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The article highlights the peculiarities of actualizing the concept of "kozak" in the works of B.Antonenko-Davydovych. The creative heritage of the artist focuses on the personal experience of the writer, who had a great influence on the formation of his self-consciousness as Ukrainian with deep roots in the days of the kozak period. B.Antonenko-Davydovych’s kozak centrizm was formed on the basis of legends and traditions of senior members of his family. Kozak centrizm as self-awareness of a descendant of Ukrainian nation was definitive since childhood and was preserved throughout the writer’s life. Self-awareness as a descendant of the kozak family, as well as the culture of kozaks, which became part of Ukrainian people, encourages B.Antonenko-Davydovych to actualize this theme in his works, so the concept of "kozak" is presented in all periods of the writer’s work, in particular, in the memories "Pro samoho sebe" ("On Myself"), in the novel "Nashchadky pradidiv" ("Descendants of Great-Grandfathers"), in the stories "Pechatka" ("The Seal"), "Babyni kazky" ("Nana’s Tales"), "Kryzhani merezhky" ("Icy Nets"), "Slovo materi" ("Mother’s Word"), "Shuraburia" ("Storm"), some author’s poems and other. It was found that the fundamental principles of B. Antonenko-Davydovych’s worldview are the awareness of the kozaks as an organic part of Ukrainian state, a conscious understanding of the strong connection of generations with history, language, traditions, customs and others. The kozak period in the artistic interpretation by B. Antonenko-Davydovych has entered the minds of Ukrainian people as an ever-lasting symbol of their desire for statehood for Ukraine, independence, defense of the native language, native land, people, awareness of the greatness of the kozak soldier in forming the national idea, active life position, patriotic citizenship et c. The concept of "kozak" in B.Antonenko-Davydovych’s works is represented as a marker of national identity of the writer, formed by social consolidation and concentrates a strong inner stability and motivation, unshakable spiritual life, strong faith. This concept is presented in the writer’s works as self-awareness of belonging to the descendants of the kozak family, as the formation of a life position, as Ukrainian authenticity., Стаття присвячена особливостям реалізації концепту "козак" у творчості Б.Антоненка-Давидовича. Творча спадщина митця зосереджує в собі особистий досвід письменника, який мав великий вплив на формування його самосвідомості як українця з глибоким закоріненням у добу козаччини. Козакоцентризм Б.Антоненка-Давидовича формувався на основі легенд і переказів старших представників його родини. Козакоцентризм як усвідомлення себе нащадком української нації визначався вже з дитячих років й зберігався протягом життєвого шляху письменника. Усвідомлення себе нащадком козацького роду, а також культура козацтва, яка стала частиною українського народу, спонукає Б.Антоненка-Давидовича до актуалізації цієї тематики у своїй творчості, тому концепт "козак" представлений в усіх періодах творчості письменника, зокрема в спогадах "Про самого себе", романі "Нащадки прадідів", повісті "Печатка", оповіданнях "Бабині казки", "Крижані мережки", "Слово матері", "Шурабуря", деяких віршах автора та ін. З’ясовано, що основоположними засадами світогляду Б. Антоненка-Давидовича є усвідомлення козацтва як органічної частини української держави, свідоме розуміння міцного зв’язку поколінь з історією, мовою, традиціями й звичаями та ін. У художній інтерпретації Б.Антоненка-Давидовича доба козацтва назавжди увійшла у свідомість українського народу як символ його прагнення до державотворення України, незалежності, оборони рідного слова, рідної землі, народу, усвідомлення величі воїна-козака у формуванні національної ідеї, активної життєвої позиції громадянина-патріота та ін. Концепт "козак" у творчості Б. Антоненка-Давидовича репрезентовано як маркер національної ідентичності письменника, що сформований шляхом суспільної консолідації й зосереджує у собі сильну внутрішню стійкість та мотивацію, незламне духовне життя, міцну віру. Цей концепт у творчості письменника представлений як самоусвідомлення належності до нащадків козацького роду, як формування життєвої позиції, як українська автентичність.

