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This article attempts to review the relations between the Republic of Korea and Cuba at the present stage, after the establishment of official diplomatic ties between the two countries. Until recently, Cuba and Syria were the only UN member states with which South Korea did not have formal relations. But in early 2024, a breakthrough occurred in Seoul's diplomacy, and after years of negotiations, relations between Seoul and Havana were established. Due to the f act that Cuba is traditional and one of the closest foreign policy partners of the DPRK, this event acquired a special meaning in the context of inter-Korean relations. And in South Korea, both in the media and in academic and political circles, it was presented as a political and diplomatic “blow” to North Korea. Why did Cuba decide to establish relations with South Korea right now? What was DPRK's reaction to this step? Could the establishment of relations between Cuba and South Korea increase tensions on the Korean Peninsula? And what are the prospects for the future relations between Seoul and Havana?

Global events of recent years indicate that it is the turn of the Developing World to take the lead in international relations. China, which positions itself as the «largest developing country», a «member of the Global South», but at the same time a «responsible world power», cannot stay away from this trend. The article examines the reasons for the recent rise of the Developing World to the forefront of international life, which include: the cumulative economic growth of the South, the increase in its political importance in the balance of power on the world stage, the growth of self-esteem of the South, whose stance, being consonant with the interests of the East, contributes to the loss of the West's ability in dictating conditions to the world majority, etc. In addition, the author considers important to determine the semantic content of the terms «Global South», «third world», «developing world» for a better understanding of the essence of the great global phenomenon that these definitions have denoted at different times. It seems that these definitions not only reflect the realities of the times that gave birth to them, but also undergo internal upgrade, becoming not just a «signboard», but also a characteristic of the phenomenon they designate. The main burden of the article falls on the analysis of the Chinese factor in the modern evolution of the Global South. It is characterized through the prism of why the importance of the South for China is growing and how Beijing is trying to provide relations with «southern» countries with additional qualitative support. The article also attempts to identify new challenges facing China in the processes of its further «rooting» in the Developing World. The article ends with a number of conclusions, among which is the author's opinion on whether the reformatting of relations between China and the Global South is taking place as a reaction to an increase in its global weight, or whether they are «simply» undergoing a stage of timely optimization.

Current international relations are facing “profound changes unseen in a century” . The evolution of the international order is the most important characteri stic of this process. As a representative thought of China's understanding of the evolution of the international order, “Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy” is considered the main guiding principle of contemporary Chinese diplomacy. It prominently reflects China’s fundamental views on international relations, major-country politics, and international institutions, and will also have a significant impact on the development of China-Russia relations. The main characteristics of the current evolution of the international order are the formation of a complex bipolarity in the power structure, changes in dominant ideas, and diversification of multilateral cooperation systems. Faced with major changes in the international order, China believes that the world is enter ing a period of turbulence in which the process of power transition will continue, during which China needs to further participate in global governance. The Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy advocates the leadership role of the party in China’s foreign policy decision-making and points out three core concepts: a community with shared future for mankind, major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics, and a new type of international relations. In the future development of China-Russia relations, both countries will continue to uphold a comprehensive strategic partnership and coordination for the new era. At the same time, when faced with changes in dominant ideas, China and Russia can engage in closer cooperation on how to build “a community of shared future” in the new era. In response to the changes in multilateral systems, China and Russia can promote further alliance, thereby developing “new types of international relations” at the multilateral level. As major countries in the international system, the effective expansion of China-Russia cooperation will bring great geopolitical and geo-economic benefits to the Eurasian region. In addition, the interaction and cooperation between the two countries will inevitably shape the new pattern of the international politics in the 21st century.

The article analyzes the spread of modern firearms in Japan during the Bakumatsu transition period (1853–1868), as well as their use during the civil war of 1863–1868. In the 1840–60s, the world experienced one of the largest revolutions in military technology, which completely changed the very approach to warfare. Japan, forced against its will to end its 200-year isolation from the outside world in 1853, was also affected by th e global trend toward rearmament. Faced with external pressure, the Japanese government attempted to modernize its armed forces, but the weapons that flooded the country were used not to repel foreign aggression, but during the civil war, which resulted in the Meiji Restoration of 1868 and global changes in Japanese society.

Shipbuilding is a typical strategic industry and, due to its high importance, is known as a complex one. The authors, based on foreign primary sources, for the first time in Russian scientific literature explore the path that the shipbuilding industry of the PRC has taken from “emergence from nothing” to the position in the largest shipbuilding country in the world, i.e. five main stages of development. The article describes the key steps taken towards the formation of the industry, both at the level of the creation of ministries and departments, and at the level of the emergence and development of scientific centers. The important government documents related to maintaining and stimulating the development of shipbuilding are studied in sufficient detail. The authors analyze the achievements and weaknesses of the modern Chinese shipbuilding industry. It is shown how China gradually rose to a leading position in the world shipbuilding from stage to stage, and what efforts were made by the state along this path.

The DPRK has historically directed significant efforts and resources to strengthening its defense capabilities, due to ongoing security challenges to the country. The article examines the origins and features of militarization in the economic model of the DPRK and reveals its specifics at the present stage. The study is based on the analysis of official North Korean statements and publications, as well as academic works of Russian and foreign researchers. In the 21st century, in a hostile military-political situation, the DPRK maintains a large army, and the development of the military-industrial complex remains a priority, with a focus on the implementation of high-tech nuclear and missile programs. The militarization of the economy will continue to be an integral feature of the DPRK’s economic model for the foreseeable future. It involves, on the one hand, the diversion of significant resources for military purposes, and, on the other hand, provides the country's leadership with the opportunity to solve national economic tasks by mobilizing the army and the military-industrial complex.

