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本稿では，戦後日本において，重度・重複障害児が学校教育に受け入れられていく過程について，先行研究を中心に整理したうえで，重度・重複障害児教育史に関わる研究課題を提起した。先駆者らによる問題発信と療育実績によって，1963（昭和38）年に重症心身障害児施設が法律上位置付けられた。多様な主体による不就学解消運動が展開されていく中，同施設においても，施設内療育の限界を背景に，学校教育への期待の声が高まっていった。その一方で，学校教育の目的の不明瞭さを指摘する施設関係者も存在した。重度・重複障害児の学校教育においては，教育と医療の関係性が課題として挙げられ，経験豊富な医療・福祉施設職員の協力の必要性が提起されていた。重度・重複障害児教育の特質を探るためには，重度・重複障害児に対応する現場の教員の問題意識や教育実践を，家庭・福祉施設・医療との関係性を踏まえながら解明することが不可欠だろう。, This study examines the history of the acceptance of children with severe and multiple disabilities in schools and clarifies the research issues. In 1963, the efforts of pioneers resulted in the inclusion of facilities for children with severe motor and intellectual disabilities in Japan’s national welfare policy. During the movement to eliminate non-enrollment by various actors, some facility staff began to expect school education for these children owing to the limitations of the facility’s treatment, whereas other facility staff members regarded the purpose of their school education as futile. The relationship between education and medical care was a concern for the school education of children with severe and multiple disabilities, and the cooperation of experienced medical and welfare facility staff was deemed necessary. It is crucial to clarify the perspectives and educational practices of teachers who deal with these children to reveal the characteristics of this education, considering their relationships with families, welfare facilities, and medical care.

In recent years, various 3D measurement methods have been used and utilized in the field of engineering and in the field of archaeology that deals with artifacts and ruins. Among them, the SfM-MVS method, which calculates 3D shapes from multiple photographs, is an inexpensive and simple method with high versatility. In this paper, we introduce the procedure of using orthoimages based on inexpensive and simple photographic measurement, which we believe is useful for the survey and preservation activities of local ancient documents and historical artifacts by students and citizens, which have become popular in recent years.

Between 1815 and 1830, Paulus, Bretschneider, and de Wette produced interpretative guides for studying the Synoptics, the history of the Christian religion, and the Old Testament and Apocrypha. With these works, they advocated for current but by no means uncontroversial reading methods, applying the latest interventions in philosophy, philology, and history to understand biblical texts: as artefacts of a distant place but assets to modern Europe, as fallible yet credible testimony to a God behind the human past, present, and future. This chapter examines the sorts of evidence, the types of explication, and the kinds of interlocutors they not only permitted but also precluded for building arguments about the Bible. Ultimately, it argues that the courtroom of demonstration they aspired to construct identified one mode of biblical interpretation (their own) with the rational, scientific, and modern: versus Catholics, Jews, and some Protestants (i.e., the free and orthodox), whom they dismissed as irrational, unscientific, and medieval. The chapter further demonstrates how their accounts represented this exegetical edifice as conforming to the blueprints of the Protestant confession—erected on intellectual freedom, reasoned thought, biblical criticism, and philosophical reflection. In this way, the cases of Paulus, Bretschneider, and de Wette look not only back to the Enlightenment, with its vision of progress and an enlightened republic, but also forward to the claims of impartial science, the protestantization of the secular domain, and challenges to liberal Christianity as well as Judaism in Imperial Germany.

The recent digital turn has had an unprecedented impact on the identity of the academic disciplines that study religions. Expectedly, this shift has brought about a dramatic change in the power dynamics between the main research actors and funders. In particular, historians and humanist scholars have taken the brunt, mostly replaced by data scientists, software engineers, statisticians, psychologists, anthropologists, and biologists alike. Consequently, multimillion-dollar projects aimed at testing historical hypotheses and massive agent-based simulations have been implemented on shaky methodological and epistemological grounds. Concurrently, in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, private religious bodies have increasingly replaced public funding, raising important but still unaddressed moral questions about transparency, independence, and potential conflicts of interests. The present article explores the ethically troubling relationship between the boom of Big Data and computational approaches to the study of religions past and present and the infiltration of religious philanthrocapitalism in contemporary neoliberal academia.