Тема выпускной квалификационной работы: «Влияние событий Второй Японо-Китайской войны на современные отношения Китая и Японии». Целью работы является исследование и анализ влияния исторического прошлого на развитие Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´ÑƒÐ½Ð°Ñ€Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¾Ñ‚Ð½Ð¾ÑˆÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¹ Китая и Японии в ХХ в. В Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ðµ исследования применены методы анализа и синтеза (при сравнении внешней политики Китая и Японии а также оценки внутренней обстановки Ð¾Ð±ÐµÐ¸Ñ ÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð°Ð½), сравнения, а также сравнительно-политический метод (для сопоставления Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð»Ð¸Ñ‡Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾Ñ†ÐµÑÑÐ¾Ð² в политике стран и определения Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð±ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾ÑÑ‚ÐµÐ¹), метод системного анализа (который был полезен при установлении причин войны, влияния войны на обе страны и взаимоотношения после нее), проблемно-Ñ Ñ€Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð´ (чтобы проследить развитие проблемы исторического прошлого между странами и отследить изменения в Ð¾Ñ‚Ð½Ð¾ÑˆÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ ), историко-сравнительный метод (для изучения взаимоотношения стран в разные периоды XX в. и выявления изменения в течение определенного времени). В результате работы была проанализирована роль Второй Японо-Китайской войны, определившей отношения стран. На основании исследования сделаны выводы о том, что до 80-Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð² ХХ в. проблема исторического прошлого не была актуальной в контексте развития всестороннего взаимодействия стран по причине стремления Китая наладить отношения с Японией. После успешного развития Китая и увеличения его роли в мире, вопрос трактовки и памяти истории стал использоваться как политический рычаг давления на Японию.Â, Topic of the graduation thesis: "The influence of the Second Sino-Japanese War on modern relations between China and Japan". The aim of the work is to study and analyze the influence of the historical past on the development of international relations between China and Japan in the 20th century. In the course of the study, methods of analysis and synthesis were used (when comparing the foreign policy of China and Japan, as well as assessing the internal situation of both countries), comparison, as well as the comparative political method (to compare various processes in the policies of countries and determine their features), the method of system analysis (which was useful in establishing the causes of the war, the impact of the war on both countries and the relationship after it), the problem-chronological approach (to trace the development of the problem of the historical past between countries and track changes in relations), the historical-comparative method (to study the relationship of countries in different periods of the 20th century and identifying changes over time). As a result of the work, the role of the Second Sino-Japanese War, which determined the relations of the countries, was analyzed. Based on the study, it was concluded that until the 80s of the twentieth century. the problem of the historical past was not relevant in the context of the development of comprehensive interaction between countries due to China's desire to improve relations with Japan. After the successful development of China and the increase in its role in the world, the issue of interpretation and memory of history began to be used as a political lever of pressure on Japan.

Статья исследует духовно-нравственные ценности ойратов XVII века по сочинениям учёного востоковеда Георгия Степановича Лыткина «Материалы для истории ойратов». Поднятая проблема является актуальной в эпоху всеобщей глобализации, поскольку изучение литературных памятников является одним из факторов сохранения традиционной культуры России. Объективные исторические традиции, сохраняющие особенности этнокультурных групп населения, позволяют обогатить коллекцию стандартов регионального компонента. В работе на основе анализа поступков ойратских женщин XVII столетия раскрыты культурные традиции народа, отношение к этнокультурным ценностям и историческому прошлому. Автор утверждает, что это может стать эффективным способом духовно-нравственного воспитания современной молодежи, так как способствует восстановлению генетической памяти народов., The article examines the spiritual and moral values of the Oirats of the 17th century based on the writings of the orientalist Georgiy Stepanovich Lytkin, "Materialy dlya istorii oyratov" (Materials for the History of the Oirats). The topic raised in the article is relevant in the era of universal globalization, since the study of literary monuments is one of the factors of preserving the traditional culture of Russia. Objective historical traditions that preserve the characteristics of ethnic and cultural groups of the population allow for the enrichment of the collection of standards of the regional component. Based on the analysis of the activity of the Oirat women of the 17th century, the article identifies the cultural traditions of the people, their attitude towards ethno-cultural values, and the historical past. The author of the article claims that it can become an effective way of spiritual and moral education of modern youth, as it helps to restore the genetic memory of peoples., Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 6 (108) 2021, Pages 137-140

В статье представлена рецензия на коллективную монографию "Культтовары. Коммерциализация истории в массовой культуре". This article is de-voted to the analysis of the collective monograph "Cultgoods: Commercialization of History in Mass Culture", published as a result of the conference of the same name, held in June 2019 at the University of Bologna.