The Chinese government is focusing on Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques for numerous sectors, such as healthcare. The achievement of AI initiatives depends on the adoption and attractiveness of AI by way of physicians, nurses, decision-makers, and patients. This study aims to explore essential achievement factors for implementing AI initiatives inside the healthcare industry. The research analyzes the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and identifies the broadly applied factors, together with the perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, attitude towards use, and behavioral intention to use. A systematic evaluation of 34 related studies among 2020 and 2023 was carried out to discover the most popular elements. The authors also used Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The data was collected through surveys from 154 employees within the health and IT sectors in China. The findings demonstrated that perceived usefulness and ease of use of AI projects are definitely influenced by management, organizational, operational and IT infrastructure factors.

The article is dedicated to the reasons and process of choosing a company name in Xiaomi Corporation, whicn can be translated as “A small grain of rice”. Unlike many Chinese companies, Xiaomi Corporation’s choice of name was associated not only with a marketing move that would allow the company to successfully enter the international market and stand out from other brands, but also with the desire to demonstrate “its history”, which, by using certain symbols, would reflect such significant aspects of Chinese culture as respect for traditions, connection with historical memory, etc. The experience of Xiaomi Corporation shows how strongly traditions and history can influence modern ideas about the creation and development of a brand.

The review introduces the collection of the archival documents covering cultural ties between the USSR and PRC from 1949 to 1960. The published materials are stored in seven Russian and two Chinese archives. The major part of the documents is published for the first time, which confirms the particular value of this publication as a result of the joint effort of the Russian and Chinese experts. The book addresses the history of the formation of relations between the USSR and China in the 1950s by means of cultural diplomacy. The archival materials display the mechanisms and results of the exchanges of Soviet and Chinese delegations of writers, artists, musicians, athletes, actors and scientists. The publication is aimed at researchers, students, academics and all those interested in Russian history, history of international relations, Oriental studies and Sinology. The review argues that the materials introduced in the volume provide new sources for the in-depth study of cultural diplomacy as a part of Russian-Chinese relations, as well as the cultural history of the PRC in the early period.

Abstract Teacher utilization and innovation in the use of learning media is an important factor in increasing students' interest in learning. Research aimed at increasing students' interest in Pancasila Education through using Quizizz Paper Mode at SMPN 33 Palembang. The method used was classroom action research consisting of three cycles. The subjects of this study involved all students of class VII.1 at SMPN 33 Palembang, totaling 31 students. The data collection technique in this research was observation carried out by three observers who then analyzed the data obtained using descriptive percentage data analysis techniques. The research results showed an increase in students' interest in learning after applying Quizizz Paper Mode in Pancasila Education. This is evidenced by the measurement of students' interest in learning at the pre-cycle stage, which was only 45%, then increased to 63% in cycle 1, then further increased to 79% in cycle 2, and finally reached 87% in cycle 3 (outstanding interest category). ------------------------ Abstrak Pemanfaatan dan inovasi guru dalam penggunaan media pembelajaran merupakan faktor penting untuk meningkatkan minat belajar peserta didik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan minat belajar peserta didik dalam mata pelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila melalui penggunaan media Quizizz Paper Mode di SMPN 33 Palembang. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian tindakan kelas yang terdiri dari tiga siklus. Subjek dalam penelitian ini melibatkan seluruh siswa kelas VII.1 SMPN 33 Palembang yang berjumlah 31 orang. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi yang dilakukan oleh tiga observer yang kemudian di analisis data hasil yang diperoleh menggunakan teknik analisis data deskriptif persentase. Hasil dari penelitian yang telah dilaksanakan menunjukkan adanya peningkatan minat belajar peserta didik setelah menerapkan media Quizizz Paper Mode dalam pembelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila. Hal ini terlihat dari hasil pengukuran minat belajar peserta didik pada tahap pra-siklus yang hanya 45%, kemudian meningkat menjadi 63% pada siklus 1, lalu meningkat lagi menjadi 79% pada siklus 2, dan akhirnya mencapai 87% pada siklus 3 (kategori minat sangat baik).

Abstract Moral education has become an urgency in shaping students' character through school learning. The purpose of this research is to produce a digital-based learning material product that is suitable for use by Pancasila Education teachers in the learning process for students. The research method used is research and development using the 4D development model consisting of the define, design, develop, and disseminate stages. Product validation will be conducted by content validator, media validator, Pancasila Education teacher, and 33 seventh-grade students. The results of the study show that moral education is a need for students to overcome deviant behavior. Teachers must also be able to create effective, efficient, and enjoyable learning activities. The developed digital-based website learning material obtained a very suitable category from the content expert validation with a score of 91%, media expert validation 98%, Pancasila Education teacher assessment 92% and was considered very interesting by students with a score of 91%. It can be concluded that the digital learning material with the material on the position, function, and application of Pancasila values is highly suitable and recommended for use in the Pancasila Education learning process. ----------------------------- Abstrak Pendidikan moral menjadi urgensi dalam membentuk karakter peserta didik melalui pembelajaran di sekolah. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk menghasilkan produk berupa materi pembelajaran berbasis digital yang layak digunakan oleh guru Pendidikan Pancasila dalam proses pembelajaran pada peserta didik. Jenis Penelitian yang digunakan yaitu research and development dengan menggunakan model pengembangan 4D yang terdiri dari tahap define, design, develop, dan disseminate. Uji validasi produk akan dilakukan oleh validasi materi, validasi media dan guru Pendidikan Pancasila serta siswa kelas VII sebanyak 33 siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa edukasi moral menjadi kebutuhan siswa untuk mengatasi perilaku menyimpang. Guru juga harus dapat menciptakan kegiatan pembelajaran yang efektif, efisien, dan menyenangkan. Materi pembelajaran berbasis digital website yang dikembangkan memperoleh penilaian kategori sangat layak dari validasi ahli materi dengan skor 91%, validasi ahli media 98%, penilaian guru Pendidikan Pancasila 92% dan diperoleh kategori sangat menarik dari siswa dengan skor 91%. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa materi pembelajaran digital dengan matan materi kedudukan, fungsi dan penerapan nilai-nilai Pancasila sangat layak dan direkomendasikan untuk digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila.