This article seeks to start a discussion that may help us understand why the category “transgender,” created to include all trans* experiences, has excluded some. If “transgender” cannot fully include all trans* people, can it still be a useful category to adequately capture and analyze the lived experience of historical actors? It is in tracing back the genealogy of transgender, in the search for a name that could encompass the multiple and sometimes contradictory relationships between one's body and its social recognition, that we may attempt to discover why transgender has eclipsed terms such as transsexual and transvestite. The article first examines the parallels between recent debates in the historiographies of gender and transgender as terms that can express the complex social representation of bodies negotiated by language. Second, it studies how much a genealogy of transgender in the past reveals in fact a multiplicity of terms to express a realignment between body and a self that can be read by society. Ultimately, the author proposes the study of first-person narratives as the best way to comprehend the multiple terms used to express the diverse and sometimes contradictory identities an individual can embody.

Since the end of the second century AH-AD eighth century AD the ‎Islamic Maghreb witnessed the establishment of in dependent states in ‎all its parts in the lower Morocco the Aghlabid state was established and ‎the sons of Aghlabid were from an ancient Family that ruled Africa ‎throughout the third AH-ninth century AD founded by Ibrahim bin AI-‎Aghlab bin Salem AI- Tamimi who was confirmed by the year 184AH-‎‎800AD the pages of this research have been included within the ‎framework of the study of Islamic systems as they are among the most ‎important systems that contributed to building Islamic civilization as well ‎as providing security and achieving just and equality between the states ‎and peoples of the Islamic Maghreb so that the Islamic state knew its ‎security by the strength of its judicial is considered one of the most ‎prominent purpose of Islamic Sharia and the first goal that the rulers of ‎states seek to implement and to know the most prominent various ‎organization as well as the role of judges and the approach they ‎followed in applying the provisions of this system and what are its ‎legitimacy and conditions for its assumption the research is divided into ‎three main axes the first included the definition of the judiciary ‎linguistically and idiomatically and the emergence and development of ‎the judiciary in the majority state AS for the second axis it referred to the ‎appointment and dismissal of judges as well as their assistants while the ‎third axis talked about the institution of the majority judiciary which ‎included grievances the calculation and the police and the research came ‎out with a sent of important conclusions‎‎‎. Keywords: The Judiciary, The Aghlabids, The Lower Morocco‎.

[ES] La arquitectura organiza el espacio en que vivimos y nos movemos, influyendo en la forma de relacionarse. Es aquí donde reside la importancia de la circulación, en su función como elemento articulador de las relaciones sociales. La vivienda ha sido durante el siglo XIX y XX la tipología arquitectónica más estudiada, en gran medida debido a los problemas habitacionales ocasionados tras la revolución industrial o las grandes guerras de principios del siglo XX. Estudios centrados en la forma de construirlas, dejando en un segundo plano las circulaciones interiores y su relevancia sobre el individuo. El trabajo se centra en el estudio histórico y sociológico de la circulación en la vivienda y, en concreto del pasillo como máximo exponente, para realizar un estudio sobre su utilización que ponga en cuestión el concepto actual de circulación., [EN] Architecture organizes the space in which we live and move, influencing how we relate to each other. This is where the importance of circulation resides, in its function as an element that articulates social relations. Housing has been the most studied architectural typology during the 19th and 20th centuries, largely due to the housing problems caused after the industrial revolution or the great wars of the early 20th century. Studies focused on how to build them, leaving interior circulations and their relevance on the individual in the background. The work focuses on the historical and sociological study of circulation in the home and, specifically, the corridor as the maximum exponent, to make a critique of its use that calls into question the current concept of circulation.

