are described, including the ‘German guano’. Important issues are the discussion of alternative chemical theories by the anti-atomist Runge, as well as his occupation with the relation Chemistry-Art, expressed in his Musterbilder, also a forerunner of chromatography.

Transition from the traditional linear economy to a circular economy is the key to reducing the amount of plastic that ends up in the environment and recovering value from the waste. However, energy-efficient, environmentally friendly, and economical technologies to recycle the mounting volume of low-grade plastic waste are lacking when compared to the low cost of primary fossil-based plastic production. This led to extensive efforts to identify methods that mitigate the waste that already exists and develop new polymers to eliminate the poor recyclability problem caused by current materials. Polymers capable of depolymerizing back to their own monomers provide a promising solution. This chemical recycling process has the potential to eliminate contaminants, selectively depolymerize a particular polymer from a waste stream, and recover high-purity monomers from contaminated wastes; however, the process must be energy-efficient and economical. This review discusses recent advances in chemical design of polymers that can depolymerize back to their monomers with an emphasis on strategies that shift the monomer–polymer equilibrium to enable reversible depolymerization and polymerization. Novel approaches developed for ring-opening polymerization and ring-closing depolymerization, reversing free radical polymerization, and reversible reactions that enable depolymerization of highly crosslinked thermosets to small molecular monomers are reviewed. Self-immolative polymers, which have a long history of chemistry innovation to realize the balance between stability and rapid depolymerization, are briefly discussed to serve as an inspiration for new polymer designs. Any new materials designed should have at least matching properties and stabilities compared to existing materials. Thus, this review reflects the status of current research that not only demonstrates the reversible polymerization chemistry but also achieves outstanding material properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 13th International Conference on the History of Chemistry took place in Vilnius, Lithuania and was organized by the History of Chemistry Working Party of the European Chemical Society (EuChemS) and other organizations. The conference brought together researchers and enthusiasts from around the world and featured presentations from 88 participants representing twenty countries. The event aimed to promote interest in the history of chemistry and foster the heritage of chemical science in Lithuania. The next conference in the series will be held in Valencia, Spain in 2025. [Extracted from the article]

The central metaphor of nature as a watch Ims colored the debate about natural theology silice Paley and Darwin. However. a chemical interpretation of natural history will dger because cheinical systems do not work like watches. Here. a natural history of chemical constraints proposed by R. J. P. Williams is interpreted Nirough Joseph Earley's two modes of chemical becoming" with classical realism and the philosophy Of emergence. 171is interpretation shi#s attention./)00111 a system's irreducible complexity to its irreducible novelty, focusing on its novel existence and its transcendental truth, goodness, and beauty. A view of natural history in which irreducible novelty evolves through chemistry has several advantages: it accommodates continuous change (giviiig direction to a gradual mechanism of evolution) and irreversible change (providing an importantyet limited rolejor chance rather than denying its existence oroveremphasizing its power). A chemical perspective perceives the inherent "makeability" and manifest order of the universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widely recognized 12 principles of green chemistry, introduced in 1998, have become a focal point for environmentally conscious chemists worldwide. These principles are regarded as a comprehensive summary of the achievements of green chemistry and a roadmap for future advancements in the field, aligning chemistry with sustainability goals. They have been hailed as groundbreaking in addressing pressing global challenges, including environmental and climate crises. However, a closer examination reveals a more nuanced perspective. Criticisms have emerged, asserting that these principles may stifle the creativity of emerging chemists and distort the history of green chemistry. Dissenting voices are growing, prompting scholars to reevaluate their effectiveness and relevance. It appears that the 12 principles provide an overarching narrative and a common language to practitioners of green chemistry but their success does not proceed from their 'scientific' qualities but should be rather understood in socio-historical terms. Analysing these principles provides insights into the mindset and collective identities of chemists, highlighting how underlying value-driven frameworks shape scientific discourse. It becomes evident that these frameworks can be co-opted and persist unquestioned for extended periods. The objective of this article is to demystify the 12 principles, stimulating dialogue on the necessity of self-reflection within scientific fields that heavily rely on value-laden sustainability-oriented terminology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book "The History of Chemistry at Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich" by Wolfgang Beck describes the development of chemistry at LMU from its beginnings in Ingolstadt and Landshut to the integration of the Bavarian State Laboratory. It includes short biographies of professors who have worked at the university and showcases the architectural development of chemistry at LMU. The book "LMU Chemistry: A History of Chemistry at Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich" by Hubert Schmidbaur covers various topics such as research areas, Nobel laureates, and the study of chemistry at LMU. It also includes short biographies of 70 scientists who have worked at the chemical research facilities of LMU. The author, Hubert Schmidbaur, is a renowned chemist and former professor at the Technical University of Munich. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Convergence education, driven by compelling or complex socio-scientific problems, is an approach to bring cultural relevance into secondary STEM education. National trends show the need to increase the STEM workforce by leveraging educational research and innovative practices within the secondary level to increase student interest prior to graduating high school. We introduced CReST (Culturally Relevant STEM) in a US high school pilot study. Student participants included 276 Chemistry students and 19 World History I students. The study also engaged four (4) high school teachers in chemistry and social studies with the challenge of cultural heritage conservation through the lens of the (physicochemical) life cycle of mural paintings in Europe. Teachers were provided with (1) professional development; (2) a digital curriculum; and (3) modular kits for hands-on learning. The research focused qualitatively on the experiences from the teacher and students as well as quantitatively to assess whether there was an increase in student academic performance. We found a statistically significant gain with respect to Chemistry (4.0%) and World History (13.4%) content. Students and teachers responded with overwhelming positivity in individual and focus-group interviews. This amplifies the further need of convergent educational approaches in high school STEM education to enhance engagement and increase student learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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"Molecular World: Making Modern Chemistry" by Catherine M. Jackson is a book that explores the development of organic chemistry through empirical observations in the laboratory. The book is divided into three sections, focusing on the work of Justus Liebig, August Wilhelm Hofmann, and Albert Ladenburg. It discusses the impact of Liebig's Kaliapparat device on organic analysis and the financial challenges faced by Liebig. The book also highlights Hofmann's experimental work and his development of new reactions of amines with alkyl halides. While the author's arguments about the role of theory in organic chemistry are not entirely convincing, the book offers a thought-provoking perspective on the subject. [Extracted from the article]