Abstract This research aims to determine the application of digital poster media based on the Tri-N integrated Project Based Learning model on students' active learning in Pancasila Education subjects in 4th of Karangnongko 1 State Elementary School. This research is descriptive qualitative research. The subjects of this research were 4th students. Data collection techniques in this research were carried out using interviews, observation, questionnaires, and documentation. The data analysis techniques used in this research are data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusions. The importance of implementing the Tri-N integrated Project Based Learning model with digital poster media means that students have no difficulty in asking, answering and thinking activities. The research results based on interviews with teachers say that students are more active with the application of digital poster media based on the Tri-N integrated Project Based Learning model. Based on the research results, it can be seen that the application of digital poster media based on the Tri-N integrated Project Based Learning model can increase student learning activity in Pancasila Education subjects. The teacher made the digital poster media entitled "Aku Peduli Diriku" using the Canva application to create an attractive digital poster for students. --------------------- Abstrak Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan media poster digital berbasis model pembelajaran Project Based Learning terintegrasi Tri-N terhadap keaktifan belajar siswa pada pelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila di kelas IV SD Negeri Karangnongko 1. Penelitian ini ialah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek penelitian ini ialah siswa kelas IV. Teknik pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode: wawancara, observasi, kuesioner serta dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang dipergunakan pada penelitian ini ialah display data, reduksi data, serta penarikan kesimpulan. Pentingnya penerapan media poster digital berbasis Project Based Learning terintegrasi Tri-N menjadikan siswa tidak kesulitan dalam aktivitas bertanya, menjawab, dan berdiskusi. Hasil penelitian berlandaskan wawancara dengan guru mengungkapkan yakni siswa lebih aktif dengan implementasi media poster digital berbasis model pembelajaran PjBL terintegrasi Tri-N. Berlandaskan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa penerapan media poster digital berbasis Project Based Learning terintegrasi Tri-N mampu menaikkan keaktifan belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila. Media poster digital yang berjudul “Aku Peduli Diriku” dibuat guru melalui aplikasi canva sehingga terwujud poster digital yang menarik untuk siswa.

Abstract This research aims to describe the implementation of the Inges Waste Bank program, how to strengthen the character of caring for the environment through the Inges Waste Bank program, and the supporting and inhibiting factors for the Inges Waste Bank program. This research uses qualitative research with a case study type, in which the author investigates in detail related to a program which occurs following the reality of the research object. The research techniques used in this research are interviews, observation and documentation. The data analysis technique used is the data analysis technique according to Milles and Huberman which consists of three stages, namely data condensation, data display, and drawing conclusions. This research shows that the Inges waste bank program has 3 activities: educating the public about waste, making crafts and compost from waste, exchanging waste for wifi vouchers. Now Dasan Lekong Village is the cleanest village in Selotim. It can be concluded that the existence of the Inges waste bank program can improve the environmentally caring character of the people of Dasan Lekong Village. ------------------- Abstrak Tujuan penelitian untuk mendeskripsikan implementasi program bank sampah inges, bagaiamana penguatan karakter peduli lingkungan melalui program bank sampah inges serta faktor pendukung dan penghambat program bank sampah inges. Penelitian ini mengguankan penelitian kualitatif dengan jenis studi kasus (case study), yang dimana penulis menyelidiki secara mendetail terkait dengan suatu program yang di mana terjadi sesuai dengan kenyataan pada objek penelitian. Teknik penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis data menurut Milles dan Huberman yang terdiri dari tiga tahapan yakni kondensasi data, display data, dan menarik kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini bahwa dalam kegiatan program bank sampah inges ini memiliki 3 kegiatan yaitu: Edukasi masyarakat tentang sampah, membuat kerajinan dan kompos dari sampah, menukarkan sampah dengan voucher wifi. Kini Desa Dasan Lekong menjadi desa terbersih selotim. Dapat di simpulkan bahwa adanya program bank sampah inges ini dapat meningkatkan karakter peduli lingkungan masyarakat Desa Dasan Lekong.

Abstract The number of neglected children with social welfare problems in Yogyakarta is still high. This is proven by data for 2021 of 7,902 children and in 2022 of 5,200 abandoned children. The Sinar Melati Sleman Muhammadiyah Islamic Boarding School is one place that accepts abandoned children's social problems. The new independent learning curriculum encourages all educational institutions, including Islamic boarding schools, to be able to implement it. So, this research aims to examine the implementation pattern of the Pancasila Student Profile Program in Pondok al-Hakim Ray Melati 2. This research was conducted using qualitative methods. The subject of this research is the implementation of the Pancasila Student Profile Program at Pondok al-Hakim Ray Melati 2. This research uses Snowball Sampling to search for research data. The results of this research show that efforts to save the profile of Pancasila students have been made in such a way through entrepreneurial activities, pencak silat, scouts, and other religious development activities, but the important thing is that they are still ongoing. So, the next challenge is the need for facilities and infrastructure to maximize P5 activities through orphanages. ----------- Abstrak Angka penyandang masalah kesejahteraan sosial anak terlantar di Yogyakarta terbilang masih tinggi, hal ini dibuktikan dengan data 2021 jumlah 7.902 anak dan tahun 2022 sebanyak 5.200 anak terlantar. Pondok Pesantren Muhammadiyah Sinar Melati Sleman salah satu tempat yang menerima masalah sosial anak terlantar. Kurikulum baru merdeka belajar mendorong semua tempat pendidikan termasuk pondok pesantren untuk dapat menerapkannya. Sehingga penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengkaji pola implementasi Program Profil Pelajar Pancasila di Pondok al - hakim sinar melati 2. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode kualitatif. Subjek dari penelitian ini adalah pelaksanaan Program Profil Pelajar Pancasila di Pondok al - hakim sinar melati 2. Penelitian ini menggunakan Snowball Sampling untuk mencari data penelitian. Hasil penelitian ini menujukan bahwa upaya perwujudan profil pelajar Pancasila telah diupayakan sedemikian rupa melalui kegiatan entrepreneur, pencak silat, pramuka, dan kegiatan pembinaan keagamaan lainya namun sifatnya masih yang penting berjalan. Sehingga kedepan tantangan yang dihadapi adalah perlu fasilitas sarana dan prasarana untuk memaksimalkan kegiatan P5 melalui panti asuhan.