The article makes an attempt of the concept of politics of memory actualization in the modern Russia, gives some short theoretical notes about the concept, gives the examples of actualization, politization and institutionalization of the politics of memory at the federal level. В тезисах производится попытка актуализации концепта политики памяти в современной России, дается краткая теоретическая характеристика понятию, приводятся примеры актуализации, политизации и институционализации концепта политики памяти на федеральном уровне.

O objetivo deste texto é tentar provocar algumas reflexões sobre e para a historiografia contemporânea, a partir da ideia de “passado prático” de Hayden White e suas críticas ao “passado histórico” e disciplinado. Através disto, pondero sobre algumas das possibilidades e consequências teóricas e políticas para uma historiografia ancorada em uma visão prática do passado e francamente crítica de algumas tradições e injunções disciplinares muitas vezes naturalizadas pelos historiadores e historiadoras, especialmente em um contexto em que elas parecem ter entrado em crise, dadas as mudanças na conjuntura que as possibilitaram em primeiro lugar. This text’s aim is to try to provoke some reflections about and for contemporary historiography from the standpoint of Hayden White’s idea of the “practical past” and his criticism of the disciplined “historical past”. Through this, I ponder about some of the theoretical and political possibilities and consequences for a historiography anchored in a practical vision of the past and openly critical of some of the disciplinary traditions and injunctions often naturalized by historians, especially in a context where they seemingly seem to be in crisis, given the changes in the conjuncture that made them possible in the first place.

У статті досліджено особливості психологічних характеристик образу П. Калнишевського в усній народній творчості. Акцентовано на рисах характеру, що підкреслюють нескореність духу кошового та зображують його справжнім стратегом і досить поміркованим господарем. Постать останнього кошового П. Калнишевського, його подвиги та боротьбу за козацькі вольності розглянуто крізь призму пісень, легенд і переказів. The article is devoted to revealing features the image of a complex and contradictory person P. Kalnyshevsky in oral folk art. Last ataman of Zaporizhzhya Sich Peter Kalnyshevsky left visible and bright trace in the history of Ukraine. The image of his personality is fully realized in the literature. Attitude to this person is extremely polar – from a sharp condemnation to the absolute exaltation. To analyze the way of ataman’s life article quotes from the novel by R. Ivanchuk «Crane cry», which fully disclose the particular nature of P. Kalnyshevsky those historical events that influenced his fate. It was also noted that this historical figure is mentioned not only in novels but also in songs, legends. Examples mentioned in the article are the legend recorded by M. Slaboshpytsky and stories that were told by greybeards Denezhnyy and Matrapas, and recorded by J. Nowickiy. Despite these examples, the problem of describing the life of P. Kalnyshevsky and his activities is quite acute. All the works describe only the first years of ataman’s life and the falling of Zaporizhzhya Sich. Therefore, it is worth noting the importance of the disclosure of the complexity of the image, the existing dualism, which would widely disclose the identity of Peter Kalnyshevsky in the oral folk-poetic art.