A COMMENTED TRANSLATION OF ACIDS AND BASES BY GILBERT NEWTON LEWIS. Gilbert Newton Lewis was a distinguished scientist in 20th century History of Chemistry. His work remains relevant for physical chemistry, organic chemistry and coordination chemistry nowadays. Lewis is well known by his propose for chemical bond, based on electron sharing. In 1923 he published two theoretical explanations for acids and bases: the former collaborating with Bronsted and Lowry and the later in his book Valence and the Structure of Atoms and Molecules (1923). In this book, the role of electron pairs in acid base reactions was highlighted decentering explanations from detachment/transfer of hydrogen ion. As a result, more substances could be classified as acids and bases. Also, in the context of organic and coordination chemistry new interpretations for reaction mechanisms showed up. The paper translated here, Acids and Bases (1938), makes a strong empirical description of acids and bases behavior. Lewis designed phenomenological criteria as speed of neutralization reactions, strength of the species acid-base titrations, and its applications as catalysts. In this manuscript, we carried out a commented translation of Lewis Acids and Bases published in 1938, considering it an inspiring source for research and educational applications for Portuguese speaking countries.

The vocabulary of the chemical sciences consists in part of words and phrases many of which are of a technical nature while others are derived from or related to everyday language. Many of the words are so-called polysemes, that is, they are used with different meanings either in common language or in the technical language of other sciences. The study of the origin and migration (or transfer) of words in science provides additional insights in how science has developed historically and interacted with the cultural domain. One type of word migration is between the scientific and socio-cultural domains, while another is restricted to the transfer between different scientific disciplines or sub-disciplines. This paper discusses and exemplifies a select number of chemically related words and phrases from a historical perspective. Among them are commonly known words such as ‘radical,’ ‘catalyze,’ and ‘litmus test’ which are used not only as technical terms in chemistry but also, in figurative and metaphorical senses, in everyday language.

Radical arylation reactions based on arenediazonium salts have a long history in organic chemistry. While early methods to generate aryl radicals relied on metals, metal catalysts or basic conditions, more recent developments focused on the use of photoredox catalysts. As such catalysts are nevertheless additives, and they thus have to be separated during work-up, an even more attractive option is to exploit charge-transfer complexes between the arenediazonium ion and its substrate to enable aryl radical generation under visible light irradiation. In this review, we summarize recent developments in this particular field of visible lightpromoted, additive-free radical arylation reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]