Abstract This research aims to describe citizen participation in submitting complaints via Complain Online, a strategy to fulfill citizens' rights in digital citizenship, and the obstacles faced in fulfilling these rights. The method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach, collecting data through interviews, observation and documentation. The validity of the data was tested by triangulation and analysis using an interactive analysis model. The results of this research show that community participation through Complain Online increasing in quantity, but there is still a lack of responsibility in the use of digital media. The government needs to invest in efforts to improve the community's ability to express opinions as well as resources to develop ways to strengthen its realization digital citizenship. This can be done by developing a strategy to fulfill the right to opinion, including providing it website, socialization, electronic forms and platform development. In order for this strategy to be effective, the public must be given adequate understanding and provision regarding their responsibilities in utilizing these facilities. Also, efforts need to be made to overcome internal obstacles including rapid turnover of ASN and lack of technological skills and external obstacles including budget limitations and the cessation of socialization. -------------------------------- Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan partisipasi warga dalam menyampaikan aduan melalui Sambat Online, strategi pemenuhan hak warga dalam digital citizenship, dan hambatan yang dihadapi dalam pemenuhan hak tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif, mengumpulkan data melalui wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Validitas data diuji dengan triangulasi dan analisis menggunakan model analisis interaktif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa partisipasi masyarakat melalui Sambat Online meningkat secara kuantitas, namun masih ada kurangnya tanggung jawab dalam penggunaan media digital. Pemerintah perlu berinvestasi dalam upaya meningkatkan kemampuan masyarakat dalam berpendapat serta sumber daya untuk mengembangkan cara-cara untuk memperkuat terwujudnya digital citizenship. Hal ini, dapat dilakukan dengan menyusun strategi pemenuhan hak berpendapat mencakup penyediaan website, sosialisasi, formulir elektronik dan pengembangan platform, Agar strategi ini dapat berjalan efektif, masyarakat harus diberikan pemahaman dan pembekalan yang memadai terkait tanggung jawab mereka dalam memanfaatkan fasilitas tersebut. Serta, perlu adanya upaya mengatasi hambatan internal termasuk pergantian ASN yang cepat dan kurangnya keterampilan teknologi dan hambatan eksternal meliputi keterbatasan anggaran dan terhentinya sosialisasi.

Abstract The research method used in this research is associative quantitative research. The population of this study were all students of San Agustin Hippo Catholic University who participated in the election monitoring socialization program in 2023, totaling 207 people. From statistical analysis, it appears that most students show a high level of involvement and participation in election monitoring and the political process, The results showed that the correlation coefficient based on student gender and student election monitoring political awareness with a Pearson correlation value of -0.291. To answer the data hypothesis test, the researcher compared the r table with df 51, and the r value of the data was 0.228. So based on these results, Ha is accepted if the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient value is greater than r table.The results showed a correlation coefficient of 0.577. This means that the higher the level of political awareness of student election supervision, the higher the level of political participation in student election supervision. ----------------------- Abstrak Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif asosiatif. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh mahasiswa Universitas Katolik San Agustin Hippo yang mengikuti program sosialisasi pemantauan pemilu tahun 2023 yang berjumlah 207 orang. Dari analisis statistik, terlihat bahwa sebagian besar mahasiswa menunjukkan tingkat keterlibatan dan partisipasi yang tinggi dalam pengawasan pemilu dan proses politik, Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa koefisien korelasi berdasarkan gender mahasiswa dan kesadaran politik pengawasan pemilu mahasiswa dengan nilai korelasi Pearson sebesar -0,291. Untuk menjawab uji hipotesis data tersebut, peneliti membandingkan r tabel dengan df 51, dan nilai r data tersebut adalah 0,228. Maka berdasarkan hasil tersebut maka Ha diterima jika nilai koefisien product-moment korelasi Pearson lebih besar dari r tabel .Hasil penelitian menunjukkan koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,577. Artinya semakin tinggi tingkat kesadaran politik Pengawasan Pemilu mahasiswa maka akan semakin tinggi pula tingkat partisipasi politik Pengawasan Pemilu mahasiswa tersebut.

The Zu Ma Zhen troupe dedicated to Tuku’s Tu An Gong Temple (土庫土安宮竹馬陣) in southern Taiwan is one of the many listed intangible cultural heritage religious troupes in Tainan City of Taïwan. The term Zu Ma Zhen (竹馬陣) literally means religious processional troop of bamboo horses. It designates both the troupe and its performances. The troupe brings together twelve artists who embody the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac. They once wore costumes and accessories made from bamboo. Among them, the white horse is considered the noblest character, hence the origin of the troop’s name. Transmitted over a period of nearly three hundred years with remarkable fidelity, this troupe plays two genres: an exorcising ritual, the Zu Ma Zhen, followed by short entertaining operas, the Zu Ma Xi. The aim of this ritual is to demonize the Word and bring harmony and purity to the Cosmos. This research note proposes a hermeneutic approach to the religious musical and paratheatrical procession of the Zu Ma Zhen troupe dedicated to the Tu An Gong Temple in Tuku Village, in Taiwan’s southern Tainan County. The Zu Ma Zhen refers to a performance art that combines spoken dialogue, incantations, songs, acting and dance. This note provides a better understanding of this tradition: what are its origins, particularities, mode of transmission and scenic characteristics that makes troupe different from other troupes and give its uniqueness? Faced with social changes, modernization of customs, the rural exodus and the population ageing, this art will survive?