[ES] Junto a la actual Iglesia parroquial de San Antonio Abad, situada en la Calle Sagunto 186 y 188, se encuentran los muros de piedra del convento de la Orden Antoniana. Esta orden transformó y amplió la iglesia /hospital de finales del siglo XV a mediados el siglo XVIII, para modernizar el edificio y darle una mayor relevancia. Suprimidos los Antonianos a finales del siglo XVIII por Bula Papal y Real Orden, el edificio y sus dependencias pasarán a la orden dominica. Desamortizado el edificio en 1835, continuó siendo la iglesia parroquia dels Orriols, quedando el convento abandonado. Tras la compra por las Canonesas de San Agustín a mediados del siglo XIX, fue rehabilitado. Finalmente, fue adquirido por la orden religiosa de los padres salesianos en 1898 conservándolo hasta el presente. En este trabajo final de máster intentaremos alumbrar como se ha gestado el conjunto edificado desde su fundación hasta el momento actual., [EN] Next to the current parish church of San Antonio Abad, located at Sagunto Street numbers 186 and 188, are the stone walls of the convent of the Antonian Order. This order transformed and enlarged the church/hospital since the end of the 15th century to the middle of the 18th century, in order to modernise the building and give it greater prominence. The Antonians were suppressed at the end of the 18th century by Papal Decree and Royal Order, and the building and its dependencies passed to the Dominican order. The building was disentailed in 1835 and continued to be the parish church of the Orriols, leaving the convent abandoned. After the purchase by the Canonesses regulars of San Agustí in the middle of the 19th century, it was refurbished. Finally, it was acquired by the religious order of the Salesian peers in 1898 and has been preserved to the present day. In this final master's thesis, we will try to illuminate how the building complex has developed from its foundation to the present day., [CA] Al costat de l'actual Església parroquial de Sant Antoni Abat, situada al Carrer Sagunt 186 i 188, es troben els murs de pedra del convent de l'Ordre Antoniana. Aquesta ordre va transformar i va ampliar l'església/hospital de finals del segle XV a mediats el segle XVIII, per a modernitzar l'edifici i donar-li una major rellevància. Suprimits els Antonians a la fi del segle XVIII per Butlla Papal i Reial Orde, l'edifici i les seues dependències passaran a l'orde dominic. Desamortitzat l'edifici en 1835, va continuar sent l'església parròquia dels Orriols, quedant el convent abandonat. Després de la compra per les Canoneses regulars de Sant Agustí a mitjan segle XIX, va ser rehabilitat. Finalment, va ser adquirit per l'orde religiosa dels pares salesians en 1898 conservant-ho fins al present. En aquest treball final de màster intentarem il·luminar com s'ha gestat el conjunt edificat des de la seua fundació fins al moment actual.

Combining literary analysis with historical study, this interdisciplinary article examines how, in interwar Lithuania, the Catholic youth organization Ateitis made use of the vaidilutė – a fabled p...

This article discusses about metaphysics in al Farabi's peripatetic philosophy, particularly about happiness. In the historical study of philosophy, this belief was grounded through the peripatetic method. In this peripatetic tradition, there are several central themes that become profound discourses in philosophical discourse, including metaphysical concepts. The metaphysical concept has a unique distinction in its position in Islamic philosophy. One of them is from Al-Farabi's view, which views that mastery of metaphysical concepts has an important role in creating happiness. For this reason, this paper will discuss what is the peripatetic tradition in history, metaphysical concepts that exist in the realms of Islamic philosophy and discuss the relationship between metaphysical concepts and the concept of happiness owned by Islamic philosophers, namely Abu Nasir Muhammad bin al-Farakh Al-Farabi (872-951).

A intenção deste texto é demonstrar o protagonismo do Projeto Político-Pedagógico Irê Ayó, desenvolvido na Escola Municipal Eugênia Anna dos Santos, na construção de uma escola afrocentrada e desenvolvida em espaço de terreiro de candomblé, bem como analisar os aspectos que relacionam esta escola com a educação profissional e tecnológica. Discorremos neste trabalho sobre as implicações do processo histórico do escravismo na subsequente construção do racismo no Brasil pós-abolição, incluindo o racismo religioso. Esse processo é analisado por meio do estudo histórico das condições da vida da população negra e ao acesso desta à educação. Por fim, analisamos o PPP Irê Ayó, verificando os aspectos do documento, da escola e do terreiro que se relacionam a uma educação para a formação integral.