La comarca serrana de Ventania se ubica en el sector sur del Área Ecotonal Húme-do Seca Pampeana (AEHSP), y presenta una diversidad biológica marcada, con especies endémicas de la zona, y otros recursos que habrían sido atractivos para las poblaciones humanas en el pasado, cuyas evidencias de ocupaciones alcanzan por lo menos los 6000 años A.P. Posteriormente, a partir del siglo XVI, se producen varios fenómenos sociales complejos, entre ellos el denominado “proceso de arau-canización”, que se aplica a la presencia de grupos transcordilleranos en la región, y el contacto entre poblaciones de origen europeo y los grupos nativos del área, lo que lleva a la conformación de un espacio de frontera, que aparece documentado en el registro arqueológico local de la época. Este proceso de transformación de las sociedades indígenas del área está directamente vinculado a la formación y conso-lidación del estado argentino, que culmina a fines del siglo XIX, y que marca las identidades de las poblaciones que ocupan esta región en la actualidad. Conside-rando este devenir histórico, en este trabajo se aborda la inserción del patrimonio cultural de este período de contacto en el paisaje de la comarca serrana, y cómo la imagen del indígena es construida en el espacio público vinculada al imaginario de las comunidades locales. The mountainous region of Ventania is located in the Área Ecotonal Húmedo Seca Pampeana (AEHSP), and presents a marked biodiversity, with species endemic to the area, and other resources that would have been attractive to human populations in the past, whose evidence of occupations reach at least 6000 years A.P. Subse-quently, from the 16th century, produced several complex social phenomena, in-cluding the so-called "araucanizacion process", that applies to the presence of overmountains groups in the region, and the contact between populations of Euro- pean origin and the native groups in the area, leading to the creation of a border, which appears documented in the local archaeological record of the era. This pro-cess of transformation of the indigenous societies of the area is directly linked to the formation and consolidation of the Argentine State, culminating at the end of the 19th century, and marks the identities of populations that occupy this region today. Whereas this historic evolution, this paper deals with the inclusion of the cultural heritage of this period of contact in the landscape of the mountainous re-gion, and how the image of the indigenous is built on public space linked to the imagination of the local communities. Fil: Panizza, María Cecilia. Escuela de Antropología.Facultad de Humanidades y Artes.Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Argentina.

У статті визначені основні положення і напрями розвитку історичної соціології як окремої галузі соціологічних знань. Таке твердження – вимога часу, так як сама соціологія все більше починає звертатися до історичного минулого, соціальних зв’язків поколінь, соціально-історичного досвіду і його впливу на сучасність. Звідси завданням і метою історичної соціології є дослідження цих непростих соціальних процесів у соціально-історичному просторі саме з позицій соціологічної теорії. The main prerogative of historical sociology is that it provides unity of historical past, present and future time analyzing in the context of sociological theorizing and empirical research continuum by including the historical past to the analysis of the objects. However, historical sociology cannot break away from the admitted principles that characterize the subject of sociology in general. In our case, the subject of sociology is a real social consciousness in its socio-historical dimension, activity and behavior, socio-cultural conditions of functioning both consciousness and behavior. Considering the specificity of given branch of sociological knowledge, we have to put to the fore the specific historical conditions, the real circumstances in which people acted, but from the standpoint of social science requirements - to identify not only the individual, unique, objectively determined, and special and even common, that will make it possible to group and classify individual phenomena and processes in different historical environments. Accordingly still great importance in this sense of the problem has the analysis of historical consciousness in the life of people. It is the realization of motives, values and attitudes that are directly or indirectly relevant to the historical experience and memory of peoples and nations. We consider that the scientific understanding and addressing these issues requires creative approach as it will enable the further development of interdisciplinary communication between sociology and history, and as a result - a selection of historical sociology in a separate line of specific and branch sociology. В статье определены основные положения и направления развития исторической социологии как отдельной отрасли социологических знаний. Такое утверждение - требование времени, так как сама социология все больше начинает обращаться к историческому прошлому, социальных связей поколений, социально-исторического опыта и его влияния на современность. Отсюда задачей и целью исторической социологии является исследование этих непростых социальных процессов в социально-историческом пространстве именно с позиций социологической теории.

Uladzimir Hlušakoŭ is one of the well-known Belarusian writers of the last 20 years of the 20th century. The current article is about some of his prosaic and publicistic works. Uladzimir Hlušakoŭ uses his journalist experience in his literary work. Talking about his characters, he notices the smallest details of the Human daily life which helps him to understand the inner world of the man, his essence. It is not only about appearance, clothes and manners, but it also makes certain markers to understand how to treat the characters. Hlušakoŭ tries to find the most clear and apt ways to express his way of perception of reality and also his life position. The writer tells the reader about the nature of daily life events, social and political phenomena, showing the broad range of options in making decisions in modern life circumstances.