In a society undergoing profound transformation after the establishment of colonial rule, a new literature emerged in Vietnam, with new literary genres including the novel. Strongly influenced by French literature, this literature demonstrates the ability of contemporary Vietnamese writers to delve deeply in their ideas, exploring their feelings in a freer and more expansive literary genre. The evolution of the novel in quốc ngữ was inseparable from the activities of the Tự Lực [Autonomous] Literary Group, one of the most important literary circles of the 1930s. This group brought together a large number of writers of the new generation, and set itself the goal of discarding the vestiges of traditionalist society and promoting, a contrario, the new values of individualism. In this article, we propose to observe the place of the Tự Lực group, as it moved from the romantic current to realist inspiration, in the evolution of the Vietnamese novel during the first half of the twentieth century.

At the beginning of the 1950s, the nationality policy of the People's Republic of China granted the Sui, a Tai-speaking minority (Kam-sui group of the Kadai branch) in southern Guizhou, the status of nationality under the Chinese name "shui" and allocated them an autonomous administrative territory in their name with the rank of district. The study presented here provides an example of the territorial production of the Chinese state captured on a local scale, where questions of ethnic identification and regional autonomy present their own configurations. We begin by examining the classification procedures of the Qing imperial state, which at the end of the seventeenth century drew the first official contours of a Sui territory by dissociating them from the other 'barbarian' (Miao) populations of the region. The role of the classifications produced by Chinese ethnology in the Republican period in the future recognition of the Sui as a nationality is then highlighted, as is the founding role of the Sui scholar Pan Yizhi, of Sui ethnicity, who was briefly entrusted with the vice-presidency of the Sui autonomous district in 1957. The recent re-publication of his work, which was ill-treated during the Cultural Revolution, allows us to retrace the stages in the process of its creation. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the instrumentalisation of this founding period for contemporary local development purposes.

The article describes the tax system in the Annam under colonial period and the project of reforming capitation and land tax of the French protectionist government in 1938. The work clarifies the process by which the parliamentarians in the Chambre des représentants du peuple de l’Annam (The Chamber of Representatives of the people of Annam) rejected the Government’s new tax reform project at its 1938 annual meeting which took place from September 12 to September 21 at Hue. Since then, we have analyzed the subjective and objective causes leading to the aforementioneds success of the Chamber. One of the main contributions that the research results have made is to prove that parliamentary struggle was a peaceful and lawful tactic for the colonial people to achive some legitimate and democratic rights. Thereby, the study significantly contributes to demonstrate that parliamentary struggle is an inseparable part of the patriotic and revolutionary movement in Viêt Nam during the French colonial period.

Photographic images of interior Dutch Borneo’s nature and, more particularly, her peoples and cultures are examined as they were produced and used around the turn of the twentieth century, from their creation in the context of pioneer exploration across the island to their presentation and display, in various forms, for consumption by the general public back in Europe. A young Dutch army medical officer, later university professor, Anton Nieuwenhuis, a talented Indo military topographer and photographer, Jean Demmeni, and an elderly Norwegian professional explorer, Carl Lumholtz: These three major, yet quite different, players of the “there and then” scene strongly contributed, each in his own way, through the combined power of their visual and textual testimonies, to the shaping of affirmative representations, ideas, and imageries among their home public about Borneo and the peoples of her hinterland, these independent Dayak tribes, which had long been suffering from prejudiced reports, disrepute, and outright ignominy.

This study highlights labour dynamics and socio-economic conditions at the Mijnbouw Maatschappij Redjang-Lebong (MMRL) gold mine in the late 1920s to 1930s. This research aims to analyze the treatment of labourers in the most significant gold and silver mining in the Dutch East Indies, MMRL. The method used in this research is the historical method with the research steps of heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The result shows fluctuations in the number of labourers and budget allocations for labour wages, explosives and other necessities from 1928 to 1936. Daily labourers significantly declined from 979 in December 1929 to 744 in December 1930. Differences in payment systems and benefits for contract, casual, and day labourers are also described, reflecting variations in wages and health facilities received. Occupational injuries and work-related illnesses were a common problem, with many labourers sustaining severe injuries as a result of the mine’s non-stop operations. MMRL provides medical facilities and implements health measures, but there remains a high risk of respiratory illness and other injuries. The excellent relationship between company owner H.J.A. Sanders and the labourers is also an essential factor in the social life of the labourers

The foreign historiography of China's foreign policy is dominated by the works of American scholars. This situation did not develop immediately and can be explained by several reasons. First, the defeat of Chiang Kai-shek and the victory of the Chinese Communists were perceived by the US authorities as a “loss of China”. Responsibility for it was not least assigned to American sinologists, who often provided consulting services to the Kuomintang. In addition, Americans, including officials and scholars, had no direct contacts with Chinese citizens until the early 1970s.The first such contacts appeared in 1971–1972, including among some journalists (in the context of R. Nixon's visit to China in February 1972) and a small number of China’s scholars (for example, John Fairbank in 1972, received by Zhou Enlai). After the establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China on January 1, 1979, American sinologists received full access to the country of study, and the quantity and quality of sinological works began to grow exponentially. The article examines the main works by the most famous experts on the foreign policy of the PRC. It can be stated that before the presidency of Donald Trump, the United States had a predominantly positive attitude towards China and its foreign policy, and only later did the point of view about the growing contradictions between Beijing and Washington prevail.