portuguesNeste artigo o quark foi colocado como objeto central de uma investigacao historica e epistemologica embasada nos fundamentos da epistemologia de Gaston Bachelard sobre a construcao do conhecimento da Fisica no seculo XX. O trabalho do filosofo frances foi utilizado para refletir sobre a construcao deste objeto de estudo que vem sendo amplamente discutido no ensino da Fisica de Particulas. Os resultados da investigacao historica sobre sua formulacao foram organizados em um diagrama de interacao historico-epistemologico, construido em analogia aos diagramas de Feynman. O intuito foi evidenciar a interacao de eventos historicos, mediados por movimentos epistemologicos, elucidando como as rupturas e os modos de pensamento teorico e experimental se materializam na evolucao e desenvolvimento da Fisica de Particulas. Com este trabalho, buscou-se colaborar para as recentes discussoes sobre o papel desempenhado por debates historicos e epistemologicos no ensino da Fisica Moderna e Contemporânea, em especial no ensino da Fisica de Particulas. EnglishIn this work, the quark was placed as a central object of an historical and epistemological investigation based on the foundations of Gaston Bachelard's epistemology on the construction of knowledge of Physics in the 20th century. The work of the french philosopher was used to reflect on the historical construction of this object of study that has been widely discussed in the particle physics teaching. The results of the historical study were presented through a historical-epistemological interaction diagram, constructed in analogy to the famous Feynman diagrams. The aim was to show the interaction of historical events, mediated by epistemological movements, elucidating how the ruptures and the modes of theoretical and experimental thinking materializes in the evolution and development of Particle Physics. With this work, we intend to collaborate for the recent discussions about the role played by historical and epistemological debates in the Modern and Contemporary Physics teaching, especially for the Particle Physics teaching.

In her sweeping yet carefully detailed historical study, Diverging Space for Deviants, Akira Drake Rodriguez demonstrates the critical connections between racial politics, racial inequality and pub...

El artículo realiza un estudio histórico de la literaria costumbrista del archivero y cronista de Vizcaya Antonio Trueba durante el sexenio democrático de 1868 y los primeros años de la Restauración, en los que se produjo la abolición de los regímenes forales vascongados. Observada la primera experiencia desde un conservadurismo y catolicismo bastante extremo, lo sitúo en la linde con el carlismo en armas, que no llegó a profesar por su rechazo de la violencia y fidelidad a la Monarquía isabelina y, por ende, a la de la Restauración. Contemplada la abolición foral desde un fuerismo muy idealista, le provocó la ruptura con ambas Monarquías y un alejamiento de doble patriotismo a través de un proceso de nacionalización negativa española y de afirmación de la idea de nacionalidad vasca. Fecha de envío / Submission date: 14/08/2020 Fecha de aceptación / Acceptance date: 19/10/2020

The paper considers some problems of learning Historical Space, which is one of the modern historical knowledge’s directions. In the mid-twentieth century, F. Brodel foregrounded matter of Historical Space social component. Understanding of different globalization’s scope, correlation between national and supranational, special features of developing different nations becomes more and more demanding in modern social, humanitarian knowledge. In methodology topic geographical space is limited by social interaction, and in certain way, transforming into historical space. Subject field of Historical Space anyway is sociocultural and defines features of social community’s existence. Boarders of community forms chains of interaction, also forms limits of real individuals’ behaviour and their interpersonal relationships. Nature of Historical Space’s subject produces the problem of correlation between sociological and anthropological approach. The importance of anthropological episteme, the profound unconscious basis of social practises, is more and more visibly in modern historical knowledge (I.M Savelieva). Lack of attention to such basis became an object of criticism Brodel’s «geohistory» and his irrecognition of history of mentalities as a subject defining main directions of social development. With specific examples, P.U. Uvarov considers the process of establishment medieval civilization in the context of epoch different social communities’ interactions. Relocation of nomadic civilizations from East and Central Asia to the West led to fundamental changes in landowner’s society in the West of Eurasia. In this area were formed circumstances, that provided effective interaction between individual and society in space of parish and manor, these two centers of power and influence, in the condition of weak government. Way of thinking in the region guaranteed creative potential of social contradictions. Spain’s loss of power and wealth by the end of XVI century was analyzed through perception of the world so-called picaro, the peninsula citizen, disrupted his entire routine, the keeper of social negative attitudes of mind and behavior, by I.U. Nikolaeva. Time and space perspectives of learning Historical Study with appropriate multidisciplinary approach gain new heuristic potential.

This comparative historical study examines the three main frontier regions of phosphate rock from the period after the US Civil War until World War II: the American South, French North Afri...

The present paper deals with the issue of prisons and their life in the Princely State of Cooch Behar. Cooch Behar was princely state during colonial period in India. With the advent of colonial power in India; the princely state had indirect relations with British power. Due to the contact with colonial power, the indigenous native rule in India became modified and codification of law and orders, regulations were introduced in the line of British pattern. The primitive systems of jails and prisons confinement were revised accordance with the new light of reformation, and in India especially in the princely rule modified. However, in this content the main aim is to find out the condition of the prisoners in the jails and police custody under the rule of Princely State.