This introduction summarizes the basic ideas behind the articles collected in ‘Bordercrsossings’. The first basic idea is the idea that the writing of history has a ‘border crossing’ character, meaning that history writing involves border crossings 1. between history and philosophy, and 2. between history and ‚politics‘ in a broad sense. The second basic idea is that the dialectical mechanism of ‘inversion’ (of ‘negation’ and of ‘the unity of opposites’) is fundamental for our understanding of debates in philosophy of history and in historiography. The third idea is that interesting prejudices and other assumptions in both philosophy and in history are found by contrast, not by analysis (Feyerabend). Analysis of controversies is therefore the most fruitful point of departure in philosophy of history and in historiography. Because all key ideas in the humanities are ‘essentially contested concepts’ (Gallie) controversies are the ‘normal’ discursive condition in the humanities

У статті з’ясовуються особливості творення Б. Антоненком-Давидовичем психологічного портрета суспільства кінця 20-х рр. ХХ ст., який увібрав колоритні постаті сучасників та збірні портрети численних груп, об’єднаних за різними критеріями. Досліджується художня майстерність письменника відображати людську сутність у контексті морально-етичних проблем і суспільних процесів. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/32066 В статье рассматриваются особенности создания Б. Антоненко-Давидовичем психологического портрета общества конца 20-х гг. ХХ в., который включает колоритные фигуры современников и сборные портреты многочисленных групп, объединенных по разным критериям. Исследуется художественное мастерство писателя отображать человеческую сущность в контексте морально-этических проблем и общественных процессов. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/32066 The article deals with the features of creation by B. Antonenko-Davidovich about psychological portrait of society of the late 20-ies of XX century, which absorbed the colorful figure of contemporaries and assembled portraits of numerous groups, united by various criteria. The author explores the artistic skill of the writer to show human nature in the context of ethical issues and social processes. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/32066