Japanese poster is an integral element of modern graphic culture, which has become famous due to the professional skills of its authors and recognisable visual appearance. This is also how it is perceived in Russia, where since the mid-1960s Japanese poster art and its creators have occupied a special place. The article reconstructs the historiographical trajectory of the description of Japanese posters in the USSR on the basis of reviews of international graphic biennales in the socialist republics. Based on archival materials and periodicals, the author reconstructs the event field of representation of Japanese contemporary posters in the USSR and Russia, including all the main exhibitions of local and international significance, as well as the key features of the Soviet and post-Soviet periods of perception of this phenomenon. The appendix to the article contains a list of exhibitions of Japanese poster art in the USSR and Russia from 1974 to 2021.

The article examines the channels of Soviet-Chinese cooperation in cinematography in the 1950s. As in other sectors of the national economy, in the film industry Soviet specialists assisted Chinese colleagues in restoring work in the first years after the formation of the PRC. They established professional contacts and a mechanism of bilateral cooperation, which took place in the form of joint filming of documentary, feature, scientific and educational films, mutual exchanges of films, newsreels, festivals and film weeks, and delegation exchanges. In the shortest possible time China managed to establish its film production and join the global film business. The Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China shared an ideological platform and an understanding of the importance of cinema as an essential tool for propaganda and education of the people. Cinema helped Soviet and Chinese viewers get acquainted with each other’s history and modern life, to deepen mutual understanding and friendly relations, which have undoubtedly benefited inter-State relations. However, under the influence of political factors by the end of the 1950s the cooperation began to decline and came to the end in 1962.

This essay examines two mutually exclusive positions on the origins and development of the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party (KPRP). The first is the position of the Pol Pot ‒ Ieng Sary group: the revolutionary movement in Cambodia developed and won independently. The second is the position of the healthy forces of the KPRP: the Cambodian revolution is a part of the revolutions in Vietnam and Laos. The revolutions in the three countries ‒ Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia ‒ took different paths and triumphed at different times, allowing Pol Pot's group to claim that the Kampuchean revolution had no connection with the Indochinese Communist Party. After France conquered Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia in the second half of the 19th century, the three countries became part of the Indochina Federation, with Vietnam playing a leading role. The author shows that the national liberation movement in Cambodia developed within the framework of the Indochina Union. The Indochinese Communist Party (ICP), created by Ho Chi Minh in 1930, also included Cambodian communists, so at that time the relations between the anti-colonial forces of Cambodia and Vietnam were of a close fraternal nature. Thanks to the help of the Workers' Party of Vietnam and the CPSU, the revolution in Cambodia was ahead of events in Vietnam and Laos. The anti-people actions of the Pol Pot regime caused wide discontent among the population. Pol Pot's authorities made public the essence of their conflict with Vietnam, declaring at press conferences and in the mass media that Vietnam was seeking to include Kampuchea in the Indochina Federation controlled by Vietnam. In 2017, Cambodia and Vietnam signed a framework agreement to connect the economies of the two countries. In 2022, Cambodia, with the support of Vietnam, became the chairman of ASEAN. 2022 was declared the Year of Vietnam- Cambodian Friendship. The allied experience of Cambodia and Vietnam can be useful for modern Russia.

The article is devoted to the 28th conference of Korean studies experts from Russia and the CIS countries, which took place on March 28-29, 2024 in the Institute of China and Contemporary Asia RAS (Moscow). The korean scholars from leading scientific institutions in Russia and the CIS countries examined a wide range of political, economic, cultural, and historical issues related to the Korean Peninsula. The article highlights the main theses presented at the conference by the speakers, the number of whom exceeded 30 people this year. It is noted that much attention was paid to the analysis of the current political situation on the Korean Peninsula; prospects for cooperation between the Russian Federation and the DPRK; economic cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea under sanctions; analysis of the domestic and foreign policy of the current administration of the Republic of Korea; relations between the PRC and both Korean states. A separate plenary session was devoted to the topic of Koryoin, as well as works on the study of Korean culture and art.

The article analyzes the main problems and prospects for economic development of the Russian macro-region of Greater Siberia in the context of the main trend in the Russian foreign economic activity in recent years – the “pivot to the East”. In particular, the difficulties of developing cross-border cooperation between the Far Eastern regions of the Russian Federation and the adjacent regions of neighboring countries – China, Mongolia, and North Korea are highlighted, and possible ways to overcome them are analyzed. The author also describes factors that can either contribute to the accelerated pace of economic development of the macroregion of Greater Siberia, or slow it down. The article aims to contribute to the scientific and expert discourse on the issues of building effective economic relations between Russia and its eastern partners in the medium and long term.

The article analyzes problems in China-US relations in the spheres of economic and humanitarian cooperation. Major trends of their bilateral interaction in these areas are examined as concrete manifestations of the countries’ opposing strategic goals. The author traces the relationship between the political strategies of Beijing and Washington that determine their actions toward each other, including the “two policy clusters” or ”packages” as major paradigms governing the PRC's foreign policy course on the American track. The article provides a comparative analysis of China-US trade turnover, the volume of mutual export and import and their sci-tech component, as well as the volume of mutual direct investment in recent years, taking into account the impact of the “trade war” and COVID-19 pandemic. The article analyzes reasons for decline in the role of the two countries’ “soft power” in humanitarian cooperation and observes the dynamics of China-US academic exchanges and tourist flows intensity, weakening of bilateral interaction in the field of cinema and shrinking of Confucius Institutes operating in the US. It is concluded that despite the stagnation of bilateral ties in economic and humanitarian areas, China and the US are still linked by a network of complex interdependence in various aspects of their economies and societies, which will determine their bilateral interaction stability in those areas where cooperation is most beneficial.

Cooperation in the energy sector, and practically in the field of hydrocarbons, is traditionally and reasonably considered as an important area of multidisciplinary interaction between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China. In terms of its substantive forms, the energy dialogue has a multifaceted character, includes cooperation in mineral exploration, production technologies, capacity generation, investment support for relevant projects. Nevertheless, as it was objectively developed in practice, one of the main elements of cooperation turned out to be the supply of hydrocarbons from Russia to China, which has been increasing since the beginning of the century. This situation reflects the natural complementarity of the economic complexes of the two countries, which, in turn, serves as one of the basic foundations for the compatibility of the national interests of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China. Paying attention to the circumstances above, the author examines the specific practice of cooperation in the field of hydrocarbon supplies, including the documents signed and the projects already implemented or being discussed. The focus is made on the current situation, when, in the context of large- scale sanctions pressure from the West, the task of reorientation of domestic energy exports to the East, including to China, is being considered systemically important for Russia. Pointing out the existing difficulties, the article contains a conclusion about the overall positive prospects for Russian-Chinese hydrocarbon cooperation.

This research aims to examine the democratization process carried out by Indonesia Raya Newspaper through the political discourse raised and its role as a political public space in 1955-1957. The research method used is the historical method, which consists of 5 stages, namely topic selection, heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography. This research is supported by the theoretical framework of political public space to examine the role of Indonesia Raya Newspaper in raising political discourse and its function as a political public space. The results of this study show that (1) Indonesia Raya Newspaper practices personal journalism in its journalistic work so that the characteristics of the political discourse contained in its news are in line with the characteristics of its leader, Mochtar Lubis. (2) The role of Indonesia Raya Newspaper as a political public space is carried out by loading political discourse containing criticism of the government and politicians related to the social, political, and economic life of the community, which is published in the political section of Tajuk Rencana. (3) The process of forming political discourse is carried out using the investigative journalism method so that relevant topics are obtained. Topics found, such as indications of fraud in the 1955 elections and the controversy over the implementation of the KAA, were raised to become political discourses that affected the dynamics of Indonesian national politics at that time. Indonesia Raya Newspaper was able to play a role in Indonesia's democratization process by raising political discourse and providing political public space.

The background of this research is that Science in Indonesia develops through institutions, not ideas, people, or instruments. This research aims to describe the institutionalization of scientific institutions in the Dutch East Indies. The historical method analyzes various resources to aid the reconstruction of the Dutch East Indies’s science institutionalization process. This research uses archives from ANRI (National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia) regarding Bataviaasch Genootschap van Wetenschappen (The Batavia Society of Arts and Science). Archives from other scientific institutions, such as Bogor and Cibodas Botanical Gardens, are also used to illustrate the institutionalization process. The findings of this research include studies on the process and the necessity to pay attention to elements such as rules, norms, cultural benefits, roles, and material resources. Institutionalizing science and technology in the Dutch East Indies underwent at least three stages: the emergence of amateur scientists from Europe, the efforts to build scientific groups, and the establishment of science institutions. This research concludes that the first two stages were outside the bureaucratic channels of the colonial government. However, in the third stage, scientists needed help to escape the role of the colonial bureaucracy in developing these scientific institutions. Bataviaasch Genootschap van Wetenschappen, founded in 1778, was a private organization studying commerce, agriculture, and humanities. It played a significant role in encouraging various other research institutions

Character education refers to school efforts to shape, guide, and develop student behavior according to specific standards. This research aims to analyze the biography and example of KH Mas Mansur and the cultivation of character education through the exemplary values of K.H. Mas Mansur in learning history in class XI IPS 1 MAN 1 Darussalam Ciamis. This research uses a qualitative research method and a case study design. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, and documentation. The research results show that (1) K.H. Mas Mansur was born in Surabaya on June 25, 1896. He is known as a young man who is diligent and trustworthy, always speaks well, and has extensive knowledge. K.H. Mas Mansur has been a leader in many institutions, such as Chairman of the Surabaya Branch of Muhammadiyah for two terms and Chairman of the Tarjih Council. (2) The exemplary values of K.H. Mas Mansur, which can be applied in history learning in class XI IPS 1 MAN 1 Darussalam Ciamis, namely religious values, discipline, curiosity, nationalism, patriotism, respect for achievement, friendly and communication, like to read, and a sense of responsibility, (3) Instilling character education through the exemplary values of K.H. Mas Mansur has been successfully implemented quite well and has had a positive impact on history learning in class XI IPS 1 starting from planning, implementation, to the evaluation stage.

This article explains how the ethnic Chinese of Padang maintain the continuity of the death procession in Chinese culture. This article uses a historical approach by utilizing sources in the form of Dutch period documents, organizational documents of Himpunan Tjinta Teman (HTT) and Himpunan Bersatu Teguh (HBT), newspaper news and literature studies on the death processions of ethnic Chinese in Indonesia and outside Indonesia, as well as observations and interviews with HBT and HTT funeral administrators. These sources are used to find facts related to the death processions carried out by ethnic Chinese and the existence of HBT and HTT as institutions organizing Padang Chinese funeral processions. Furthermore, the existing facts are analyzed using historical and ethnographic approaches. The findings of the article show that the ethnic Chinese of Padang still carry out and preserve the implementation of the Chinese cultural death procession in an organizational forum. In this case, the organization's function as the organizer of the death procession for Padang Chinese is the key to the survival and existence of the organization itself. Various Chinese cultures preserved and inherited in the HTT and HBT organizations, including the culture of death, are essential in forming self- and collective identity and solidarity of Chinese community groups in the city of Padang.

This study aims to determine the potential utilization of cultural heritage in SMA Negeri 7 Purworejo, strengthening the six dimensions of the Pancasila Student Profile. This research uses a qualitative approach and a type of field study research. Data was obtained through observation, interviews and literature studies. This research was conducted at SMA Negeri 7 Purworejo, the Ex Hoogere Kweekschool (HKS) Purworejo. The investigation results show that the utilization of the former HKS Purworejo building can be a medium to strengthen the six dimensions of the Pancasila Student Profile because it contains harmonious historical values and moral messages regarding the matters contained in Pancasila. The selection of learning resources around the student's environment provides real experience in delivering historical material, so students have a sociocultural and emotional connection with the material presented. It can also enrich local history learning resources in Purworejo Regency.