Krzysztof Brzechczyn, Polish reception of the discussion. Between positivism and narrativism in the methodology of history. Introduction Proposed by Hempel, the deductive-nomological model of explanation initiated a lively discussion about the status and peculiarities of explanation in history, lasting more than half a century in the Western philosophy of history. An appearance of narrativism was interpreted as an alternative to hitherto dominant positivist philosophy of history. A peculiarity of the development of the methodology of humanities in Poland at the end of 1960s was the appearance of the Poznań School of Methodology which proposed a naturalistic but anti-positivist scientific program. Dominant position of this school caused delayed reception of narrativism in philosophy of the humanities in Poland. It is claimed that there were methodological, and ideological reasons as well as differences in the style of doing science which hindered spread of this approach. Therefore, the full popularization of narrativism was possible in Poland after 1989. Chris Lorenz, Exploration between philosophy and history This introduction summarizes the basic ideas behind the articles collected in my book: “Przekraczanie granic”. The first basic idea is the idea that the writing of history has a ‘border crossing’ character, meaning that history writing involves bordercrossings 1. between history and philosophy, and 2. between history and ‘politics’ in a broad sense. The second basic idea is that the dialectical mechanism of ‘inversion’ (of ‘negation’ and of ‘the unity of opposites’) is fundamental for our understanding of debates in philosophy of history and in historiography. The third idea is that interesting prejudices and other assumptions in both philosophy and in history are found by contrast, not by analysis (Feyerabend). Analysis of controversies is therefore the most fruitful point of departure in philosophy of history and in historiography. Because all key ideas in the humanities are ‘essentially contested concepts’ (W. B. Gallie) controversies are the ‘normal’ discursive condition in the humanities. Juliusz Iwanicki, Beyond or Between Positivism and Narrativism? Chris Lorenz’s philosophy of history is trying to go beyond the current dispute. Lorenz considers the sense of realism in historiography, criticizing the extremely idealistic arguments. His project of historiography is to be rational and comparative design, using interdisciplinary methods. Dutch author speaks to postmodern philosophy of history He says that too many literature and aesthetics in historiography leads to insoluble problems. Lorenz suggests a third return in historiography - return factual. A new way of thinking the author tends to use a version of the philosophy of science and epistemology in appreciation of the role of historiography Ewa Domańska, Chris Lorenz's idea of conceptual inversion The text deals with Chris Lorenz’s idea of conceptual inversion understood as epistemological blockade that stands as a barrier of development of the humanities and social sciences. According to Lorenz, the methodological and theoretical views of scientific programmes embody negations (i.e. inversions) of the views being criticized by them. Because of this process many of the conceptual problems connected with the criticized positions survive. The author asks two questions: 1) about the relation between Lorenz's idea of conceptual inversion and Imre Lakatos’ idea of reconfigurations of research programmes? and 2) about possible common ground on which Lorenz's interest in empiricism emerging out of his criticism of narrativism, and Domańska's interest in new empiricism related to posthumanism (also critical of textual constructivism) could meet? Monika Bobako, Postcoloniol theory and the false dichotomies The text focuses on the very conceptual framework that structures Chris Lorenz’s argumentation in his book “Przekraczanie granic”. The framework is based on the contraposition of the two epistemological perspectives named as “objectivism” and “relativism” that are both supposed to be overcome in Lorenz’s own analysis. The author of the text claims, however, that this framework is responsible for a number of interpretative inadequacies in Lorenz’ book - mainly because it is unable to grasp the ways in which power relations influence knowledge production processes and to account for the situatedness of any knowledge, including the one produced in a discipline of history. Krzysztof Brzechczyn, ldealizational status of scientific laws and their applicability in the research practice of historians Chris Lorenz describing “theoretical historical debate” on the status of scientific laws mentioned about standpoint represented by Nancy Cartwright. According to him, this post-positivistic approach introduced new perspectives to understanding of lawfulness. The purpose of this paper is to present assumptions of another post-positivistic approach to science, namely an idealizational theory of science and to paraphrase in the notion apparatus of this approach some problems posed by Lorenz like the issue of accuracy of explanation. Aviezer Tucker, On “strudel and apples” theory of historiography. Reply to Chris Lorenz Narrative philosophies of historiography and the positivist approach to the philosophy of historiography share an emphasis on analyzing the writings of historians, rather than their research and methods of inference, confirmation and justification. But neither approach to the philosophy of historiography asks the question about the relation of historiography with the evidence. There are no ‘facts’ in historiography, distinct atomic units that need to be selected and then put together in the historian's narrative workshop. Instead, the historian is searching for relevant evidence to infer from representations of the past that include explanations and causal relations. Since it is trivially true that all present phenomena are the effects of the past the historian requires information theories that tell which present phenomena are likely to preserve which types of information about the past. The forging of a narrative is only the last stage in a long process of inference. Hayden White, On the research and the writing phase of the historian's work This comment on Chris Lorenz’s comment on my work indicates a number of typical failings of reviewers of which Lorenz’s comments on my talk are typical. One, like most philosophers Lorenz’s treats my work as a whole rather than individual works as if it were written and published at the same time. He finds inconsistencies or contradictions between works written many years apart. My response is that many of these inconsistencies are a result of changes in my point of view over time. Secondly, instead of quoting a passage from my work and criticizing it, Lorenz typically paraphrases an argument and then proceeds to criticize his own paraphrase. Often I do not recognize the paraphrase as a position I hold. Third, I hold that historical writing is often and should be more associative than logical, more poetic than technical. Fourth, about causality in history, I do not think that we have any examples of a universal causal law of historical change or structure. So his demand for a causal law from me is beside the point. Chris Lorenz, Reply to my Critics In this reply to my critics (Monika Bobako, Krzysztof Brzechczyn, Ewa Domańska, Juliusz lwanicki, Aviezer Tucker, Hayden White) I am answering several critical arguments that have been formulated concerning my “Bordercrossings”. First, I dismantle the critique that I am subscribing to some version of “covering law explanation.”. Second, I clarify in what - limited - sense I find Lakatos ideas concerning “scientific research programmes” fruitful for philosophy of history. The cognitive and political Doppelexistenz of theories in the human sciences explains why epistemological analyses always need to be complemented by practical analyses. Third, I defend my “double focus” against the postmodern critique that my “internal realism” is “powerblind”, and fourth, against the critique that “scientific history” is “beyond politics”. Fifth and last I argue that in criticizing positions it is fruitful also to include the discussions about them in the critical argument. LXX 3 513 569