Over the past decade, during the tenure of President Joko Widodo, West Papua has undergone a process that Jason and Michael (2019) describe as a “recurring frontier”, whereby frontiers emerge, evolve and are continually redefined. The situation there is exemplified by a number of intertwined “frontier indicators”, which in this article are focused on military threats, the corrupt bureaucracy surrounding infrastructure and the environmental disasters of deforestation and flooding. The paper is based on reflections from fieldwork in Sorong greater area (Sorong Raya) between 2019 and 2023. It indicates several developments occurring at the micro level in Sorong including the history of threats and violence that have created frontiers and overlapping bureaucratic governance, resulting in urban environmental degradation. The creation of frontiers for Papuans is not only currently underway but is also envisioned as a future project to be developed across Papua. Reflecting on this specific case in Sorong, West Papua, it is anticipated that frontier areas will emerge throughout Papua in the future.

This paper provides an overview of the legislative landscape and its background under the Joko Widodo administration (2014–2024). The transition of presidential power from Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono to Joko Widodo marked the consolidation of democracy in post-authoritarian Indonesia, continuing from the pivotal reforms of 1998. The period of Widodo’s administration from 2014 to 2024 illustrates how free elections and freedom of expression, combined with advancements in IT technology, have inadvertently highlighted societal divisions, including discrimination against minorities. Beyond political evolution, the period has also witnessed emerging economic disparities within Indonesian society, as well as the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic during the latter half of the period. This paper focuses on major legislative initiatives during the Joko Widodo administration. It systematically examines the background, contents and pivotal discussions of these significant pieces of legislation, providing a comprehensive analysis of the legislative developments during this crucial decade in Indonesia. It goes on to argue that the legislative policies of the Widodo administration reflect a situation where the transition from authoritarianism to democratisation falls short of fully embodying constitutionalism, characterised by limits on executive power and respect for human rights.

This special issue critically examines the socio-political and economic impacts of the Joko Widodo (Jokowi) government (2014–2024) on marginalised communities in Indonesia, focusing on the intersection of government policies and local struggles. Despite economic growth, Indonesia has experienced democratic backsliding, characterised by oligarchic influence, weakened institutions, and rising corruption. These challenges have exacerbated the marginalisation of vulnerable groups, particularly in rural and indigenous areas, where top-down development projects have deepened social inequality, land disputes, and environmental degradation. However, the issue also highlights grassroots resistance, with communities engaging in "everyday resistance" and "politics of marginality" to challenge these policies. Case studies include struggles over land in Flores, political-economic turmoil in West Papua, and the challenges faced by rural social movements and people with disabilities. The editorial critiques Jokowi’s developmental policies, questioning their social and ecological consequences while pointing to the resilience of local communities as a crucial counterbalance to elite-driven politics. It calls for further research into these dynamics as Indonesia pursues its "Golden Indonesia 2045" vision.

Usman Hamid is the Chairperson of the Public Virtue Institute and Director of Amnesty International Indonesia. He is also a lecturer at the Indonesia Jentera School of Law, a human rights lawyer, and a member of the expert council at the Indonesian Bar Association (PERADI-RBA). In 1998, as a student activist at Trisakti University, he became involved in protests that contributed to the fall of the Suharto regime. He subsequently became the coordinator of KontraS, the Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence. In 2004, he was appointed to the Presidential Fact-Finding Team that investigated the murder of prominent human rights defender Munir Said Thalib. In 2011, he was appointed to the Presidential Unit for the Supervision of Development, where he reviewed Indonesia’s National Human Rights Action Plan for 2011–2014. This commentary reflects on the unmet expectations of human rights improvements during President Jokowi's two terms in Indonesia. Written from his perspective of a long-time human rights activist, Usman Hamid critiques Jokowi's failure to address key human rights issues, including past violations, minority protections, and civil liberties, despite Jokowis early promises. The author combines personal experiences with an analysis of Jokowi's political compromises and their impact on Indonesia's declining human rights landscape.

The victory of Joko Widodo in the 2014 presidential election and the early phase of his first-term presidency brought some hope to Indonesian rural social movements. However, the structural constraints under oligarchic politics, the elite jockeying surrounding Jokowi, and the president’s lack of willingness to support an agrarian justice agenda rendered the movements’ strategy of intervention by state institutions and policies ineffective. This tension persuaded some sections of rural communities and activists to pursue a more contestational approach in advocating their rights, especially during Jokowi’s second term (2019–2024). This article examines the prevalence of the logic of concessionary capitalism in Jokowi’s rural policies, its devastating impacts on rural communities and the creative, sometimes impromptu, responses of rural social movements to dispossession and marginalisation. It also analyses the limits and gains made by the movements’ actors and provides an overall assessment of state-rural social movement relations under Jokowi’s presidency and the Covid-19 pandemic.

The Komodo monitor lizard is an endangered species found only on the Indonesian islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores and Gili Motang. To protect them, a national park was established in the 1980s. In 2019, the Indonesian government designated Komodo National Park as a super­-premium tourist destination, sparking controversy over its impact on the indigenous Ata Modo people. This article examines the claim-making process of the Ata Modo community, supported by local NGOs. Claim-making – the assertion of rights over land and resources – plays a crucial role in tourism projects, often leading to uneven development that threatens community livelihoods, indigenous wildlife and the environment as a whole. The 2021 super-premium tourism development in West Manggarai involving Komodo National Park is used as a case study to explore how people secure their rights to land and animals. The Ata Modo’s claim-making has helped them to maintain their livelihoods despite ongoing political contestation. The article aims to elucidate the political processes of appropriation, access and contestation in claims to land, animals and the environment, providing insights into the interplay between society, local knowledge of human–non-human relationships and political dynamics.